Offshore drilling and producing technology of total company

Ways to monitor offshore environments. Subsea intervention system for arctic and harsh weather. Subsea technologies for tomorrow. Improving deepwater recovery and performance on tomorrow's mature fields. Managing therisk of well blowout during drilling.

Рубрика Геология, гидрология и геодезия
Вид курсовая работа
Язык английский
Дата добавления 12.05.2014
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Figure 50 d e p i c t s the d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h i s area by geologic and/or geographic provinces (see Reference 3). Those areas shown i n red a r e areas where ice is expected to be the s i g n i f i c a n t environmental c o n s t r a i n t . This includes the A r c t i c Margin, the Bering Sea S h e l f , B r i s t o l Bay and to some e x t e n t the Aleutian Shelves. Those areas shown i n blue a r e areas where winds, waves, currents , and/or earthquakes a r e expected to be the s i g n i f i c a n t environmental constraint .

The question we a r e a d d r e s s i n g o u r s e l v e s t o is, "How much of t h i s area is within reach of today's c a p a b i l i t y and how much is within reach of the expected s h o r t - t e r m e x t e n s i o n s of today's c a p a b i l i t y ? " L e t us consider f i r s t the blue a r e a s . Fixed platforms have been i n s t a l l e d i n the Gulf of Mexico i n up to 373 f e e t of water. Present designs f o r the North Sea where wind and wave conditions a r e expected t o be s i m i l a r to Gulf of Alaska conditions a r e approaching the 500-foot mark. In the Santa Barbara Channel platforms have been i n s t a l l e d in about 200 f e e t of water and a permit has been f i l e d f o r a platform i n s t a l l a t i o n i n approximately 850 f e e t of water. I n terms of extremes, assuming completion of the above p l a n s , platform f e a s i b i l i t y w i l l have been demonstrated i n 500 f e e t of water f o r North Sea type wind and wave environments and 850 f e e t of water i n an earthquake environment. I n terms of today's c a p a b i l i t y , I think it i s reasonable to say t h a t , with minor exception i f any, platform systems can be s u c c e s s f u l l y designed and i n s t a l l e d anywhere on the c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f of the conterminous U.S. and the South Alaskan coast. A s shown on Figure 51, t h i s c a p a b i l i t y would account f o r a t o t a l of 239,000,000 acres o r b e t t e r than 114 . , < of the t o t a l a r e a . I n a d d i t i o n , some a d d i t i o n a l red area is within reach of t h i s same c a p a b i l i t y . I n Cook I n l e t , platforms have been i n s t a l l e d i n up t o 125 f e e t of w a t e r , e q u i v a l e n t to about 150 f e e t because of the a d d i t i o n a l depth caused by l a r g e t i d e s . These platforms have been designed f o r ice flows 3 to 4 f e e t thick c a r r i e d by c u r r e n t s of up to 10 t o 12 f e e t per second. Much a d d i t i o n a l work has been done regarding o t h e r types of s t r u c t u r e s which can be u t i l i z e d on the A r c t i c Margins such as the gravel f i l l e d i s l a n d i n s t a l l e d r e c e n t l y by Imperial O i l of Canada. Although somewhat more s p e c u l a t i v e , I think t h a t p l a t - form systems a r e probably f e a s i b l e i n up to 200 f e e t of water i n the B r i s t o l Bay area and t h e A l e u t i a n Shelves and r i g i d island-type s t r u c t u r e s a r e probably f e a s i b l e i n up t o 50 f e e t of water i n the remainder of t h e A r c t i c . A s shown i n Figure 51, t h i s a d d i t i o n a l a r e a r e p r e s e n t s some 35,000,000 acres and a t o t a l of 274,000,000 a c r e s w i t h i n reach of today's c a p a b i l i t y . Let us now look a t the s h o r t - t e r m e x t e n s i o n s t o e x i s t i n g c a p a b i l i t y . I n t h i s context, we mean t h a t over t h e n e x t four or five-year period given exi s t i n g R&D programs and o p e r a t i o n a l p l a n s, the a d d i t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y t h a t w i l l ensue w i l l be a function of these c u r r e n t e f f o r t s . What w i l l happen beyond t h a t point is q u i t e another matter, however, since new programs w i l l be required and the success of e x i s t i n g programs w i l l have to be demonstrated. Figure 52 summarizes the c a p a b i l i t y p r o j e c t i o n of the system previously discussed. The c a p a b i l i t y t o d r i l l , t e s t and evaluate from a f l o a t i n g v e s s e l i n 1500 f e e t of water has been demonstrated. The SEDCO 445 has the c a p a b i l i t y t o d r i l l i n 2000 f e e t of water, and the design allows f o r extension to considerably g r e a t e r depths. Also, t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l e x i s t i n g r i g s i n a d d i t i o n to some of