Индивидуально-авторское использование причастия в романе В.Скотта "Айвенго"

He led the way to the next room which was occupied by Gurth

Функции причастия	Количество примеров
Определение	38
Обстоятельство: времени	64
причины	21
Сопутствующих обстоятельств	16
	27
В составе сказуемого	21

Из данной таблице мы видим, что преобладающей функцией причастия является функция обстоятельства

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

В работе проанализированы неличные формы английского глагола с точки зрения категории времени.

В первой главе изложено описание неличных форм глагола: их свойства, виды, роль в предложении, способы образования, примеры, способы перевода на русский язык.

В этой главе мы проанализировали, что такое неличные формы глагола и их свойства.

Инфинитив - это неличная форма, от которой образуются все формы английского глагола

Герундий - это единственная форма глагола в английском языке не имеющая аналога в русском языке

Также существует третья неличная форма английского глагола - причастие, которое сочетает в себе свойства глагола и прилагательного, также показано какими членами в предложении он может быть. Также причастие имеет две формы

Неличные формы глагола проявляют себя своеобразно по сравнению с личными формами глагола. У неличных форм глагола своеобразная категория времени, которой посвящена вторая глава. В этой главе описаны следующие аспекты:

1. Инфинитив не имеет самостоятельного временного значения; его временное значение подчинено времени сказуемого предложения.

2. В словосочетаниях модального характера форма неопределенного разряда указывает на действие не совершившееся, которое произойдет в будущем

3. Различные модальные оттенки, возникающие в сочетаниях с инфинитивом, вытекают из значения глагола или прилагательного, от которого зависит инфинитив. Основным является оттенок предположения

4. Перфектно-длительная форма инфинитива, подобно личным формам той же группы, подчеркивает длительность действия, предшествовавшего действию сказуемого, и, подобно перфектной форме инфинитива, может иметь модально-временное значение

5. временные категории в перфектном инфинитиве обнаруживают некоторые своеобразные черты, требующие особого рассмотрения.

6. формы герундия не имеют самостоятельного временного значения, но могут выражать действие в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.

7. категория времени у герундия так же как и у причастия на абсолютная, а относительная

8. Неопределенные формы герундия (reading, being read) в основном обозначают действие, одновременное действию, выраженному сказуемым, и в зависимости от этого относятся к настоящему или будущему времени

9. Предшествование действию, выраженному сказуемым, может также выражаться сочетанием неопределенной формы герундия с предлогами on (upon) и after.

10. категория времени выражается в наличии у причастия неопределенной и перфектной форм

11. Причастие, в основном, имеет зависимое временное значение

12. Пассивное причастие I, в отличие от причастия II, всегда выражает действие, одновременное действию сказуемого

13. При употреблении причастий I и II в самостоятельном временном значении выражаемое ими и представленное как признак действие может быть соотнесено с моментом речи.

14. В адвербиальном употреблении временное значение причастия I зависит от видового характера глагола, от которого образовано причастие.

15. Перфектное если причастие образовано от предельного глагола или от глагола двойственного видового причастие всегда указывает на действие, предшествовавшее действию сказуемого и законченное до его наступления, характера. И, возможно, продолжающееся, если причастие образовано от непредельного глагола

Во II главе мы ставим целью изучения формально- функциональных характеристик причастия в произведении В. Скотта "Айвенга"

Нами был проведен обзор теоретических источников по проблеме неличных форм глагола, вербальных и номинативных свойств причастия, его грамматических категорий и синтаксических комплексов с причастием.

Таким образом, проанализировав формальные характеристики причастия, было видно, что преобладающей формой использованной автором в данном произведении являлась форма Participle I.

Говоря о функциях причастия, можно сказать, что преобладающей функцией причастия является функция обстоятельства, количество которых по нашим подсчетам составило 64 причастных единиц, а такие функции причастия как обстоятельство времени, причины встречаются в исследуемом нами материале крайне редко.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

Определение

In incient times there was in England a large forest covering the beautiful hills and valleys which lie between shefield (p 3)

His thick hair was of a dark - red colour with his long yellow beard (p 4)

"Why, what do you call these animals running about on their four legs? " askd Wamba (p 5)

His dress was a long cloak, covering a dark purple tunic (p13)

A small knife and a case with writing mate rials, but he had no weapon (p 13)

"The unbelieving dog, " answerd Anwold (p 17)

"An interesting plan! " said Fitzurse. (p 40)

It was a face of a lord, daring man. (p 42)

Front - de - Boeut, a tall strong man, whose life had been spent in public war, hdd features corresponding to his character. (p 55)

"Disinherited knight " said the Prince (p 35)

He himself locked and double locked the door of the dungereon and than advanced slowly toward the Yew who sat trembling in the corner......(p 55)

