Comprehensive analysis of the economic activity of the company "Turboatom"

2. Production stage - the "current assets - finished products" - begins with obtaining items of work completed and shipment of finished goods to the warehouse company. Current assets at this stage appear as items of work, unfinished and finished products.

3. Implementation phase - "Finished goods - money" - begins with receipt of the finished product to the warehouse Enterprise ends and getting revenue from product sales. Current assets at this stage in the form of finished goods and money.

Thus, the funds perform one revolution, and then everything repeats. Working capital Enterprise depending on the role it plays in the production process is divided into working capital (capital in production) and circulating assets (capital in circulation). To study the composition and structure of current assets classified according to certain characteristics that show a in the following figure.

Picture 6.

Classification of current assets.

Let us define some indicators of current assets.

Inventories - are objects of labor, which are in stock in the form of stocks and intended for processing in the manufacturing process.

Inventories consist of raw materials, basic materials, semi-finished, components, auxiliary materials, lubricants, fuels, containers, spare parts, low value items of work.

Low value items are works that are used as a means of work for a year or less, or the value of which does not exceed 100-fold (for budgetary organizations 50-fold) minimum wage labor.

Work in progress - a product that has not yet passed all stages of processing. In terms of value - is the cost of acquisition of materials, spare parts, raw materials, wages and other funds needed to continue production.

Prepaid expenses - it costs the performance of research, innovation activities, the development of new technology, rent, etc., that are made in the current year, but production costs debited in subsequent periods.

Funds circulation - is part of the means of production, which is not involved in the production cycle, but avansuyetsya now to create revolving funds. To fund circulation include:

finished product that is in stock enterprise and prepared for shipment to the consumer, and that part which has already been submitted, but not yet paid;

Products in stock that are purchased for further distribution at higher prices. In accounting separately displayed products in stock and in the way that goods sent to the supplier of the consumer. Thus ownership of the goods has passed to the consumer, but they have not yet arrived at its warehouses and not canceled;

receivables arising from mutual settlements between companies for services rendered or made delivery of goods;

Money in the calculations, which include both real money in the form of cash in the cash business, and cash assets in the current account in the bank.

Remember that revolving funds meant for the production and circulation of funds - to serve the circulation.

The peculiarities of planning and organizing principle of current assets divided by normalized and nonnormable. Normalized to include all working capital and finished goods in warehouses, who are irregular - shipped but not yet paid for finished goods, goods in the warehouse and in transit, cash at bank account and unfinished calculations, cash in hand.

The peculiarities of planning and organizing principle of current assets divided by normalized and nonnormable. Normalized to include all working capital and finished goods in warehouses, who are irregular - shipped but not yet paid for finished products.

Sources of circulating assets of the company have their own involved or further involved agents. Reflect on this structure in Figure 7.

Picture 7. sources of working capital.

A significant proportion of circulating capital Enterprise owned inventory (material resources), so the efficiency of their use depends on the utilization of working capital at all.

Types of norms recognized by the following classification criteria:

a) designation - the standard cost of raw materials, energy, fuel, etc.;

b) the scale action - group (on the same types of products) and individual;

c) Validity - year (the current plan) and perspective;

d) the level of detail of objects rationing - for details (node) and products in general;

e) the level of detail of normalized resources - specified (in the kinds of resources with specific parameters) and reduced (by types of resources for the narrower range).

3.2 "Analytical assessment of the elemental structure of current assets and structure of the sources of the formation of in the enterprise in consideration"

The financial condition of the enterprise largely depends on the rationality of forming sources, ie what kind of money enterprise has at its disposal, to whom enterprise owes for these funds and where they nested.

For normal operation of the company needs to reduce the conversion of funds that are in inventories of raw materials, finished goods and receivables to cash in the current account. Efforts to reduce the period of turnover of working capital (in terms of interest in the extension of Enterprise payment payable) may result in the construction of its financial and operational requirements to zero or even transform the negative value when the Enterprise will more money than they need for continuous operation.

In this case, we need to define the concept of working capital. Thus, working capital (current assets) - this means advances in current production assets and circulating assets to ensure continuity of the process of production, sales and profits. And under current assets understand - money resources invested in current production assets and circulating assets to ensure continuous production and sales of manufactured products, which are involved in the manufacturing process once and completely transfer their value to the cost of production.

Thus, working capital can be classified in the circulation. Production revolving funds - are objects of labor are consumed in one production cycle and completely transfer their value to manufactured products. They serve the manufacturing process. Funds circulation - this means companies involved in the maintenance process of circulation of goods (including finished products).

Based on these definitions, the main purpose of working capital is to ensure the continuity and rhythm of production.

Composition and structure of current assets are shown at the picture. 3.

Picture 3. Classification and composition of working capital

In OJSC "Turboatom" in current assets reflected in Table 3.1 for 2010.

