Verb phrases
Phrases as the basic element of syntax, verbs within syntax and morphology. The Structure of verb phrases, their grammatical categories, composition and functions. Discourse analysis of the verb phrases in the novel "Forsyte Saga" by John Galsworthy.
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(8) a The chemist took a hydrogen and oxygen mixture and made [#(it) water].
b Then she put the water into the refrigerator to make [(it) cold].
This subtle contrast between verbs and other categories has no obvious connection to the superficial inflectional properties of verbs, but it does suggest that there is a structural difference between verbs and predicate nouns/adjectives. A theory that starts with the assumption that only verbs take subjects directly gives us immediate leverage on this paradigm.
So we encountered the different word classes of English and looked at the internal structure of words. In the following part we shall consider structures that are usually made up of more than one word, and look at how they are put together out of the word classes we have already examined. Here, then, we shall be considering the ways in which words are combined to make phrases, and investigate the structure of clauses, sentences and utterances.
2.3 Verb phrases. Their composition and functions
Alternative definitions of `verb phrase'
Verb phrase is that part of the predicate constituent that does not contain optional adverbials. (In many cases the predicate consists of a VP only.) We will stick to this definition in this work. However, it may be useful to know that some linguistic works use the term in a different sense.
Some use it in the sense of our `predicate (constituent)', i.e. to refer to the sum of all those constituents of the clause that do not belong to the subject NP. Others use the term in a much narrower sense, to denote no more than the main verb and any auxiliaries accompanying it. Thus seen, the VP of He may have been reading a book is may have been reading (rather than may have been reading a book). In the present work a string like may have been reading or will read will be referred to as a `verb form'. A verb form consists either of a verb (in the form of a participle or infinitive) plus one or more auxiliaries (e. g. will see, would have seen) or of a (usually inflected) verb only (as in They take drugs, John smokes).
The verb phrase is the pivotal phrase in English clauses. It fulfils the role of predicator in the clause and effectively introduces a process (action, event and so on). Unlike in the noun phrase, recursion is not possible in the verb phrase, and with only a small number of exceptions all verb phrases fit into a fairly predictable and clear pattern, as described in this section. It is important to note that some approaches, notably those deriving from generative theory, use the term verb phrase to refer to the whole of the predicate of the clause, that is, the verb and all that follows it. In the approach used here the term is used to describe only the verbal element of the clause, functioning as the predicator. To avoid confusion it is essential when reading other textbooks to establish which of these approaches is in use.
The first thing to note is that the simplest verb phrase will be a main lexical verb on its own. This is true of the vast majority of English verb phrases, and also of the clauses below, where the verb phrase is underlined:
She crumpled the letter in her hand [59, p.76]
Give them my love.[59, p.43]
Winifred recited the story of the pearls calmly. [59, p.33]
We have already examined the form of English verbs, so the above should be as examples of the past tense, the present third person singular and the present second person singular respectively. As English has no future tense and things such as voice (active and passive), perfective and progressive are not built into its morphology (unlike, for example, French and Spanish), there is a range of auxiliary verbs instead. These precede the main lexical verb and introduce all of the variations of meaning that some other languages include in the form of the verb itself.
The full form of the verb phrase is as shown in Table 4.1, though as we shall see it is rare for all of these potential places to be filled at once.
Table 4.1
|
Modal auxiliary |
Perfective auxiliary |
Continuous auxiliary |
Passive |
Main verb |
|
|
might |
have |
been |
being |
followed |
We shall consider each of the four auxiliary positions in turn. The modal auxiliaries in English are a subclass with at least the following members:
may, might, will, would, shall, should, can, could, ought (to)
There are other potential members of the modal class, including need and dare, but these are increasingly falling out of usage as modal verbs. Modality is an important semantic contribution to the interpretation of any text, and it is not found in modal verbs alone but here we shall mainly consider the structure of the English verb phrase, rather than detailed variations in meaning and usage. In general, then, modal verbs are responsible for bringing in the speaker's own opinion about the substance of the clause being uttered, by indicating either how true or how desirable or acceptable he or she considers the circumstance being described. The likelihood or truth of an utterance is called epistemic modality, and its desirability is known as deontic or boulomaic modality. These two aspects of modal meaning can be represented by the same modal verb, with the semantics and context enabling the hearer to distinguish between them.
