Функционирование лексических и фразеологических единиц, вербализирующих соматический образ человека

Соматизмы как особый класс слов в лексической системе языка. Особенности языковых картин мира в английской культуре. Понятие фразеологического сочетания слов. Семантические особенности соматической фразеологии. Классификации фразеологических единиц.

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Единицы с образным компонентом, характеризующим человека, возникают в языке как экспрессивные синонимы уже существующих обозначений. При этом они не просто служат наименованием лица, но и выражают определенное к нему отношение.

В языковой картине мира англичан было выделено несколько понятий и качеств, которые воплощают принятую в обществе оценку соответствующего явления и отражают связанные с данными характеристиками культурные представления и традиции.

Английские фразеологические единицы лексико-семантического поля «частей тела» представляют собой огромную группу фразеологизмов, обладающую специфическими особенностями. Среди них встречаются фразеологизмы всех типов (по классификации Виноградова В.В.): фразеологические сращения, единства и сочетания. Фразеологические сращения обладают неизменностью плана выражения, их совокупные образные значения никак не выводятся из отдельных значений слов, входящих во фразеологическую единицу. Фразеологические единства обладают меньшей спаянностью компонентов, и их совокупное значение в какой-то мере мотивировано семантикой составляющих единство слов.

Следует отметить отличие английских фразеологических сращений и единств от русских: для них необязательна неизменность структуры (компоненты могут заменяться без потери образности и изменения совокупного значения единицы). Фразеологические сочетания не обладают неделимым планом выражения и их семантика определяется значениями их компонентов. соматизм лексический фразеологический язык

Фразеологические единицы английского и русского языков с компонентом «часть тела» обладают повышенной межъязыковой фразеологической эквивалентностью. Это объясняется тем, что ядра (т.е. слова - названия частей тела) входят в высокочастотную и исконную лексику каждого из языков и обладают высокой фразообразовательной активностью, что повышает степень межъязыковой эквивалентности. Являясь частью фразеологических систем английского и русского языков, соматические фразеологизмы обладают повышенной фразеологической эквивалентностью, выделяющей их из общего числа фразеологизмов.

Список использованных источников

1. Алехина А. И. Семантические группы во фразеологии современного английского языка / А. И. Алехина. - Минск: Высшая школа, 2004. - 156 с.

2. Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка (на английском языке). The English Word / И. В. Арнольд. - Ленинград: «Просвещение», 1966. - 346 с.

3. Арсентьева Е. Ф. Сопоставительный анализ фразеологических единиц / Е. Ф. Арсентьева. - Казань: Казанского ун-та, 1999. - 130 с.

4. Арсентьева Е. Ф. Сопоставительный анализ фразеологических единиц, выражающих характер человека в английском и русском языках: автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. / Е. Ф. Арсентьева. - М., 1984. - 123 с.

5. Брускина Т. Л. Русско-английский словарь образных слов и выражений = Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms and Colourful Words / Т. Л. Брускина, Л. Ф. Шитова. - СПб. : Антология, 2008. - 352 с.

6. Вакк Ф. О. О соматической фразеологии в современном эстонском литературном языке: автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. / Ф. О. Вакк. - Таллин, 1964. - 29 с.

7. Виппер Б. Р. Английское искусство / Б. Р. Виппер. - М.: Изд-во Госуд. музея изобраз. искусств им. А. С. Пушкина, 1945. - 64 с.

8. Власова Н. А. Фразеологическое гнездо с вершиной «глаз» в общенародном языке и говорах: автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. / Н. А. Власова. - Орел, 1997. - 27 с.

9. Гак В. Г. Сопоставительная лексикология / В. Г. Гак. - М.: Указ. соч., 1998. - 702 с.

10. Долгополов Ю.А. Сопоставительный анализ соматической фразеологии (на материале русского, английского и немецкого языков): автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. / Ю.А. Долгополов. - Казань, 1973. - 263 с.

11. Жуков В.П. Семантика фразеологических оборотов / В.П. Жуков. - М.: Просвещение, 1978. - 160 с.