Таблиця 3.1 «Структура оборотних фондів підприємства»

Найменування статей	На початок періоду	На кінець періоду	Зміни
	абс.,тис. грн..	відн., %	абс.,тис. грн..	відн., %	абс.,тис. грн..	відн., %	темпи зростання, %
1 Запаси	162199	33,3	291111	41,34	128912	8,04	179,48
2 Дебіторська заборгованість	188467	38,69	199838	28,38	11371	-10,31	106,03
3 Грошові кошти	106017	21,77	183883	26,12	77866	4,35	173,45
4 Інші оборотні активи	30405	6,24	29310	4,16	-1095	-2,08	96,41
Усього оборотних активів	487088	100	704142	100	217054	0

Results of the analysis show a chart using:

1) "The structure of current assets at the beginning of 2010"

Picture 8.

2) "The structure of current assets at the end of 2011"

Picture 9.

Composition of working capital for the year 2011 show a in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: "The structure of current assets"

Найменування статей	На початок року	На кінець року	Зміни
	абс., тис. грн..	відн., %	абс., тис. грн..	відн., %	абс., тис. грн..	відн., %	темпи зростання
1 Запаси	291111	41,34	410612	33,60	119501	-7,74	141,05
2 Дебіторська заборгованість	199838	28,38	343315	28,09	143477	-0,29	171,81
3 Грошові кошти	183883	26,12	406595	33,28	222712	7,16	221,12
4 Інші оборотні активи	29310	4,16	61502	5,03	32192	0,87	209,83
Усього оборотних активів	704142	100	1222024	100	517882	0

Results show a through diagrams.

1) "The composition of current assets at the end of 2011"

Picture 10.

2) "The composition of current assets at the end of 2011"

Picture 11.

Therefore, analyzing the structure of current assets of OJSC "Turboatom" we see that in 2010 we increased reserves by 8%, and receivables, however, decreased by 10.3%, cash increased by 4.35%. And during 2011 stocks declined by 7.74%, receivable by 0.29%, while cash increased by 7.16%.

3.3 Receivables Company: types, net realizable value, the calculation of provision for doubtful debts

In the process of enterprise does not always makes settlements with other companies or individuals simultaneously with the transfer of property, performance of work, provision of services and so on. In this regard, it appears receivables.

Accounts receivable defined as the sum receivable company to date. Debtors - legal and physical persons from past events owe the company a certain amount of cash, cash equivalents or other assets. According to the accounting balance sheet date. Because according to the national accounting company serving as interim (quarterly) reporting, the amount receivable enterprise should determine on a quarterly basis.

Accounts receivable displays the form № 1 "balance" in the assets. Assets of the company - the resources controlled by an enterprise from the use of which is expected to yield economic benefits in the future. Certainly economic benefit of receivables reflected in the fact that the company as a result of the repayment expects sooner or later get cash or cash equivalents. According receivables can be considered an asset only when it is probable that the repayment by the debtor. If this probability no amount of accounts receivable should be written off.

If the debt cannot be reliably measured, ie, determine its worth, it may not be recognized as an asset and should not appear in the balance sheet.

According to P (S)BO 10 receivables divided into long and short. Long-term receivables - the amount of receivables that arise during the normal operating cycle and will be settled after twelve months from the balance sheet date or within one operating cycle. In the short term, or as it is called current, Receivables understand the amount of receivables arising during the normal operating cycle or will be paid within twelve months from the balance sheet date. In P (S) BO 2 defines the operating cycle. Operating cycle - a period of time between the acquisition of inventory to operate and obtain tangible assets (equivalent funds) generated from the sale of these products or goods and services. Determination of the normal operating cycle of the standards do not, however, using the above definition of operating cycle, we can conclude that it is operating cycle in normal activities. Normal operating cycle not exceeding 12 months, but some activities it may last longer than one year. Despite this, the debt that arose in the course of this operating cycle, still not recognized the long-term and ongoing.

Thus, long-term debt - is basically debt not related to operating activities.

Current receivables (short) - a debt that occurs during the normal operating cycle or will be repaid within 12 months from the balance sheet date.

To account for the amounts receivable used several kinds of assessments.

1. Present value of future payments expected to repay this debt.

Score the present value of future payments to reflect the applicable lessors payments under financial lease agreements.

In other words, the amount of such payments to be reflected in the net investment in the lease, equal to the total minimum lease payments and unguaranteed residual value less unearned finance income.

2. The net realizable value.

Score at net realizable value is used for current receivables for goods, products, works and services, value of this assessment is as follows.

The company, shipping of products or goods, performing work or providing services, not always receiving payment from buyers and customers immediately. It was forced to go to some risk in order to increase its sales in a competitive environment. In fact, the company provides its customers commercial credit. In such circumstances, is always the likelihood that the payment from the buyer is not received. At the same time according to the accrual basis at the time of shipment of goods (products), works or services the company should recognize revenue from the sale. In income also includes debt, that probably will never be paid. This leads to the fact that real income that the companies in the future, unreasonably inflated the amount of these debts. Therefore, the recognition of revenue from sales it must reduce the amount of doubtful debts. This requires prudence and principle, according to which it is impossible to overstate earnings.

To estimate the amount of doubtful debts there is a special procedure under which the company forms a provision for doubtful debts.