He should have written to her, because and she had promised to answer. (she knows that he has plenty of time).[59, p.23]
He should have written to her, because and she had promised to answer. (It's not polite, because she is still waiting).[59, p.65]
The first example shows the use of should as an epistemic modal, with the speaker indicating some doubt about the truth of the statement. The second example demonstrates the deontic use of modals, whereby the speaker indicates what she or he thinks is the proper thing to happen. The modal verbs have no formal variation in morphology, and therefore they are always the same, irrespective of the person (first, second, third) or number (singular or plural) of the subject they follow:
I should go.
You should eat.
He/she/it should play.
We should sing.
They should leave.
More important, perhaps, is the fact that the modal verbs do not occur on their own, hence the inclusion of a range of lexical verbs in the examples given above. It is only when the lexical verb is completely predictable that the modal can stand in for the whole verb phrase. The following exchange provides an example:
A: Might they bring a present with them?
B: They might.
When a modal auxiliary is included in the verb phrase the subsequent verb form must be the infinitive form of the verb - one of the non-finite forms of the verb. In the above examples the lexical verbs follow the modal in infinitive forms - go, eat, play, sing, leave - but because the infinitive form is the same as other forms for many verbs, it is only clear that these are infinitives when the subsequent verb is one with a distinctive infinitive, such as the verb be: You should be . . .
Later we shall look at more complex cases, where some of the other auxiliary positions are also filled in. For now the significant points to remember are that modals do not change their own morphology but do influence the form of any subsequent verb, so that it is obliged to be an infinitive.
The second auxiliary position is the perfective auxiliary. This function is fulfilled by the auxiliary verb have which looks identical in all its forms to the lexical verb have, but must be kept separate for analytical purposes. The lexical verb have has a clear meaning or `semantic content', approximating to the notion of ownership, though this is sometimes more metaphorical than literal (for example I have a longing for a cool drink). The perfective auxiliary, by contrast, brings the idea of completion to the meaning of the verb phrase:
She has broken the glass.
I had cooked the dinner.
The perfective auxiliary, unlike the modal verbs, will agree with its subject as long as it is the first verb in the verb phrase. It can also take the present (has) or past (had) tense form, and this choice will differentiate between actions or processes completed in the immediate past and those completed at an earlier moment.
The other important feature of the perfective is its effect on the subsequent verb, whether that is another auxiliary or a main (lexical) verb. Those verbs which follow the perfective auxiliary have to take the -en form, which is another of the non-finite forms of the verb.
She has taken the dog. They had sold their house.
The -en form of many verbs is either irregular (for example sold ) or similar in form to the past tense -ed form (asked). Nevertheless, whenever the perfective auxiliary is followed by a verb for which a distinctive -en form is possible, this is the form that is used (for instance taken).
The next auxiliary position in the English verb phrase is the progressive auxiliary verb, be. Like the perfective it has the same range of forms as a very common lexical verb, but they should be considered as different verbs. The lexical meaning of be is hard to capture, but it can be summed up as to do with existence and equivalence:
Why is it necessary at all? Mother doesn't want to marry again.[59, p.27]
That's only to show you how impossible your father is![59, p.29]
The auxiliary verb, be, however, conveys the idea that the process being described by the utterance is in some sense continuous - either in the past or in the present:
Warmson is smiling faintly--in his opinion Val is a young limb.[59, p.30]
James' voice was sounding from the other end.[59, p.42]
In the first of these examples the verb phrase, was making, tells the hearer that the process is ongoing since the auxiliary is in the present tense. In the second example the process is in the past because the auxiliary is in the past, but there is a focus on the duration of the process that is lacking in a past tense or perfective version:
James' voice has sounded from the other end.[59, p.67]
These three versions all place the action in the past, and none of them evokes the length of time during which the prayer was being said, unlike the progressive version.
The final auxiliary to discuss is the passive auxiliary, which also takes the form of the verb be. Again this needs to be distinguished from the lexical verb be, and from the progressive auxiliary, which is formally identical to it. In fact the only way that we can tell the difference is by what follows it. In the case of the passive auxiliary, the subsequent verb has to be in the -en form rather than the -ing form, which follows the progressive.