12. Караулов Ю. Н. Русский язык и языковая личность / Караулов Ю. Н., 1987. - 264с.

13. Комиссаров В. Н. Теория перевода / В. Н. Комиссаров. - М.: «Высшая школа», 1990. - 253 с.

14. Кунин А. В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка / А. В. Кунин. - М.: Просвещение, 1986. - 381 с.

15. Мордкович Э. М. К вопросу о семантических полях соматических фразеологизмов / Э. М. Мордкович. - Новгород, 1972.

16. Пеклер М. А. Механизмы функционирования фразеологических единиц в дискурсе русской лингвокультуры: дис. канд. филол. наук / М. А. Пеклер. - Тула, 2006. - 164 с.

17. Сейдл Дж. Идиомы английского языка и их употребление / Дж. Сейдл. - М.: Высшая школа, 1983. - 266 с.

18. Смирницкий А. И. Морфология английского языка / А. И. Смирницкий. - М.: Изд-во лит. на иностр. яз., 1959. - 440 с.

19. Телия В. Н. Что такое фразеология / В. Н. Телия - М.: Высшая школа, 2001. - 86 с.

20. Урысон Е. В. Архаичные представления в русской языковой картине мира: дис. ... д- ра филол. наук / Е. В. Урысон. - М., 1997. - 47 с.

21. Чернявская Е. А. Оценка и оценочность в языке и художественной речи (на материале поэтического, прозаического и эпистолярного наследия А.С.Пушкина): автореферат диссертации канд. филол. Наук / Е. А. Чернявская. - Орёл, 2001. - 235 с.

22. Яшманова В. А. Инструментальность и субъективно-объективные отношения / Теория функциональной грамматики / В. А. Яшманова. - СПб, 1992. - 178 с.

23. Jennifer Seidl English Idioms and How to Use Them / Jennifer Seidl, W. McMordie. - М.: Высшая школа, 1993. - 266 с.

Список словарей

24. Ожегов С.И. Словарь русского языка. М., 2009.

25. Ушаков Д.Н. Толковый словарь русского языка: В 4 т. М., 2008.

26. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. L., 1992.

27. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. L., 1980.

28. Lubensky S. Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms. N. Y., 1995.

29. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Longman, 1992.

Приложение

Фразеологизм

Оценочность

Положительная

Отрицательная

Нейтральная

Hand

A bird in the hand

+

a firm hand on the tiller

+

a hand in

+

a hand with

+

a hand-me-down

+

a helping hand

+

a safe pair of hands

+

all hands on deck

+

an iron fist in a velvet glove

+

an old hand

+

at first hand

+

at hand

+

at the hands of

+

be a dab hand

+

be in hand

+

be in safe hands

+

be on hand

+

be putty in hands

+

big hand

+

bite the hand that feeds

+

bite the hand that feeds one

+

bound hand and foot

+

by a show of hands

+

by hand

+

can't find butt with both hands

+

can't keep hands off

+

can't see hand in front of face

+

close at hand

+

Cold hands, warm heart

+

come cap in hand

+

could do with one arm tied behind back

+

devil finds work for idle hands to do

+

die by own hand

+

dirty hands

+

eat out of hand

+

fall into hands

+

fall into the wrong hands

+

firm hand

+

first hand

+

fold hands

+

free hand

+

from hand to hand

+

get hands dirty

+

get hands dirty and dirty hands; soil hands

+

get hands on

+

get out of hand

+

give a free hand

+

give a hand

+

give to on a plate

+

give to on a platter

+

glad hand

+

go hand in hand

+

hand around

+

hand back

+

hand down from to

+

hand in

+

hand in glove

+

hand in hand

+

Hand it over

+

hand off

+

hand on

+

+

hand over

+

hand over fist

+

hand over hand

+

hand over the baton

+

hand over the reins

+

hand to

+

hand up

+

hands are tied

+

hands down

+

Hands off!

+

Hands up!