Thus, current receivables for products, goods, works and services at the time of acceptance of its assets increases the income from the sale and measured at the initial value. But the balance sheet date of the amount shall be reduced by the amount of allowance for doubtful debts. Of total debt balance included at net realizable value, which represents the difference between the cost of current receivables and the amount of allowance for doubtful debts.

3. Historical cost.

Measurement at cost is used for all kinds of long-term and current receivables that are not payable for the products, goods, work or services, or expected payments under finance leases. For these types of debt provision for doubtful debts is created.

Any debt as long as the present one, at some point be recognized now hopeless. By 2000, the national accounting was no concept of bad debts, even though it was provided to write off the losses the company amounts receivable for which the limitation period has expired or for which there is documentary evidence of the impossibility of repayment, ie documents issued by judicial authorities.

Today, in order to establish accounting uncollectible receivables do not need documentation. Suffice it to was made one of the conditions:

- Expired limitation period (3 years);

- There is a belief that the debtor does not repay its debts.

Provision for doubtful debts is formed now at the balance sheet date. Simultaneously, the value of reserve increases the cost reporting period. Due allowance will be written off bad debts next year. Thus, the method of writing off bad debts against provision for doubtful debts is different from the method of direct write-off) date include such sums due to cost. Obviously, when using the first method costs previously recognized that respects the principle of prudence, according to which costs can not underestimate.

P (S) BO 10 provides two methods of creating provisions for doubtful debts:

1) based on the solvency of individual debtors;

2) based on the classification of receivables.

The first method is based on the results of analytical accounting receivables for each borrower. If a particular debtor declared insolvent, then the amount of his debt should increase the provision for doubtful debts. Although this method is acceptable, in the exercise now quite a large number of operations is better to use the second method of creating provisions for doubtful debts.

The second method is based on the basic and periodization receivables. To use this method, the company needs to analyze information from several previous reporting periods for bad debts of products, goods, works or services. This should be considered when each particular debt was hopeless before terms of payment under the contract or after she became overdue.

For debts that are uncollectible after the date of payment under the contract, apply a breakdown by period. Of course periods of arrears is as follows: separately summed debts that become bad within a month after the maturity of the contract, up from 1 to 2 months 2 to the month and debt that became hopeless for more than three months after maturity payment under the contract.

Since debt can be bad not only by recognition buyer bankrupt, but after the expiration of the limitation period (ie three years from the date of payment arrears, provided the contract), the company will also consider receivables that arose three years ago.

For each group debt ratio is determined by uncertainty. The formulas for calculating the value of this ratio does not exist, it is approximate based on observations and experience, as well as accounting data for past periods. Meaning calculation of uncertainty is to determine for each group receivables (distributed by period) the percentage written off outstanding bills, ie the percentage of outstanding debt. Sure rate uncertainty increases with the period of default.

3.4 Analytical assessment of performance of working of the enterprise. Influence of turnover of working capital on the final business results

There are several standard indicators used to evaluate the efficiency of working capital. The first in the list of indicators worth noting turnover ratio of current assets. It shows how many revolutions carry working capital for the period. It is defined as:

Коб. = Q/ Sоз.,

Q - the volume of sales for the year of production (volume of work performed, services), hr.,

Sоз. - average total balance of current assets, hr.

In our case, we expect this ratio for a particular company. Therefore, according to the financial statements of OJSC "Turboatom" we calculate К_об the formula:

К_об = ф.2 (ряд.010-ряд.015-ряд.020) / ф.1 (ряд.260 на початок звітного періоду+ряд.260 на кінець звітного періоду)*0,5

Thus, the turnover ratio enterprises of OJSC "Turboatom" in 2010 was:

К_об = (992923 - 42121 - 0) / (829182 + 1025272) * 0,5 = 950802 / 927227 = 1,03.

У 2011 році: К_об = (1357752 - 89137 - 0) / (1025272 + 1661752) * 0,5 = 1268615 /1343512 = 0,94.

Turnover in 2011 compared to 2010 decreased by 0.09. This indicates a slow turnover of working capital.

Next on the list of performance efficiency of working capital - is the load factor. Load factor (Kzav.) - the inverse turnover ratio shows how much working capital enterprises per one hryvnia sold products (works, services):

Кзав. = 1/ Коб. = Sоз. / Q

За 2010 рік: 1 / 1,03 = 0,97;

За 2011 рік: 1 / 0,94 = 1,06.

Duration of one revolution (Tob.) shows the duration of one revolution working capital in days and is defined as:

Тоб. = Д/ Коб,

Д - number of days in the period under review (Д = 360 для року, Д = 90 для кварталу і Д = 30 для місяця).

За 2010 рік: Т_об = 360 / 1,03 = 350 днів.

За 2011 рік: Т_об = 360 / 0,94 = 383 дні.

So, in 2010 OJSC "Turboatom" need 350 days to replenish its working capital, and in 2011 - 383 days.

Important indicators of effectiveness of assets is the turnover of stocks and the duration of a turnover of stocks.