those under c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a t could be modified t o d r i l l i n up to 3000 f e e t of water i n one t o two years from now. It is, t h e r e f o r e , reasonable t h a t routine d r i l l i n g operations could be c a r r i e d out i n 3000 f e e t of water i n the '75 to '76 period. The water depth c a p a b i l i t y f o r wet t r e e completions is d i r e c t l y t i e d to the d r i l l i n g c a p a b i l i t y and c u r r e n t l y stands a t about 1500 f e e t . To date approximately 75 UWC's have been i n s t a l l e d i n water depths ranging from 50 t o 375 f e et . The technology required f o r the wet t r e e completions is n o t v e r y sens i t i v e to water depth and is, t h e r e f o r e , expected t o be extended i n t h e n e a r term to 3000 f e e t . The main c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r w i l l be the flowline connecting system and the hardware f o r i n s t a l l i n g t h e f l o w l i n e s , which w i l l be undergoing continual evolution as deepwater experience is gained. Current industry programs w i l l probably r e s u l t i n a d d i t i o n a l underwater completions over t h e n e x t few years and should provide the experience to develop a very r e l i a b l e and economically sounddeepwater wet t r e e completion system. The One-Atmosphere Chamber Wellhead System which was i n s t a l l e d by Lockheed Petroleum Services f o r S h e l l O i l Company recently i n its Main Pass 290 F i e l d has demonstrated the c a p a b i l i t y of t h i s completion system i n 375 f e e t of water. The diving capsule p a r t of t h i s system is r a t e d for 1200-foot water depth and t h i s , t h e r e f o r e , is considered the depth c a p a b i l i t y of t h i s system a t present. It is f o r e c a s t t h a t through design modification t h i s system's depth c a p a b i l i t y can be extended to 3000 f e e t . R&D work on underwater manifolding and production systems is c u r r e n t l y being c a r r i e d out and e i t h e r t h i s system or other systems such as f l o a t i n g production platforms could be a v a i l a b l e four to f i v e years from now given the r i g h t economic i n c e n t i v e s . Therefore, I think t h a t our short-term c a p a b i l i t y extension can provide the technology t o permit complete systems t o be i n s t a l l e d i n 3000 f e e t of water. Figure 53 i l l u s t r a t e s the a d d i t i o n a l e f f e c t of t h i s c a p a b i l i t y . On the margins of the conterminous U.S. plus the Alaska P a c i f i c Margin as i l l u s t r a t e d by the blue areas t h i s means the addition of about 103,000,000 acres. For the Alaskan portion (the red a r e a s ) , 32,000,000 acres is added. Regarding the Alaskan portion, it is recognized by t h e a u t h o r t h a t a g r e a t d e a l of e f f o r t is going i n t o Arctic Research t o develop the technology t o carry o u t e x p l o r a t i o n and production a c t i v i t y i n t h i s area. The recent announcement by Global Marine of the construction of an i c e breaking d r i l l s h i p is i n d i c a t i v e of the i n t e r e s t i n t h i s area. It is, therefore, poss i b l e t h a t the f i g u r e s quoted here f o r Alaska are conservative. However, an attempt has been made to include only t h a t a d d i t i o n a l area which has a reasonable c e r t a i n t y of being w i t h i n t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s purported. As an example of t h i s , only one-half of the B r i s t o l Bay area is included even though almost the e n t i r e area is i n l e s s than 600 f e e t of water. Although platforms and underwater systems i n combination could extend the basic platform depth c a p a b i l i t y (200 f e et ) the f a c t t h a t much of the area is 200 to 300 miles from shore w i l l cause s i g n i f i c a n t problems of access and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Figure 54 summarizes the t o t a l a r e a s w i t h i n reach of today's c a p a b i l i t y and t h a t a d d i t i o n a l area which is within reach of t h e s h o r t - t e r m extensions of today's c a p a b i l i t y . I n summary, approximately 274,000,000 acres (31% o f t h e t o t a l ) of t h e c o n t i n e n t a l margins of the U.S. a r e within reach of today's t e c h - nological c a p a b i l i t y and approximately 409,000,000 (46% of the t o t a l ) is within reach of our near-term c a p a b i l i t y . The r e a l question is what these 409,000,000 acres hold f o r us i n the way of petroleum r e s e r v e s . Mother Nature, i n the past, while yielding up bountif u l petroleum resources, has tended t o put very large portions i n r e l a t i v e l y few s p o t s , and no one w i l l r e a l l y know i f t h i s acreage contains s i g n i f i c a n t reserves u n t i l i t has been t e s t e d by the d r i l l . Our success or f a i l u r e i n so doing w i l