+

hat in hand

+

have a hand in

+

have at fingertips

+

have blood on hands

+

have fingers in the till

+

have hand in

+

have hands full

+

have hands tied

+

have in hand

+

have in hands

+

have in the palm of hand

+

have on hands

+

have the upper hand

+

have the whip hand

+

have time on hands

+

have to hand it to

+

hold hand

+

I have to hand it to

+

in hand

+

join hands

+

keep hand in

+

keep hands clean

+

keep hands off

+

keep hands to

+

know like the back of hand

+

know like the palm of hand

+

lay a hand on

+

leave in hands

+

lend a hand

+

lend a hand with

+

life is in hands

+

lift a hand

+

live from hand to mouth

+

live hand to mouth

+

Many hands make light work

+

not lift a finger

+

off hands

+

old hand

+

on hand

+

on one hand

+

on the one hand

+

on the one hand...on the other hand

+

on the other hand

+

One hand for oneself and one for the ship

+

out of hand

+

out of hands

+

overplay hand

+

pass in

+

play into hands

+

play into the hands of

+

put hand in pocket

+

put hand on heart

+

put hand to the plow

+

put hand up

+

put hands on

+

putty in hands

+

raise hand against

+

reject out of hand

+

right-hand man

+

rule with a rod of iron

+

run fingers through hair

+

second hand

+

shake hand

+

shake hands

+

show hand

+

show of hands

+

sit on hands

+

sit on its hands

+

sleight of hand

+

take a hand in

+

take hands off

+

take in hand

+

take into own hands

+

take life in hands

+

take matters into own hands

+

take off hands

+

take the law into own hands

+

the dead hand of

+

The devil finds work for idle hands

+

The hand that rocks the cradle

+

The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world

+

the left hand doesn't know what the right

+

hand is doing

+

the matter in hand

+

throw hands up

+

throw hands up in horror

+

throw in hand

+

throw up hands

+

tie hands

+

Time hangs heavy on hands

+

time on hands

+

tip hand

+

try hand

+

try hand at

+

turn hand to

+

upper hand

+

wait on hand and foot

+

wandering hands

+

wash hands of

+

well in hand

+

win hands down

+

with bare hands

+

with one hand tied behind back

+

with own fair hands

+

work hand in glove with

+

wring hands

+

Head

a big-head

+

a cool head

+

a head of steam

+

a head start

+

a price on head

+

a roof over head

+

a sword of Damocles hangs over head

+

able to do blind folded

+

an old head on young shoulders

+

be banging head against a brick wall

+

be hanging over

+

be head over heels

+

be in over head

+

be like a bear with a sore head

+

be out of head

+

be right in the head

+

beat head against the wall

+

Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion

+

bite head off

+

bother head about

+

bring to a head

+

build up a head of steam

+

bury head in the sand

+

can't make head nor tail of

+

can't make heads or tails of

+

come to a head

+

come up heads

+

comes into head

+

cooler heads prevail

+

cough head off

+

could standing on head

+

count heads

+

crazy in the head

+

do head in

+

Don't worry your head about it

+

drum into

+

eyes are out on stalks

+

eyes pop out of head

+

face head-on

+

fall head over heels

+

fall head over heels in love

+

fill head with

+

fling head back

from head to toe

+

get head above water and have head above water

+

get head around

+

get head down

+

get head together

+

get it into head

+

get out of mind

+

get through thick skull

+

get up a head of steam

+

get your head out of the clouds!

+

give a heads up

+

give head

+

go head to head

+

go over head

+

go south

+

go to head

+

hang head

+

harder than the back of God's head

+

harm a hair on head

+

have a good head on shoulders

+

have a head for

+

have a head start

+

have eyes in the back of head

+

have hanging over head

+

have head in the clouds

+

have head screwed on

+

have head screwed on right

+

have head uparse

+

have rocks in head

+

He wears a ten-dollar hat on a five-cent head

+

head and shoulders above

+

head and shoulders above [the others rest etc.]