Turnover stocks (Kob.z.) is defined as the ratio cost of sales to average inventory cost:

Коб.з.= ф.2 ряд.040, графа 4 / ф.1 (ряд.100 на початок звітного періоду+ряд.100 на кінець звітного періоду)* 0,5

К_об.з. = 461853 / (162199 + 291111) * 0,5 = 461853 / 226655 = 2,04;

К_об.з. = 575546 / (291111 + 410612) * 0,5 = 575546 / 350861,5 = 1,64.

Calculating inventory turnover ratio is clear that the company reserves during 2010 an average of 2.04 times replenished, and during 2011 - at 1.64 times.

Return on working capital (wd) shows how much profit the company received one hryvnia invested working capital, and is defined as:

Роб.= П/ Sоз,

П - profits that the company has received in the billing period.

Р_{об.за 2010 рік} = (188780 / (829182 + 1025272) * 0,5) * 100% = (188780 / 927227) * 100% = 20,4 %;

Р_{об. за 2011 рік} = (427293 / (1025272 + 1661752) * 0,5) * 100% = (427293 / 1343512) * 100% = 31,8 %.

Average balance (Soz.mis) working capital is calculated using the formula:

Sоз.міс=(Sп+Sк) /2,

Sп, Sк - accordance balance of current assets at the beginning and end month USD.

Average balance of current assets (Soz.r.) is determined by the formula:

Sоз.р.= (S1 + S2.........................................+…+ S12)/12,

де S1, S2,.S12 - average monthly balances of working capital.hr

S_{оз.р. за 2010 рік} = (829182 + 1025272) / 12 = 77646,2;

S_{оз.р. за 2011 рік} = (1025272 + 1661752) / 12 = 223919, 7.

The amount released by accelerating the turnover of working capital (ДSоз) calculated by the formula:

ДSоз = Qзв. /360 * (Тоб.баз.- Тоб.зв.),

Qзв. - the volume of sales in the year of production (works, services), UAH.

Tob.baz., Tob.zv. - the average length of one revolution of current assets, respectively, in the base and reported years, days.

?S_оз = 1267942 / 360 * (383 - 350) = 3522,06 * 33 = 116227,98 грн.

Суму приросту прибутку (збитків) (ДП), одержаних за рахунок зміни оборотності оборотних засобів можна розрахувати за формулою:

ДП = Пв.баз. * Qзв./ Qбаз.* Sбаз. / Sзв. - Пв.баз.,

Пв.баз. - gross profit in the base year, UAH.

Sбаз. , Sзв. - average balances of current assets in the base and reported years, UAH.

Qбаз.- sales in the base year, USD.

?П = 366783 * 1267942 / 942329 * 77646,2 / 223919, 7 - 366783 = 1335438,5.

Вплив використання оборотних засобів на рівень рентабельності підприємства визначають за формулою:

ДР = Пв. зв. * 100./ ( Sсер.оф.зв. + Sоз.зв. - ДSоз.) - Р.зв,

ДР - change in overall profitability due to changes in the average balance of current assets,%;

Пв. зв. - gross profit in the year, UAH.

Sсер.оф.зв. - average annual value of fixed assets in the year, UAH.

ДSоз. - amount released by accelerating the turnover of working capital;

Р.зв. - overall profitability in the year,%.

?Р = 1267942 * 100 / (892310 + 223919, 7 - 116227,98) - 31,8 = 126794200 / 1000001,72 - 31,8 = 95,10%.

Operating cycle is defined as the time between the acquisition of inventory to operate and receipt of funds generated from the sale of these products or goods and services by the formula:

ОЦ = Тоб.з.- Тоб.дз,

Тоб.з. - average duration of one revolution reserve inventory, days;

Тоб.дз. - average duration of one revolution receivables enterprise days.

ОЦ _{за 2010 рік} = 350 - 122 = 228 днів;

ОЦ _{за 2011 рік} =383 - 308 = 75 днів.

The financial cycle is defined as the time of circulation of cash or when funds diverted from the circulation, and can be calculated by the formula:

ФЦ= ОЦ - Тоб.кз.,

ФЦ _{за 2010 рік} = 228 - 220 = 8 днів;

ФЦ _{за 2011 рік} = 308 - 275 = 33 дні.

3.5 Measures to improve the utilization of current assets of the company in question

Accelerating the turnover of working capital a priority enterprises in modern conditions is achieved in different ways.

At the stage of creation of such inventory can be:

- The introduction of cost-based standards of safety;

- Proximity of raw material suppliers, semi stuffs products to consumers;

- Extensive use of direct long-term relationships;

- Expanding warehouse system logistics and wholesale materials and equipment;

- Comprehensive mechanization and automation handling in warehouses.

At the stage of work in progress:

- Accelerating scientific and technological progress (implementing advanced equipment and technology, especially waste-free, rotary lines, chemicals manufacture);

- The development of standardization and unification, typing;

- Improving forms of industrial production, the use of cheaper construction materials;

- Improvement of economic incentives economical use of raw materials and energy resources;

- Increase the proportion of production that is in high demand.

At the stage of treatment:

- The approach to its consumer products manufacturers;

- Improving the payments system;

- Increase in sales as a result of orders by direct relations, early production, manufacturing products with savings materials;

- Careful and timely collection of products shipped in batches, range, normal transit, shipping in strict accordance with the concluded agreements.

