Английский язык для юристов-бакалавров

14. знания материального права и судопроизводства

15. выдерживать большие рабочие нагрузки

16. почасовая оплата

17. развивать навыки самоорганизации высокого класса

18. работа в команде

6. Прочитайте дефиниции и соотнесите их со словами из рамки.

1. An ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it.___________

2. To write a plan, letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form.______________

3. A piece of paper that gives official written information about something._____________

4. Someone who pays for services or advice from the person or organization. ______________

5. Serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas. ____________

6. Having the highest quality or standard. ______________

7. The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts or feelings.___________

1. DOCUMENT 2. COMMUNICATION 3. CLIENT 4. TOP -NOTCH 5. DRAFT 6. SKILL 7. RESEARCH

7. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста

1. Мы осваиваем юридическую терминологию с первого дня поступления в университет.

2. К концу первого курса он научится представлять информацию в четкой и краткой форме.

3. На вчерашнем семинаре по истории государства и права России студенты активно отстаивали свои позиции.

4. Только к концу прошлого семинара он понял, как составлять ходатайство.

5. Тише, идет лекция! Преподаватель рассказывает об использовании индуктивно-дедуктивных методов в работе юриста.

6. Он занимался исследовательской работой в области теории государства и права еще в школе.

7. Овладение современными технологиями общения, такими, как видеоконференции, является неотъемлемой частью работы юриста.

8. Выскажите мнение по поводу следующих утверждений. Начните ответ с одного из следующих выражений:

а) выражения полного согласия: “It goes without saying”, “Exactly so”;

б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: “Nothing of the kind”, “Surely not”;

в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: “I'm not quite sure about it”, “That's hard to tell…”.

1. Legal research is the only reliable tool of the legal profession.

2. In the first year students must read and brief hundreds of cases.

3. Experts say that the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.

4. We must know how to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base, draft inferences and reach conclusions.

5. You can brush up your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.

6. It is easy to learn legal English.

7. It is possible for me to learn and memorize for ever a large amount of information for a few days.

8. We must pace ourselves and learn the substantive law and legal procedure.

9. Выступите в качестве переводчика

BE CAREFUL. A CAREER IN LAW COULD CHANGE THE WAY YOU THINK

Guest Henry Dahut, Esq., author of Marketing The Legal Mind and founder of GotTrouble.com, provides insight into learning to think like a lawyer in the following interview.

Correspondent: Генри, почему Вы выбрали профессию юриста?

Mr. Dahut: When asked why I became a lawyer I usually say because it seemed like a smart thing to do. Unlike some of my law school classmates, I had no illusions of becoming either a great advocate or a legal scholar. All I wanted was a nice income and a respectable station in life. For me, law was a safe career choice, not a passion. My only concern was that as a creative, emotive, right-brain type, I would not be able to make my mind do whatever it is that lawyer minds do to think like lawyers. But an old lawyer, I met, told me that the real danger was that once you start thinking like a lawyer it becomes difficult to think any other way.

C.: Когда Вы сами поняли, что необходимо научиться мыслить как юрист?

Mr. Dahut: That process began on the first day of law school when the dean told our petrified first-year class that before we could become lawyers we had to learn how to think like lawyers. One student had the nerve to ask the dean how we would know when he had learned to think like lawyers. The dean shot back, when you get paid to think! I soon saw how thinking like lawyers actually meant altering our reasoning structures. For example, memory, while important to success in law school, stood a distant second to learning how to reason like a lawyer.

C.: Что значит - мыслить как юрист?

Mr. Dahut: Thinking like a lawyer demands thinking within the confines of inductive and deductive forms of reasoning. As law students, we entered a world of rigorous dialogue in which abstractions are formulated and then described--usually leading to the discovery of a general principle or rule, which is then distinguished from another general rule. We learned how to narrow and intensify our focus. The process taught us how to think defensively: We learned how to protect our clients (and ourselves) and why we needed to proceed slowly, find the traps, measure and calculate the risk. And above all, never, ever let them see you sweat!

C.: Какие качества Вы стремились развить в себе во время учебы?

Mr. Dahut: The goal, of course, was for me to become a rational, logical, categorical, linear thinker -- trained to separate what is reasonable from what is not and what is true from what is false. Having learned to think in a new way, I had less tolerance for ambiguity. A new mental structure was forming--a new set of lenses through which to view the structure of human affairs.

C.: Как изменилась Ваша личность во время обучения в юридическом колледже?

Mr. Dahut: It turns out I had just enough left-brain skills to get me through law school and the bar. The mental gymnastics is necessary for forming the plasticity of the human mind. Unconsciously, I began to relate to and observe others within the context of my new way of thinking. The old lawyer I once met was right: Learning to think like lawyers made us less capable of the kind of emotive thinking necessary to make creative choices, manage and inspire people, and respond quickly to change.