+

head at

+

head away from

+

head back

+

head for

+

head for tall timber

+

head for the hills

+

head for the last roundup

+

head in

+

head into

+

head off

+

head off at the pass

+

head off to

+

head on

+

head on a plate

+

head out

+

head out after

+

head over heels

+

head over heels in debt

+

head over heels in love

+

head to toe

+

head toward

+

head up

+

heads or tails

+

heads up

+

heads will roll

+

hide head in the sand

+

hit the nail on the head

+

hold a gun to head

+

hold head high

+

hold head up

+

hold head up high

+

I've seen better heads on nickel beers

+

in over head

+

keep a civil tongue in head

+

keep head

+

keep head above water

+

keep head down

+

Keep your head down

+

knock head against a brick wall

+

knockon the head

+

knock some heads together

+

laugh head off

+

[laugh/scream/shout etc.] your head off

+

let heart rule head

+

like a headless chicken

+

lose head

+

make head swim

+

make heads or tails of

+

need head examined

+

need like a hole in the head

+

not able to make head or tail of

+

not trouble head about

+

off the top of head

+

on head

+

on head be it

+

out of one's head

+

over head

+

pissed out of head

+

pound head in

+

put head above the parapet

+

put head on the block

+

put heads together

+

put ideas into head

+

put in head

+

put people's heads together

+

raise its head

+

rear its head

+

rear its ugly head

+

its head cut off and run in circles

+

run one's head against a brick wall

+

scratch head

+

shake head

+

snap head off

+

soft in the head

+

stand head and shoulders above

+

stand on head

+

stand on its head

+

still tongue makes a wise head

+

stuff head with

+

swelled head

+

take head off

+

take into head

+

take it into head

+

take it into head to

+

talk head off

+

talk out of the back of head

+

talk over head

+

the head honcho

+

tower head and shoulders above

+

trouble head about

+

turn head

+

turn heads

+

turn on its head

+

Two heads are better than one

+

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown

+

use head

+

use your head for more than a hatrack

+

wet the baby's head

+

where head is at

+

yack head off

+

yell head off

+

Eye

a bird's eye view

+

a gleam in eye

+

a red eye

+

a roving eye

+

a sight for sore eyes

+

a worm's eye view

+

able to do with eyes closed

+

all eyes

+

all eyes and ears

+

all eyes are on

+

all my eye

+

An eye for an eye

+

another pair of eyes

+

bat an eye

+

be a sight for sore eyes

+

be all eyes

+

be easy on the eye

+

be in the eye of the storm

+

be in the public eye

+

be one in the eye for

+

be up to eyes in

+

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

+

bedroom eyes

+

big eye

+

bird's-eye view

+

black eye

+

Bottoms up!

+

can't take eyes off

+

cast eyes down

+

catch eye

+

clap eyes on

+

close eyes to

+

Close your eyes and think of England

+

could with eyes closed

+

couldn't believe eyes

+

cry eyes out

+

cut eyes at

+

cut teeth

+

dollar signs in eyes

+

eagle eye

+

eye candy

+

eye of the hurricane

+

eyes are bigger than belly

+

eyes are out on stalks

+

eyes like saucers

+

eyes like two burnt holes in a blanket

+

eyes pop out of head

+

feast eyes

+

feast eyes on

+

Fields have eyes, and woods have ears

+

from the corner of eye

get eye in

+

give eye teeth for

+

give the evil eye

+

give the eye

+

give the glad eye

+

have a roving eye

+

have an eye for

+

have an eye for the main chance

+

have bags under eyes

+

have beady eye on

+

have eye

+

have eye on

+

have eyes in the back of head

+

have eyes like a hawk

+

have half an eye on

+

have one eye on

+

Here's mud in your eye!

+

hit between the eyes

+

hit the bull's-eye

+

in a pig's eye

+

In a pig's eye!