Conclusions to section 3

Formation and use of working capital in operational activities solves a number of issues of strategic development of the company and provides the final results of economic activity. Most domestic companies cannot withstand fierce competition, do not reach a high level of profitability due to lack of working capital, working capital flows. The problem of assessing the level of security firms working capital, sources of funding, determining efficiency and quality regulation is very complex and relevant from the perspective of strategic management decisions at every venture. Problems of financial improvement and effective management facing any resistance - which union, now and require surgical solution. This requires the development of a universal approach to the regulation of the individual characteristics of the activities of associations and enterprises. This approach should be based on objective laws of functioning and development of the economic system, consider the impact of external and internal factors, especially his activities.

Effective management of working capital, which aims to determine the rational use of the whole enterprise development, and the formation and use of working capital require careful analysis.

During the composition of working capital refers to the set of elements that form the current production assets and circulating assets, ie their placement on individual elements.

Structure of current assets is the ratio of individual elements of current assets and funds circulation, that shows the proportion of each element in the total current assets.

The overwhelming majority of current assets are the subject of work - raw, basic and auxiliary materials, purchase prepared food, fuel and fuel containers and packing materials. . In addition, circulating assets include some tools - shvydkoznoshuyuchi low value items (IBE), tools, special equipment, AC equipment, tools, spare parts for maintenance.

Accelerate the collection of receivables can be achieved by: exploring financial condition and buyer confidence for its entry

- Further margin;

- Timely processing of payment documents;

- The use of pre-payment;

- Application of bill payment;

- Improvement of settlements, etc.

Section 4: Enterprise personnel

4.1 Enterprise personnel: concept, classification and structure

The most important element of the productive forces and the main source of economy is people, their skills, education, training, motivation activities. There is an extraordinary dependence competitiveness of the economy, the welfare of the population as a potential labor personnel enterprise organization.

Enterprise personnel formed and changed under the influence of internal (nature of products, technology and production) and external factors (demographic processes, legal and moral standards of society, the nature of the labor market, etc.). Impact of recent specified in such settings macroeconomic nature, as the number of active (working) population, its general level, labor supply, employment, the potential pool of labor. In turn, these characteristics determine the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the workforce.

Labor resources - is part of the working population, according to their age, physical, educational data corresponding to a particular field. Be distinguished manpower real (those who are already working) and potential (those that are involved in some work in the far future).

For characterize the entire set of employees, the terms - staff, personnel, labor group).

Enterprise personnel is a collection of permanent employees who have received appropriate training and (or) have practical experience.

In addition to permanent employees, the enterprise can participate in other able-bodied person on the basis of a temporary employment contract (contract). Given that many companies outside the main activity of the functions that do not meet their main purpose, all employees are divided into two groups: Team principal activities and staff of non-core activities. In particular, in the industry in the first group - industrial personnel - are employees of the main, auxiliary and service industries, research units and laboratories, plant, storage, protection - that is, all engaged in the production or direct service. The group of nonindustrial personnel are employees of organizations which, although owned by the company, but not directly related to the processes of industrial production, namely: Housing, kindergartens and nurseries, clinics, schools, etc..

This division personnel on two groups needed for payroll, coordination of employment indicators of results of industrial activity (in determining productivity is taken, usually only the number of industrial personnel). However, the distribution processes integrating industrial systems, commercial and other economic structures above grouping staff becomes more conventional.

In accordance with the nature of the functions Enterprise staff usually divided into four categories: managers, professionals, employees, workers.

Managers - are employees who hold positions of managers and their departments. These include directors (CEOs), heads, heads, managers, supervisors, masters in the business, the structural units and divisions, some specialists (chief accountant, chief engineer, full mechanic, etc.), as well as alternates in accordance with the above posts.

Specialists are employees engaged in engineering, technical, economic and other activities, including - engineers, economists, accountants, quantity surveyor, administrators, paralegals, social scientists and others.

Before employees are employees engaged in the preparation and documentation, accounting and control, commercial service (perform purely technical work), in particular - clerks, accountants, archivists, agents, draftsmen, clerks, typists, Stenographers etc.. Workers directly involved in the process of wealth creation and maintenance, movement of goods, transportation of passengers, providing tangible services and others. In addition to workers include janitors, cleaners, security guards, couriers, and cloakroom.

For analytical purposes all workers can be divided into basic - those directly involved in the creation of products and support - those who perform maintenance functions of primary production. Gradually, with the development of production, its mechanization and automation of the boundaries between the main and auxiliary workers are erased, and the role of the past (including adjusters, mechanics) increases.

Important area grading plant personnel is its distribution specialties.

Job - this type of work, putting into effect which requires a corresponding set of specialized knowledge and practical skills. Specialty - it's more or less narrow diversity work within the profession.

Professional warehouse personnel of the enterprise depends on the specific field of activity, nature of products or services, the level of technological development. Every industry is unique to her profession and specialty. At the same time there are shared (cross-cutting) professional workers and employees.