l influence g r e a t l y the importance of and the r a t e a t which we pursue those portions of the c o n t i n e n t a l margins not presently within our c a p a b i l i t y . Therefore, we should pursue with a l l vigor and haste those areas t h a t are within our present- and near-term technological grasp and, a t the same time, we must continue to provide the necessary R&D programs t h a t w i l l i n s u r e t h e a b i l i t y to develop f e a s i b l e solutions f o r those areas t h a t a r e not presently within our c a p a b i l i t y . Some Implications of Accelerated Offshore Leasing Technological c a p a b i l i t y is one thing; however, there are several other important considerations t h a t must be examined. The economic aspect is one which looms i n a l l our minds a s perhaps even more formidable than technology and although not discussed i n t h i s paper, I c e r t a i n l y do not want to minimize that aspect. I would, however, like to discuss some of the considerations regarding industry response to hopefully accelerated offshore leasing. I n the report "U.S. Energy Outlook1' a preprint of which was released in December 1972 by the National Petroleum Council:,, several cases of accelerated domes t i c o i l and gas d r i l l i n g a c t i v i t y were examined (Chapter IV). The highest growth r a t e hypothesized i n that report was a 7.5 percent annual increase i n exploratory d r i l l i n g footage (labeled Case I ) . This increase in d r i l l i n g a c t i v i t y would achieve a level of a c t i v i t y i n 1985 about equal to the post World War I1 peak a c t i v i t y achieved i n 1955. Figure 55 i l l u s t r a t e s , in summary, the impact of t h i s case on the domestic energy and petroleum imports. The dotted l i n e s correspond to the same a c t i v i t y level as Case I but a lower finding r a t e . I think these two curves can be summarized as follows. By 1985, assuming the increased a c t i - v i t y becomes a r e a l i t y , the best we can do (high finding r a t e ) i s to achieve a level of dependence on foreign sources about equal to our c u r r e n t l e v e l . It i s possible, however, (low finding rate) that we would be able to only a r r e s t any further dependence beyond 1975. Although the NPC report does not give a completely detailed breakdown of the t o t a l offshore portion of the a c t i v i t y , enough d e t a i l i s given by region to estimate that which may be a t t r i b u t a b l e t o the offshore. Figure 56 was derived by applying the regional allocations for o i l and gas d r i l l i n g to the t o t a l o i l and gas d r i l l i n g f o r Case I. These r e s u l t s include only California, Gulf Coast and A t l a n t i c offshore (most of that which i s hypothesized), and for o i l d r i l l i n g , the regional allocations given for 'exploratory footage are assumed to apply to t o t a l o i l d r i l l i n g footage. Under these assumptions, the t o t a l offshore d r i l l i n g i n 1975 would be about 18M f e e t per year increasing to about 41M f e e t per year by 1985. Assuming that a l l of the exploratory footage (approximately 1/3 of the t o t a l footage) would be d r i l l e d from mobile platforms and the other 2/3 would be d r i l l e d from fixed platforms, Figure 57 shows the mobile r i g s which would be required to d r i l l this footage. Wells are assumed to be 10,000 f e e t and each well is assumed to take 45 days including t r a v e l , e t c . t o d r i l l. In 1975 approximately 74 mobile rigs would be required and this would increase by about 9 to 10 r i g s per year reaching a level of about 166 r i g s by 1985. For comparison, the existing number of mobile rigs (domestic) are shown a t the l e f t i n the figure. The annual increase of 9 to 10 r i g s per year represents about 20 to 25 percent of the present world r i g building capability of 40 to 50 r i g s per year. Figure 58 shows the number of 25 well fixed-platforms required again assuming 10,000-foot wells. S t e e l tonnages a r e also shown for 200,300, and 400-foot water depth s t r u c t u r e s . Although the water depth d i s t r i b u t i o n i s not known, i t i s reasonable that the tonnages would c e r t a i n l y f a l l somewhere i n t h i srange, perhaps averaging near the 300-foot l i n e . By 1985, the tonnage would increase to about 500,000 to 950,000 tons per year or a 3 to 6 fold increase over existing Gulf Coast capability of approximately 150,000 to 200,000 tons per year. This corresponds to an annual growth r a t e (over the next 12 years) of from 9.5 to 15 percent. Although no doubt additional f a c i l i t i e s would come into play during t h i s period (West Coast, East Coast, e t c .) , the r a t e of growth and the mobilization of additional f a c i l i t i e s would require s i g n i f i c a n t long range planning and a great amount of assurance to a t t r a c t investment c a p i t a l and trained manpower.