10. Работа в парах. Прочитайте резюме, обсудите с партнером возможности соискателя получить работу юриста. Аргументируя свою точку зрения, опирайтесь на информацию из резюме, касающуюся его образования, опыта работы и наличия необходимых профессиональных компетенций юриста, перечисленных в Тексте 5.

Model:

A: In my opinion John Applicant has a good chance to take the position of the lawyer because he can convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.

B: Why do think so?

A: I think so because in his resume he writes that he got Oral Advocacy Award in Spring 2008 and four times was the State Policy Debate Champion in 1998-2002.

John Applicant

123 Main St. New York, New York 12345John.Applicant@email.com

EDUCATION

University of State, College of Law, Springfield, CA

Candidate for Juris Doctor, May 2010

Oral Advocacy Award, Spring 2008

State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA

Bachelor of Arts, American Government (Honors), May 2006

Parliamentary Debate Team (2002-2004)

WORK EXPERIENCE

Honorable Judge Johnson, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fall 2008. Externship was comprised of researching and writing memos, draft opinions and draft orders.

Thomas & Smith, P.A., Summer Associate, Phoenix, AZ, Summer 2008Researched and wrote memoranda and motions for commercial (trade secrets), criminal defense (racketeering) and pro bono (Constitutional standards for conditions of confinement) matters.

OTHER INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES

Spanish (proficient); traveled extensively throughout Latin America

4-time 4A State Policy Debate State Champion (1998-2002); 2-time National Tournament Qualifier (2000, 2001)



UNIT 6. APPLYING FOR A JOB

1. Работа в парах. Прочитайте и обсудите с партнером последовательность действий, которые необходимо совершить в поисках работы. Внимательно познакомившись с рекомендациями,

а) поговорите по телефону с работодателем;

б) проведите беседу с работодателем в офисе

Write a resume. Even if the particular job you're looking for has an application process where a resume isn't necessary, the process of writing a resume can help sort your thoughts and prepare you for an interview. Having a written record of your work history makes filling out an application much easier, too. Tailor the resume to the type of job for which you are applying, emphasizing related skills and coursework.

Call the employer. Ask about the application process: "Good morning. My name is John Doe. I was wondering if you had any positions open and, if so, how I could apply." You will usually have your call routed to the hiring or human resources manager. If they have any openings, they'll either ask you to come in and fill out an application, or they'll ask you to send a resume and cover letter by mail or e-mail, in which case you should inquire "To whom should the letter be addressed?" They will give you their full name - write it down and ask them to spell it out if necessary.

Write a cover letter if it's a part of the application process. Make sure it is specific to the job, with the company name and address and, if possible, the name of the person who will be receiving it.

Ask two or three friends or family members to read over your resume and cover letter for typos. It's often difficult to see our own mistakes.

Apply

Visit the employer to fill out your application form. It's usually best to go in the mid-morning, when they're not too busy, but before the day has worn them out. Ask to speak to the hiring manager and try to hand the form to him personally: "Hi, we spoke on the phone yesterday about the (job title) position. Here's my application. Let me know if you need anything else!" This will give the employer a chance to see you (so present yourself well) and put a face to a name.

Send your cover letter and resume as instructed.

Follow up

If you filled out an application but the hiring manager wasn't there at the time, call three days later, ask to speak to the manager, and confirm that the application was received: "Hello, this is (your name). I filled out an application on (day you came in) and I just wanted to confirm that it was received."

If you sent a cover letter and resume by mail, call a week later to confirm their receipt. If you sent them by e-mail, call the day after.

Tips

· Always thank the employer for their time and consideration.

· Thank the manager.

· Follow up with a phone call.

· Always be honest when filling out a job application online.

2. Заполните типовую анкету для тех, кто ищет работу в США. Обратите особое внимание на то, что в анкетах на английском языке информация о соискателе дается в иной последовательности, нежели в анкетах, которые заполняются в России.

SAMPLE JOB APPLICATION FORM

Many employers require all applicants, regardless of the job they apply for, to complete a job application form. This way the employer will have consistent data on file for all prospective applicants.

Instructions: Print clearly in black or blue ink. Answer all questions. Sign and date the form.

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

First Name _____________________________

Middle Name ___________________________

Last Name _____________________________

Street Address

_______________________________________________________

City, State, Zip Code

_______________________________________________________

Phone Number

(___)___________________________________

Are you eligible to work in the United States?

Yes _______ No_______

If you are under age 18, do you have an employment/age certificate?

Yes ___ No ___

Have you been convicted of or pleaded no contest to a felony within the last five years?