Now, choose between such a burning bed and the payment of a thousand pounds of silver. (p 56)

...of them all, perhaps, de Brasy was least sorry for the unexpected interruption (p 59)

He stood for a momentsilently before the trembling prisoner (p 61)

Unprepared for such a desparate step on her port, Bois - Guilbert had no time to stop her (p 63)

"They will stop everyone leaving the castle " (p 68)

" I'm a poor servant of St Francis who, travelling trough the forest......(p 68)

" I leg of dear live, holy father, " she said, " to visit a wounded prisoner in this castle " (p 70)

Unfried had allowed her to leave the turret and to help by the bedside of the wounded Ivanhoe (p 71)

As the wounded knight was about to adress her..........(p 77)

When the Bracy looked into the horse litter, he was much astonished to find in it a wounded (p 79)

When he asked them why they were not on the battlements, that they must tend a sick comrade, but he ordered them to leave the dying man at once and sent Ulfried to replace them at his bedside (p 80)

They heavy yet hasty step of the men - at - arms was heard on the battlement and in the narrow passage and stairs leading to the different points of defence (p 81)

There were wounded men on both sides (p 82)

Nothing but a cloud of arrows flying so thick as to hide the archers who shoot them. (p 82)

Wilfred of Ivanhoe is wounded and a prisoner in the burning castle (p 83).

He died in the burning ruins of his castle (p 98)

Speak the truth or your toungue will be torn out of your unbelieng mouth (p 101)

" A Prior sends a letter to a soldier of the Temple and can find no better bearer than an unbelieving Yew ! " said the Master (p 101)

The Yew, with trembling hands, took the Prior's note out of his Pouch and was about Beaumanoir. (p 101)

In a few minutes the wound was closed and the dying man, within a quater of an hour, walking about the battlement. (p 108)

If i do not appear, then I'm a dishonoured knight (p 114)

Wamba, noticed some figures moving among the green leaves and drew the attention of the Black knight to it (p 116)

A huge black lanner, flutlering on the top of the tower, was a sign that the funeral languet was still taking place (p 120)

Athelstane invited the remaining guests to follow him to the languet hall (p 125)

He sound of the bell of Temples tower Church announced the approaching ceremony (p 125)

Unharmed by the lance of his ememy he had died a victim to the violence of his own conflicting passions (p 128)

The Grand Master had stood astonished at the appearence of so many fighting men (p 128)

Rowena entered - a noble and commending figure, wrapped in a long white veil (p 132)

Обстоятельство времени:

" Let us wait a moment " said Wamba, hearing the tremdling of approaehing horses (p 5)

By the grace and ease with a good horseman and used a mule only when travelling on the road (p 6)

Returning very quickly , the altendant annouced (p 10)

Instantly he became angry again but , hearing that the herd was safe, he pardoned them (p 11)

Oswald returning , saiol to his master": it is a Yew "

Introduced with little ceremony , and advancing with fear , atall , thim old man approached the lower end of the table (p 13)

Divided into two bands of egual numbers they might fight till Prince John gave the signal for the end (p 25)

The lances splintered but the riders kept their seats and having looked at each other... (p 27)

He accepted only half the sun of their ransom giving the rest to the squires.(p 30)

Turning their horses at the same moment the Norman approached the Disinherited Knight on the one side and the Saxon on the other. (p 34)

Striking a full blow at the Templar he rode back at the same moment... (p 34)

The helmit only answered by a smile and returning to the far corner,brought out a bottle of wine... (p 44)

While looking round for his young master... (p 44)

Returning fromthe banquet,Cedric immediantly ordered. (p 45)

He put on o mask and repeating his order to wait for him,disappeared in the forest. (49)

He crossed the turret-chamber and descended the stair leaving Rebecca quite terrified at a furious ambition

(p 65)

"Let me see,them" said the Black Knight and taking the letter,he first read it over to himself. (67)

Making his way through the ring, he appeared in triumph,dragging behind him his prisoner. (p 93)

Approaching them more closely,he saw that one of them was I saak of York (p 111)

Having said a brief prayer at the bier of Athelstane,Richard and Wilfred again followed Cedric,who led them

to a small apartment next to the chapel (p 121)

Причины:

" My children " repeated the Prior, raising his voice and using the mixed language (p 7)

" Oh good youth, i will go with you! Let us go, let us go instrontly! said Isaac raising himself up from the graund. (p 18)

Early next morning, the knight started again on his journey, hoping to cover a long distance (p 40)

"And Cedric also " said Rovena, repeating his words - "my noble guardian!"