Madame Lamotte was wearing black with touches of lilac colour (progressive).[59, p.11]
And suddenly he was certain as he was caught on the idea that there was no sentiment in either of them. (passive).[59, p.56]
The significant contribution of the passive voice to meaning is that it changes the relationship between the subject and the predicator. In all active (nonpassive) verb phrases, in some sense the subject is the doer of the process (even if the verb is a fairly inactive one, such as notice or fall). With passive verb phrases the subject is the goal of the process, and suffers the consequence of the process described, rather than being the initiator. This can be seen in the examples above, where Jessica is doing the throwing in the first sentence but is affected by it in the second. The passive auxiliary, like the perfective and the continuous, carries person/ number agreement and tense if it is the first auxiliary in the verb phrase:
Soames could not tell whether he was surprised of that knowledge or no.[59, p.56]
The fine reading-room was decorated in the Adam style.[59, p.75]
When the passive auxiliary is no longer the first auxiliary in the verb phrase the usual restrictions apply. Thus after a modal auxiliary its form will be an infinitive, after a perfective it will be -en and after a continuous it will have the -ing form.
We are now in a position to summarise the English verb phrase structure and the formal restrictions that the auxiliaries place on the subsequent verb.
Summary of English verb phrase structures
|
Modal |
Perfective |
Progressive |
Passive |
Main (lexical) |
|
|
might |
have |
seen |
|||
|
has |
been |
trying |
|||
|
is |
being |
turned |
|||
|
should |
be |
buying |
|||
|
can |
be |
bought |
|||
|
have |
been |
being |
considered |
||
|
will |
have |
been |
being |
thought |
2.4 The Structure of Verb Phrases. Their Grammatical Categories.
The Verb Phrases exist of two types: finite VP and nonfinite VP. A finite VP is a verb phrase in which the first or only word is a finite verb, the rest of the verb phrase consisting of nonfinite verbs. Finite VPs can be distinguished as follows:
a) Finite verb phrases can occur as the VP of independent clauses.
b) Finite verb phrases have tense contrast, i.e. the distinction between present and past tenses:
Dear June is so original [59, p.87]
James sat down, all knees, elbows, frock-coat, and long white whiskers.[59, p.66]
c)There is person concord and number concord between the subject of a clause and the finite verb phrase. Concord is particularly clear with the present tense of be:
I am He/She/It is
} here } here
You are We/They are
But with most full verbs overt concord is restricted to a contrast between the 3rd person singular present and other persons of plural number.
He/She/Jim reads
} the paper every morning.
I/We/You/They read
With modal auxiliaries there is no overt concord at all:
I/You/She/ We/They can play the cello.
d) Finite verb phrases have mood, which indicates the factual, or counterfactual status of predication. In contrast to the “unmarked” Indicative Mood, we distinguish the “marked” moods Imperative (used to express commands and other directive speech acts), and Subjunctive (used to express a wish, recommendation, etc.)
A clause with a finite verb phrase as its Verb element is called a “finite verb clause” or, just a “finite clause”. Similarly, a clause with a nonfinite verb phrase as its Verb element is called a “nonfinite (verb) clause”.
The infinitive ((to)call), the -ing participle (calling), the -ed participle (called) are the nonfinite forms of the verb. Hence any phrase in which one of these verb forms is the first or only word (disregarding the infinitive marker to) is a nonfinite verb phrase. Such phrases do not normally occur as the verb phrase of an independent clause. Compare:
The past subjunctive (or were-subjunctive) survives only in were as a past form of be. It is distinguishable from the past indicative of be only in the 1st and 3rd persons singular:
If she was leaving, you would have heard about it. [indicative]
If she were leaving, you would have heard about it.[subjunctive]
The indicative was is more common in less formal style.