The two, examples above (mobile r i g s and fixed platforms) represent but a fraction of the t o t a l e f f o r t required to support a perhaps rather nominal increase i n present a c t i v i t y (NPC Case I ) . There are l i t e r a l l y hundreds of supporting i n d u s t r i e s who must be attuned to any escalating e f f o r t and who will also require firm assurance that a market for t h e i r goods and services w i l l be available.

Summary

Since the early beginning of offshore d r i l l i n g and production a c t i v i t i e s , the technology to provide the necessary safe and r e l i a b l e systems has very adequately kept pace with our economic needs. Existing technology related to a l l aspects of these a c t i v i t i e s has reached a high level of competence through the i n t e r - r e l a t e d e f f o r t s of research and development, engineering, and p r a c t i c a l experience. The technological "muscle", capable of working is almost one-half of the nation's continental margins, now stands ready to be flexed to help provide v i t a l domestic petroleum resources to meet our growing energy needs.

Acknowledgement

The author acknowledges the many technical reports by those i n the industry, the-academic community and the government who have made valuable contributions to the development of offshore technology and the many others who have supplied the equipment and services to support t h i s new technology. The e f f o r t s of I . B . Boaz, C.A. S e l l a r s , and G .A. S t e r l i n g i n preparing t h i s paper are g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged, and the author thanks Shell O i l Company for permission to make t h i s presentation.

References

1. 1971, Future Petroleum Provinces of the United States - Their Geology and Potential: Memoir 15, Volumes I & 11, AAPG, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

2. December 1972, U.S . Energy Outlook: Preprint National Petroleum Council.

3. Nelson, T.W. and Burk, C .A . , 1966, Petroleum Resources of the Continental Margins of the United States .

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