Classification of employees by qualification level based on their ability to perform work of any complexity.

Qualification - a collection of specialized knowledge and practical skills that determine the degree of preparedness of the employee to perform professional functions due to complexity. The skill level of managers, professionals and officials characterized the level of education, work experience for a particular position. It is distinguished specialists of the highest qualification (workers with degrees and titles), highly qualified specialists (workers with higher special education and extensive practical experience), semi-skilled specialists (workers with secondary education and some experience), practitioners (workers occupying similar positions - engineering, economic, but not special education).

As Table 4.1 shows "Groups of workers by skill level, their work and the timing of their training."

Table 4.1.

Кваліфікаційні групи робітників	Основні роботи, що виконуються	Термін підготовки, стажування, досвід
Висококваліфіковані	Особливо складні та відповідальні роботи (ремонт і наладка складного обладнання, виготовлення меблів тощо)	Більше 2-3 років. Періодичне стажування. Великий практичний досвід роботи
Кваліфіковані	Складні роботи (метало- та деревообробні, ремонтні, слюсарні, будівельні тощо)	1-2 роки. Чималий досвід роботи
Малокваліфіковані	Нескладні роботи (метало-та деревообробні, ремонтні, слюсарні, будівельні тощо)	Декілька тижнів. Певний досвід роботи
Некваліфіковані	Допоміжні та обслуговуючі (вантажники, гардеробники, прибиральники тощо)	Не мають спеціальної підготовки

Outlining the objectives and direction of the company, its management should identify the necessary resources to implement them, including labor.

Planning human resources at existing plants begins with an assessment of their presence. The latter implies an inventory of jobs, identifying the number of those working on each operation that ensures the achievement of the ultimate goal (the creation of products and services). The analysis and subsequent calculations are carried out by categories of employees (workers, managers, employees), and in each of them - in professions discharges. When it comes to knowledge workers, in this case, you can use the system inventory of skills or specialties, registration of professional skills of employees with fixing the number of employees who own them.

In determining the size of the prospective period is necessary to consider environmental factors, namely:

- Market conditions associated with a particular kind of activity;

- Cyclical development of the economy, predicting a possible global economic downturn;

- Regional characteristics of the labor market (moving production facilities to regions with lower labor costs);

- Public (government) program, orders, contracts (according to the latest enterprise must create new jobs);

- Legal aspects (laws, agreements with trade unions and so on.) Regulating labor relations, protecting the interests of certain groups of the population and workers;

- Possibility to use temporary hiring workers home work.

JSC "Turboatom" consists of the following categories:

Table 4.2

категорії	2010 рік	2011 рік
Непромисловий персонал	198	200
Службовці	1830	1923
Погодинники	1600	1658
Відрядники	1310	1326

4.2 Assessment System employment potential enterprise and wages

Effective development and operation of industrial plant based on the rationale of targets, monitoring their performance, an objective assessment of the results. Manufacturing activity is a complex process and combines both traditional (supply, production, sales, engineering, technology, etc.) and specific (change of ownership, the introduction of innovative, information technology and investment) components.

Modern trends shaping potential of the company based on the industrial and social aspects of development. Industrial aspect defines a key factor in the development of technical and technological base of production, and social - social and labor. National wealth is created directly labor of its citizens, because labor is attributed to one of the main factors of the economy.

Thus, the base component of capacity building modern enterprise is a staff enterprise management concept which is in close relationship and interdependence with the expansion internally branded markets reinzhyrinhom industrial and economic activities, the transition to new management principles, the development of computer and telecommunications software management processes workforce.

The economic essence of the labor potential of society is he speaking in the form of the active labor force creates the material and spiritual values, as well as the potential labor force - able to produce them. This important conclusion - a society interested in the maximum proportion of the labor potential employed in socially useful work, because it increases the gross domestic product (GDP) and national income (NI), which finally gives the opportunity to improve quality of life.

The social nature of labor potential is that it provides opportunities to individuals and different social groups assert themselves in society and secure society and legitimate source of income.

Employment potential, as a set of opportunities employees actively or passively participate in the production process within a specific organizational structures including logistic, technological, information and other resources, is a complex structural socio-economic formation that contains a number of components (Picture 12 )

Picture 12 Structure of labor potential.

The structure of the labor potential is the ratio of different demographic, social, functional, professional and other characteristics of groups of workers and the relationship between them, based on mobility and flexibility, the ability to quick adjustment, and can be considered as a parameter that is determined by continuously changes within the same employees and the technological mode of production, show the ratio of the sources of extensive and intensive growth of the labor potential. The cumulative impact of external and internal factors specified in the options macro (labor supply, the number of working-age population and their educational level) and determine the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the workforce.

Qualitative characteristics of the labor potential up components like health, morality and ability to work in teams, creativity, activity, organization, education, professionalism, resources working time.

The employment potential can be considered in three levels: labor potential human potential group (company), the potential of society. All are interrelated, but not overlap. The basis of the labor potential of society is the potential of the individual. Human potential is a measure embodied in human skills, talent, education, skills and ability of these qualities generate income.