" Hear me, Rebecca " he continued, placing up and down the little platform (p 64)

He looked at it, turning it round and round and then handed it to de Bracy. (p 65)

" Take this cloak, and go quictly out of the castle leaving me your dress instead of it " (p 69)

Rebecca sat silent for a long time, thinking sadly that Ivanhoe considered her asone who could never understand deeds of honour (p 84)

She left the apartment, locking the door behind her (p 85)

Isaac threw himself at the feet of the leader, expressing his gratitude (p 95)

" My father! " said Ivanhoe, throwing himself at Cedric's feet...(p 122)

" I forgive you, my son " said Cedric, raising him up (p 112)

" My name " said the knight, raising his helmit " is Wilfred of Ivanhoe " (p 127).

A knight stepped forward from the kings attendants and laying his hand on the shoulder of Albert de Malvosin said " I arrest you for high treason" (p 129)

She left the apartment, leaving Rowena surprised as if a vasion had passed before her (p 133)

Сопутствующих обстоятельств:

Cedric rose to receive his guests greeting them with a short speech in Saxson (p 11)

" Not a silver penny ! " said the Yew, clasping his hands (p 15)

" No Matter " said the Yew, smiling (p 19)

He threw some golden piecec to Wamba, and then rode away receiving as much applause from the spectators (p 24)

In a moment the Templar was on feet and drew his sword, wishing to continue the fight (p 27)

The Victor drank a cup of wine, annoucing that he drank it " To all the English hearts, and to the confusion of forign tyrans (p 27)

The gradually sinking the point of his lance, he lowered the coronet which the prince had given him at the feet of the lady Rowenta (p 29)

" I'm richer " said Gurth, putting the money in his pounch (p 31)

It was late at night when the tired Fitzurse returning to the castle of Фыринб met de Bracy (p 39)

" Stay! stay, " said Rebeca, seeing that the old woman preparing to leave the room (p 61)

" You are right " said Brian de Bois - Guilbert, dropping the mantle from his face (p 62)

" Give it to me ", said the Templar, taking the paper (p 65)

" Pax vobiscum " said the jester, entering the apartment (p 69)

" It is that of your faithful slave and jester " answered Wamba, throwing back his cowl (p 69)

.........Showing that he must be silent (p 77)

The attendant approaching him, uncovered Ivanhoe'sside and the wound doing well. (p 77)

Thinking he had fallen into the power of faxon outlaus , Ivanhoe hastened to name himself , believing his name would be a protection for and himself (p 80)

"Alas!" said Rebecca , leaving her post at the window and approaching the couch of the wounded knight (p83)

Cursing him for the death of her father and her brothers , she reminded him of the murder of his own father and of his other crimes ..... (p 85)

The victors , assembling in large bands looked with astonishment at the red flames (p 90)

"Friends" , said the chief , looking round his grief touches me (p 95)

He read it over again more slowly, then, holding it out to Conrade with one hand, and striking it with the other.......9p 101)

" To whom should we give the gage, naming him our champion on the field? " (p 101)

They were both in good humour, and advanced slowly, singing songs (p 115)

Bois - Cuilbert approached her, and bending from his horse whispered his prosal to her. (p 126)

Among our people there have been women who have occupied themselves with work - curing the sick, feeding the hungry, and helping the distressed (p 133)

В составе сказуемого:

Anglo - Saxon was spoken only by the appressed classes who knew no other language (p 3)

The dialogue between Gurth and wamba was carried on in Anglo - Saxon which , as we have said , was spoken by the oppressed classes (p 4)

They were overtaken on the road by the horse men who were ten in number (p 5)

His sleeves were lined with rich fur and there was a gold clasp on his mantle (p 6)

His knees and feet were protected by thin plates of steel and his legs were covered with linked mail (p 6)

" I myself am going there " answered the stranger in good French (p 8)

The simplicity of the Saxon period was maintained in Cedric's house (p 9)

The froor was raiced by a step and covered with a carpet (p 9)

The place was occupied only by the principal members of the family and their visitors (p 9)

The conversation was interrupted by the entrance of an attendant (p 12)

The Pilgrim was led to his room by a servant (p 16)

" where is the Yew sleeping ? " asked the Pilgrim (p 17)

He led the way to the next room which was occupied by Gurth (p 18)

These words were adressed to Isaac, who, very richly dressed, was trying to find room in the first raw for his daughter Rebecca (p 21)

A band of men, dressed as we are, are carring some prisoners these (p 49)

" I have changed my mind " said de Bracy (p 52)

.....has fallen among thieves who have sent me to this castle to receive the confenssion of some prisioners (p 68)

" They are assembling a camp and are preparing to storm the walls of the castle " (p 75)

Front - de - Boeuf is dying, so we shall not receive help from his strenght (p 84)

" the flames are rising " said Ulrica (p 85).

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