Uses of the subjunctive. We distinguish two main uses of the present subjunctive:
a) the Mandative Subjunctive is used in a that-clause after an expression of such notions as demand, recommendation, proposal, intention (e.g. We insist, prefer, request; It is necessary, desirable, imperative ; the decision, requirement, resolution ).
b) The Formulaic (or optative) Subjunctive is used in certain set expressions:
God save the Queen Heaven forbid that…
Long live the King Be that as it may…
Come what may Suffice it to say that…
The past subjunctive is hypothetical in meaning. It is used in conditional and concessive clauses and in subordinate clauses after wish and suppose:
If I were a rich man, I would…
I wish the journey were over.
Just suppose everyone were to act like you.
Subjunctive were is often replaced in informal style by indicative was.
Voice. Active and Passive. The distinction between active and passive applies only to sentences where the verb is transitive. The difference between the active voice and the passive voice involves both the verb phrase and the clause as a whole. In the verb phrase, the passive adds a form of the auxiliary be followed by the -ed participle of the main verb. For example:
Kisses is kissed
Has kissed has been kissed
May be kissing may be being kissed
At the clause level, changing from active to passive has the following results:
a) the active subject, if retained, becomes the passive agent.
b) the active object becomes the passive subject.
c) the preposition by is inserted before the agent.
Aspect. Aspect is a grammatical category that reflects the way in which the action of a verb is viewed with respect on time. We recognize two aspects in English, the perfect and the progressive, which may combine in a complex verb phrase, and are marked for present or past tense:
Present perfect - has examined
Past perfect - had examined
Present progressive - is examining
Past progressive - was examining
Present perfect progressive - has been examining
Past perfect progressive - had been examining
Conclusions to Part II
1. Verbs are the very large lexical word class in English. Verb is a part of speech which denotes an action.
2. The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood. These categories can be expressed by means of affixes, inner flexion and by form words.
3. As a word class verbs can be divided into three main categories, according to their function within the verb phrase: the open class of Full Verbs (or lexical verbs), and the very small closed classes of Primary Verbs, and Modal Auxiliary Verbs.
4. The verb has finite and nonfinite forms (called verbals). There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
5. The subclasses of lexical verb that can be identified tend to depend on the context in which they occur. Whilst the traditional grammars distinguished between transitive and intransitive verbs.
6. Verbs are the nucleus around which sentences are typically built.
7. Whether an item takes a specifier or not is an important characterizing feature for the functional categories. Those lexical categories that take a specifier are verbs; those that do not are nouns and adjectives.
8. Verb phrase is the part of the predicate constituent that does not contain optional adverbials.
9. The simplest verb phrase will be a main lexical verb on its own. The other constituents of the verb phrase will be modal auxiliary, perfect auxiliary, progressive auxiliary, and passive verb.
10. The Verb Phrases exist of two types: finite VP and nonfinite VP. They have the grammatical categories of the verb itself.
Part III. Discourse Analysis of Verb Phrases in John Galsworthy's
FORSYTE SAGA. Part I. THE MAN OF PROPERTY (pp.1-10)
In his novel “FORSYTE SAGA” John Galsworthy preferably uses perfective and lexical verb phrases.
The following table shows the prevailing quantity of lexical verb phrases, that mainly denote human feelings, emotions, thoughts, decisions. And the other major group of verb phrases the author uses is the perfective verb phrases. Galsworthy uses them in order to show, how his personages' intentions are put into life, what means do they use, and what kind of results they bring out. Rarely he uses modal verbs, passive voice, and progressive verbs.
Summary of verb phrase structures
|
Type of VP |
Example |
Sum |
% |
|
|
Modal |
She ought to be very happy.This it was that she would have to lay down when it came to her turn to die. How impossible and wrong would it have been for any family, with the regard for appearances which should ever characterize, the great upper middle-class, to feel otherwise than uneasy! |
11 |
16 |
|
|
Perfective |
A very sweet look had come into the old lady's face, she kissed the girl's check with trembling fervour. It was her world, this family, and she knew no other, had never perhaps known any other. Still, he had forfeited his right to be there, had cheated her of the complete fulfilment of her family pride, deprived her of the rightful pleasure of seeing and kissing him. |
20 |
22 |
|
|
Progressive |
Old Jolyon's coachman, was driving June and Bosinney to the theatre, and remarked to the butler….. At the window his father, James, was still scrutinizing the marks on the piece of china.. |
6 |
12 |
|
|
Passive |
Soames Forsyte, flat-shouldered, clean-shaven, flat-cheeked, flat-waisted, yet with something round and secret about his whole appearance, looked downwards and aslant at Aunt Ann. Her hands, gloved in French grey, were crossed one over the other, her grave, charming face held to one side, and the eyes of all men near were fastened on it. |
9 |
15 |
|
|
Lexical |
Aunt Ann turned her old eyes from one to the other. When Winifred married Dartie, I made him bring every penny into settlement--lucky thing, too--they'd ha' had nothing by this time!" |
33 |
35 |
The verb phrase can have just a verb, or a verb followed by a noun phrase, or a verb followed by an adjective phrase, or a verb followed by an adverb phrase, or a verb followed by a preposition phrase, or a verb followed by preposition phrase+ verb phrase, or a verb followed by two or more different phrases.