The employment potential of the organization is a complex, dynamic, open system, which is part of the labor potential of society. But the employment potential of the organization is not a simple sum of the labor potential employees - because union workers in the team gives the effect of collective labor, or senerhychnyy effect. It varies with the development of educational and professional level of personnel and their quantitative composition (turnover, their reduction or increase).

Assessment of the labor potential of the company based on a system of indicators, among which are the following:

- Productivity of industrial personnel;

- Coefficient of variability of labor;

- Coefficient of variability of the workplace;

- Coefficient Active employees;

- Rate of return of full wages.

Information on the number of workers and their remuneration for OJSC "Turboatom" is presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3

Показники	Фактично за 2010 р	Фактично за 2011 р
Середньооблікова чисельність штатних працівників облікового складу (осіб)	4938	5 107
Середня чисельність позаштатних працівників і сумісників (осіб)	12	11
Чисельність працівників, які працюють на умовах неповного робочого часу (дня, тижня) (осіб)	не має	не має
Фонд оплати праці -- всього (тис. грн.)	153741,9	186146,1

Movement of personnel in the enterprise can display the following indicators:

* staff turnover rate (STR):

STR = Ndtov / An,

where Ndtov- number dismissed their own volition, for violation of labor discipline or for other reasons not related to the production, pers.,

An- average number of employees in the same period, pers.

STR_{. за 2010 рік} = 510 / 4938 = 0,10;

STR_{. за 2011 рік} = 597 / 5107 = 0,12 ;

* Turnover of labor from admission (Ctl):

Ctl = PE / An,

where CHP - the number recruited in the same period, pers.,

An - average number of employees in the same period, pers.

Ctl in 2010 = 535/4938 = 0.12;

Ctl in 2011 = 698/5107 = 0.14;

* Turnover labor under exemption (Tlue):

Tlue = AD / An,

Where AD. - The amount dismissed in the same period for any reason, pers.,

An - average number of employees in the same period, pers ..

Tlue for 2010rik = 239/4938 = 0.05;

Tlue for the year 2011 = 285/5107 = 0.06;

* The level of discipline (LD):

LD = A / Aw,

where A - absenteeism at work (man-days);

Aw - all worked (man-days);

LD in 2010 = 500,000 / 9,876,000 = 0.051;

LD for 2011 = 856,000 / 10,214,000 = 0.084.

Ratio between certain categories of employees:

R. for 2010 = 2568/4938 = 0.52;

R. for the year 2011 = 3226/5107 = 0.63.

Saving of time determined by the formula:

St = ND. * T,

where St - saving working time, days;

ND. - Number dismissed their own volition, for violation of labor discipline or for other reasons not related to the production, pers.,

t - time lost due to turnover, the time required to fill

labor force of one freed, days.

St in 2010 = 510 * 3 = 2040 days;

St in 2011 = 597 * 2 = 1194 days.

Additional output is calculated by the formula:

Vdod. = St * HPV

where Vdod., - additional production, UAH.,

HPV. - Planned output per worker one folk-day USD ..

Vdod. for 2010 = 2040 * 74 = 150,960;

Vdod. for the year 2011 = 1194 * 76 = 90,744.

According to the Law of Ukraine "On wages" wages - is compensation calculated, usually in cash, which is under a contract owner or authorized body shall pay employees for the work.

The salary depends on the complexity and conditions of work, professional qualifications of employees, the results of its work and business enterprises.

Question i Contracting State regulation wage, human rights workers on wage and protection defined in the labor Code, the Law of Ukraine "On wage" and other regulations.

The majority of enterprises in Ukraine in the framework of wages imposed following principles:

1. Implementation of pay depending on the quantity and quality of work, from end production results with regard to the conditions and characteristics of labor.

2. The systematic increase in real wages, excess growth of nominal wages over inflation.

3. Excess labor productivity growth over the pace of growth in average wages.

4. Overcoming all kinds of egalitarianism in the distribution of funds for salaries.

Organization of wages at the firm includes 4 elements:

1. Formation payroll.

2. Rationing work.

3. Development tariff system (tariff valuation work).

4. Developing effective systems of remuneration.

Payroll company consists of 3 elements:

1.Osnovnye wages.

2.Dodatkova wages.

3.Inshi incentive and compensation costs.

Basic wage. This - remuneration for work performed in accordance with established labor standards (standard time, output, service, function). It installs as tariff rates (salaries) and piece rates for workers and salaries for employees.

Additional salary. This - compensation for work in excess of the norms for labor and ingenuity and success for special working conditions. It includes bonuses, allowances, warranties and compensation provided for by legislation; premium associated with the implementation of production tasks and functions.

Other incentive and compensation payments. These include payments in the form of rewards for the results of the year award for special systems and regulations, compensation and other monetary and material benefits that are not covered acts of legislation or which shall be made in excess of the specified acts normal.

Organization of remuneration is based on the following principles:

1) equal pay for equal work regardless of gender, age, nationality;

2) comprehensive differentiation of wages given the complexity, the nature and content of work and individual productivity;

3) pay at a level that ensures the reproduction of the labor force, according to skill level and create conditions for the growth of individual wages by employee work effort;

4) providing advanced productivity growth compared with the growth of the average wage;

5) simplicity and clarity - every employee needs to know for which figures labor wage increases and which decreases;

6) flexibility.