+

in eyes

+

in mind'seye

+

in the blink of an eye

+

in the eyes of

+

in the eyes of the law

+

in the public eye

+

in the twinkling of an eye

+

keep a weather eye on

+

keep an eye on

+

keep an eye out

+

keep an eye out for

+

keep eye on

+

keep eye on the ball

+

keep eyes open

+

keep eyes peeled

+

keep one eye on

+

keep weather eye open

+

lay eyes on

+

look in the eye

+

make eyes at

+

make sheep's eyes at

+

more than meets the eye

+

naked eye

+

not a dry eye

+

not believe eyes

+

one eye on

+

open eyes

+

open eyes to

+

out of the corner of eye

+

pull the wool over eyes

+

put eye out

+

red eye

+

run eye over

+

see eye to eye

+

set eyes on

+

sight for sore eyes

+

some shut-eye

+

stars in eyes

+

swim before eyes

+

take eyes off

+

the apple of eye

+

the eye of the storm

+

The scales fall from eyes

+

There is more to than meets the eye

+

There wasn't a dry eye in the house

+

turn a blind eye

+

What the eye doesn't see, the heart doesn't grieve over

+

when was a twinkle in father's eye

+

with a view to doing

+

with an eye to

+

witheyesclosed

+

with eyes open

+

Face

a longface

+

a slap in the face

+

a volte-face

+

about-face

+

all over face

+

arse about face

+

at face value

+

Bag your face!

+

be as plain as the nose on your face

+

be in face

+

be in your face

+

be just a pretty face

+

be laughing on the other side of face

+

be staring in the face

+

be written all over face

+

blow up in face

+

blue in the face

+

come face to face with

+

cut nose off to spite face

+

cut off nose to spite face

+

disappear off the face of the earth

+

face away

+

face doesn't fit

+

face down

+

face facts

+

face forward

+

face head-on

+

face into

+

face is a picture

+

face off

+

face only a mother could love

+

face the consequences

+

face the music

+

face to face

+

face up

+

face with

+

fall flat on face

+

fall on face

+

feed face

+

fill face

+

fling up in face

+

fly in the face of

+

fly into the face of danger

get out of face

+

get out of my face

+

Get out of my face!

+

give a red face

+

have a face like a wet weekend

+

have a face like thunder

+

have egg on face

+

hide face in shame

+

I'd rather face a firing squad than do

+

in face

+

in the face of

+

keep a straight face

+

laugh in face

+

laugh out of the other side of face and laugh out of the other

+

loseface

+

make a face

+

make faces

+

mess face up

+

Monday's child is fair of face

+

not show face

+

off the face of the earth

+

on the face of it

+

on the face of the earth

+

po-faced

+

powder nose

+

put a brave face on

+

put a smile on face

+

put face on

+

put on a brave face

+

red in the face

+

save face

+

say to face

+

screw up face

+

set face against

+

set in a type face

+

show face

+

Shut face!

+

Shut your cake hole!

+

slam the door in face

+

slap in the face

+

smack in the face

+

smash face in

+

soak face

+

stand there with bare face

+

stare in the face

+

take at face value

+

talk until one is blue in the face

+

tell one to face

+

throw back in face

+

throw in face

+

to face

+

two-faced

+

what's his face

+

wipe off the face of the earth

+

wipe the smile off face

+

wouldn't know if it hit in the face

+

Foot

fleet of foot

+

foot in both camps

+

foot the bill

+

foot-in-mouth disease

+

get a/ foot in the door

+

get foot in the door

+

get off off on the wrong foot

+

get off on the right foot

+

get off on the wrong foot

get off on the wrong foot

+

have a foot in both camps

+

have a heavy foot

+

have one foot in the grave

+

have the shoe on the other foot

+

I wouldn't touch it with a ten-foot pole

+

my foot

+

My foot!

+

not put a foot wrong

+

not set foot somewhere

+

not touch with a ten-foot pole

+

off on the right foot

+

off on the wrong foot

+

on foot

+

put best foot forward

+

put foot down

+

put foot in it

+

put foot in mouth

+

put foot to the floor

+

put one foot in front of the other

+

set foot in

+

shoot in the foot

+

shoot oneself in the foot

+

start off on the wrong foot

+

the boot is on the other foot

+

the shoe is on the other foot

+

wait on hand and foot

+

wouldn't touch with a ten-foot pole

+

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