|
Verb phrase followed by other phrases |
Example |
Sum |
% |
|
|
VP having just a verb |
“What are you givin?” If Irene had no money she would not be so foolish as to do anything wrong; for they said--they said--she had been asking for a separate room; but, of course, Soames had not.... Timothy, indeed, was seldom seen. |
17 |
9 |
|
|
VP followed by a NP |
He was an architect, not in itself a sufficient reason for wearing such a hat. Never had there been so full an assembly, for, mysteriously united in spite of all their differences, they had taken arms against a common peril. There was warmth, but little colour, in her cheeks. |
37 |
20 |
|
|
VP followed by an AdjP |
If he were sleek, well-brushed, prosperous-looking, it was more necessary to give him nice things. Her large, dark eyes were soft. |
21 |
11 |
|
|
VP followed by AN AdvP |
In the end each gave exactly what was right and proper. His forehead sloped back towards the crown of his head, and bulged out in bumps over the eyes, like foreheads seen in the Lion-house at the Zoo. And every now and then a Forsyte would come up, sidle round, and take a look at him. |
27 |
14 |
|
|
VP followed by PP |
Had she not said to Mrs. Soames--who was always so beautifully dressed--that feathers were vulgar? Like cattle when a dog comes into the field, they stood head to head and shoulder to shoulder, prepared to run upon and trample the invader to death. How impossible and wrong would it have been for any family, with the regard for appearances which should ever characterize, the great upper middle-class, to feel otherwise than uneasy! A tall woman, with a beautiful figure, which some member of the family had once compared to heathen goddess, stood looking at these two with a shadowy smile. |
34 |
17 |
|
|
VP followed by a PP+VP |
He had never committed the imprudence of marrying, or encumbering himself in any way with children. |
11 |
6 |
|
|
VP followed by two or more phrases. |
The eldest by some years of all the Forsytes, she held a peculiar position amongst them. The author of the uneasiness stood talking to June by the further door. He stretched out his hand to meet that of a dapper, clean-shaven man, with hardly a hair on his head, a long, broken nose, full lips, and cold grey eyes under rectangular brows. |
42 |
23 |
Conclusions to Part III
1. We have made a discourse analysis of the verb phrases in Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy. As we may conclude the author frequently uses verb phrases.
2. According to the data from the tables we come to a conclusion that Galsworthy mainly describes people's acts, deeds and the results of these acts. This is why the author preferably uses the verb phrases of movement.
3. Galsworthy also uses simple lexical verbs to show feeling, emotions, thoughts of his heroes.
Conclusions
1. Syntax is the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence.
2. The main object of syntax is sentence construction.
3. One of the most obvious yet important ways in which languages differ is the order of the main elements in a sentence.
4. The basic word order in English clauses is subject-verb-object, articles precede the noun they modify, and auxiliary verbs precede the main verb. These are English-specific syntactic rules.
5. The connection between the words in a sentence is realized through the changes in their forms and these changes in the form of the words to indicate their function in the sentence are called `inflections', and the study of the formation of words and how they may change their form is called morphology.
6. Syntax investigates simple sentences, as well as their combinations called complex sentences.
7. A central part of the description of what speakers do is characterizing the grammatical (or well-formed) sentences of a language and distinguishing them from ungrammatical or (ill-formed) sentences.