For proper remuneration in the enterprise need to know the amount of labor required for execution of any work - otherwise normal labor.

The company pay system established in the collective agreement. Transfer of employees to another pay system is a change in material conditions and requires warning employees for 2 months.

The practice has developed two main systems used both in "pure" form, and with various modifications - hourly and piece-wage system.

When hourly wage system determined by the length of time worked and qualifications of the employee.

Piecework system involves determining earnings depending on the actual output of products of good quality.

Hourly system can have three subspecies: the hour, day, month. Work paid for actual time worked: hours, days, months. When the salary monthly payment does not depend on the number of working days in the month.

Piecework system also has several varieties. Straight piece - earnings calculated by multiplying the number of piece-rates suitable products. Indirect piece used to support workers (eg, repairmen), salary depends on the results of the basic production workers that serve auxiliary workers. Piecework-progressive - pay for products within the rules made by the same rates as for the products than the norm - at progressively increasing rates.

Piecework system can be individually or collectively, depending on how the organization works. Individual piece system is applicable to industrial site, which provided a clear account of the work of certain employees. Collective piece is set on the general results of work crews. Thus the distribution of earnings is made using the ratio of labor input (RLI). The enterprises adopted local regulations on RLI set specific parameters, the method of calculating earnings. Allowance also qualified employee. Wages cannot be lower than the minimum wage.

Minimum wage - is legally established wages for simple, unskilled labor, below which no payment can be made by the employee performed monthly and hourly labor rate (amount of work). Minimum wage does not include remuneration, allowances, incentive and compensation payments. Minimum wage is a state social guarantees required throughout Ukraine for enterprises of all forms of ownership and management and individuals who use the work of employees.

4.3 Staff productivity: the nature, methods of determination and growth factors

Measure the efficiency of labor in the production process called productivity. Labor productivity - the ability of workers to produce per unit of time specified output. labor productivity per employee is calculated as the ratio of output in value terms of the average number of employees. Productivity growth means an increase in goods produced without increasing labor costs.

In a broader sense of productivity growth means continuous improvement people economic activity, constant finding opportunities to work better, produce more higher quality goods with the same or even lower labor costs.

Productivity growth provides an increase in real product and income, and therefore it is an important indicator of economic growth. Since the increase in national product per capita means increased consumption, and hence living standards, the economic growth is one of the main purposes of a market economic system.

Each entity is characterized by a certain level of productivity, which may increase or decrease under the influence of various factors. Increased productivity is indisputable condition for progress and development of production.

In a famous definition of Marx, productivity growth is the share of cost of living labor in the products decreases and the proportion of expenditures of past labor (embodied in the means of production) - is increasing, but so that the total amount labor per unit of product decreases.

A variety of approaches to determine the level of productivity depends on the specifics of certain those companies or their divisions, and the purpose of the calculations based on methodological features.

If the output indicators are more generalized, universal nature, complexity indices can be calculated for certain types of products (services) and used to calculate the required number of workers, identifying the specific reserves increase productivity. The reliability of the calculations increases for determining the full complexity (technological, service and production management).

Output - is a direct indicator of the level of labor productivity, defined number of products (works, services) produced by one worker per unit of time, and is calculated using the formula:

B = V / T,

where B - output;

V-volume production (works, services);

T - labor costs to produce the appropriate amount of goods (works, services).

In the 2010 = 930,300 / 4938 = 188.4 gr. / People. hours.;

In the 2011 = 2534877.4 / 5107 = 496.4 gr. / People. h ..

Labor rates require well-tuned to work with technical regulation and accounting work. Mostly they are used in the workplace, stations, shops, producing diverse products, and the presence of large amounts of work in progress, which cannot be measured in physical and monetary units.

To ensure accurate measurement of labor productivity (especially the speakers) for cost indicators should take into account the impact on the level above the price factor.

Complexity - a reverse indicator of productivity, which is characterized by the number of working hours spent per unit of production (works, services), and is calculated using the formula:

TM = T / V,

TM for 2010 = 4938/930300 = 0.0053;

TM for the year 2011 = 5107 / = 0.0020 2534877.4.

For planning and analysis in the enterprise calculated different types of labor: technological complexity, the complexity of maintenance, manufacturing complexity, the complexity of management, the full complexity.

Purposeful management productivity, development of specific programs more efficient use of labor potential of the enterprise (organization) require classification factors of its dynamics. Given the potential impact on the activities of the enterprise (organization) all factors of productivity growth is divided into two generalized groups - internal and external.

The group of external factors are those that objectively are beyond the control of a single company (national and general economic factors - legislation, policy and strategy, market infrastructure; macrostructure changes in society, natural resources), and internal - those on which an enterprise can directly influence (nature of the products, technology, equipment, materials, energy, personnel, organization of production and labor, motivation system, etc.). However, external factors also have considerable Enterprise for economic interest.