8. Two interrelated aspects of syntax: relational structure and constituent structure.
9. Words organization into phrases. Types of phrases.
10. In order to check if word combination is a phrase, the tests for phrases are to be done.
11. Verbs are the very large lexical word class in English. Verb is a part of speech which denotes an action.
12.Verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood. These categories can be expressed by means of affixes, inner flexion and by form words.
13. As a word class verbs can be divided into three main categories, according to their function within the verb phrase: the open class of Full Verbs (or lexical verbs), and the very small closed classes of Primary Verbs, and Modal Auxiliary Verbs.
14.The verb has finite and nonfinite forms (called verbals). There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
15.The subclasses of lexical verb that can be identified tend to depend on the context in which they occur. Whilst the traditional grammars distinguished between transitive and intransitive verbs.
16. Verbs are the nucleus around which sentences are typically built.
17.Whether an item takes a specifier or not is an important characterizing feature for the functional categories. Those lexical categories that take a specifier are verbs; those that do not are nouns and adjectives.
18.Verb phrase is the part of the predicate constituent that does not contain optional adverbials.
19. The simplest verb phrase will be a main lexical verb on its own. The other constituents of the verb phrase will be modal auxiliary, perfect auxiliary, progressive auxiliary, and passive verb.
20. The Verb Phrases exist of two types: finite VP and nonfinite VP. They have the grammatical categories of the verb itself.
21. We have made a discourse analysis of the verb phrases in Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy. As we may conclude the author frequently uses verb phrases.
22. According to the data from the tables we come to a conclusion that Galsworthy mainly describes people's acts, deeds and the results of these acts. This is why the author preferably uses the verb phrases of movement. Out of about 80 sentences examined on pp.1-10 35% contain simple lexical verb phrases, 22% - perfective verb phrases, 16% - with mostly modal verbs, in 15% of the sentences are preferably used passive VP and only in 6% of all sentences Galsworthy uses progressive verb phrases.
23. To make his language rich and colorful John Galsworthy uses verb phrases in combination with another word phrases. According to our research verb phrases are mainly proceeded by two or more different word combinations - 23% out of 226 sentences investigated, including 20% of the noun phrases. Verb phrases are also followed by preposition phrases - 17%, adverb phrases - 14%, adjective phrases - 11%. The minority of the word combinations following verb phrases is after verb phrases containing just a verb itself - 9%, and phrases including preposition phrase and verb phrase again.
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Adjective - is a word expressing a quality of a substance.
Adverb - is a part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality.
Article - is a structural part of speech used with nouns.
Aspect - is a grammatical category that reflects the way in which the action of a verb is viewed with respect on time.
Auxiliary verbs - verbs that have little or no lexical meaning. verbs, they help to form complex verb forms.
Cleft test - taking the original sentence, and putting it into the frame like: It is/was/will be ____ that/who ____, without changing it in any way except for taking one part of it out and putting it in the first slot, and putting the rest of the sentence in the second slot.
Constituent structure - the hierarchical organization of the units into a sentence.
Finite forms - lexical verbs that do not need an auxiliary verb in order to function in main clauses.
Intransitive verb - occurs with both indirect and direct objects.
Modal verbs express the attitude of the speaker to the reality, possibility or probability of the action he speaks about.
Morphology - the study of the formation of words and how they may change their form.
Movement test - a specific case of movement and the formation of a passive sentence.
Nonfinite forms - verbs that do not express person, number or mood and cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.
Noun - is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.
Noun phrase - the constituent composed of a noun and an article.
Object - is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of the verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun.
Predicate - is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing, denoted by the subject.
Preposition - is a part of speech which denotes the relations between the objects and phenomena.
Pronoun - is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them.
Relational structure - kind of syntax investigating grammatical relations like subject and direct object; encompassing relationships like modifier-modified possessor-possessed .
Sentence - is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought.
Subject - is the principal part of two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent, i.e. in most case sit agrees with the subject in number and person.
Substitution test - substitution of a set of words with a single other word, without changing the overall meaning, in order to check if the words form a phrase.
Syntax - the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence
Transitive verb - occurs with an object in subject-predicator-object structures
Verb - is a part of speech which denotes an action.
Verb phrase - that part of the predicate constituent that does not contain optional adverbials.
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