Yes_______ No_______

If yes, please explain: _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

POSITION/AVAILABILITY:

Position Applied For

________________________________________

EDUCATION:

Name and Address Of School - Degree/Diploma - Graduation Date

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Skills and Qualifications: Licenses, Skills, Training, Awards

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:

Present Or Last Position:

Employer: ___________________________________________________

Address:______________________________________________________

Supervisor: ____________________________________________________

Phone: _______________________________

Email: ________________________________

Position Title: _________________________

From: ______________ To: ______________

Responsibilities: _______________________________________________

Salary: _______________

Reason for Leaving: ____________________________________________

May We Contact Your Present Employer?

Yes _____ No _____

References:

Name/Title Address Phone

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

I certify that information contained in this application is true and complete. I understand that false information may be grounds for not hiring me or for immediate termination of employment at any point in the future if I am hired. I authorize the verification of any or all information listed above.

Signature______________________________

Date__________________________________

3. Самостоятельная работа. Заполнив анкету, продумайте ответы на вопросы, которые обычно задают соискателю на собеседовании

POTENTIAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Technically, not every item is a question; some are statements; but all are intended to prompt you for a response.

Better questions are not those that can be answered with a "yes" or "no," but are open-ended questions that invite thoughtful response. Even if you are asked a question that can be answered with a "yes" or "no," (e.g. "Are you comfortable with the amount of travel this job involves?"), you can certainly add a word of explanation to back up your answer (e.g., "Yes. I actually look forward to the opportunity to travel and to work with the staff members in some of the other offices).

Best questions are those that ask you how you behaved in the past, because past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior.

Not every interviewer will ask you every one of these questions. However, if you are prepared to address these questions, you will leave the impression that you were prepared for your job interview, even if additional questions take you by surprise.

* What are your long-range goals and objectives for the next seven to ten years?

* What are your short-range goals and objectives for the next one to three years?

* How do you plan to achieve your career goals?

* What are the most important rewards you expect in your career?

* Why did you choose the career for which you are preparing?

* What are your strengths, weaknesses, and interests?

* How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you?

* Describe a situation in which you had to work with a difficult person (another student, co-

worker, customer, supervisor, etc.). How did you handle the situation?

* How do you determine or evaluate success?

* In what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our organization?

* Describe a contribution you have made to a project on which you worked.

* What qualities should a successful lawyer possess?

* Was there an occasion when you disagreed with a supervisor's decision or company policy?

Describe how you handled the situation.

* What two or three accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? Why?

* Describe your most rewarding college experience.

* Why did you select your college or university?

* What led you to choose your major or field of study?

* What college subjects did you like best? Why?

* What college subjects did you like least? Why?

* If you could do so, how would you plan your academic studies differently?

* Do you think your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement?

* What have you learned from participation in extracurricular activities?

* In what kind of work environment are you most comfortable?

* How do you work under pressure?

* Describe a situation in which you worked as part of a team. What role did you take on? What went well and what didn't?

* In what part-time or summer jobs have you been most interested? Why?

* How would you describe the ideal job for you following graduation?

* Why did you decide to seek a position with our organization?

* What two or three things would be most important to you in your job?

* What criteria are you using to evaluate the organization for which you hope to work?

* Are you comfortable with the amount of travel this job requires?

* Are you willing to spend at least six months as a trainee?

What the interview is looking for:

Interviewer says: Tell me about yourself.

Remember, this is a job interview, not a psychological or personal interview. The interviewer is interested in the information about you that relates to your qualifications for employment, such as education, work experiences and extracurricular activities.

Interviewer says: What do you expect to be doing five years from now? Ten years from now?

The interviewer is looking for evidence of career goals and ambitions rather than minutely specific descriptions. The interviewer wants to see your thought process and the criteria that are important to you. The interviewer is not looking for information about your personal life.

Interviewer says: Why should I hire you?

Stress what you have to offer the employer as relates to the position for which you are interviewing, not how nice it would be to work there or what you want from the employer. Remember that you are being compared to other candidates, and in fact more than one candidate might be a very good employee. Deliver to the employer reasons to see that you are a good fit (show you know yourself, know the field/industry, know the organization, and know the position).

Interviewer says: What are your ideas about salary?

Research salaries in your field before your interviews so that you know the current salary range for the type of position you are seeking.

Interviewer says: Why do you want to work for our company/organization?

Not having an answer is a good way to get crossed off the candidate list, and is a common pet peeve of interviewers. Research the employer before your interview; attempt to find out about the organization's products, locations, clients, philosophy, goals, previous growth record and growth plans, how they value employees and customers, etc.

Unfortunately it's very common for job-seekers to directly state, "I really want to work for your company/agency/organization/firm," but then to be unable to answer the question "why?" Without the answer to "why?" the initial statement becomes meaningless.

4. РОЛЕВАЯ ИГРА

Группа делится на подгруппы, состоящие из четырех человек. Один студент из подгруппы будет исполнять роль «Работодателя», трое других - «Соискателей на должность юрисконсульта компании». Работодатель должен выбрать самого достойного на эту должность, для этого он должен заранее продумать, какие вопросы он задаст каждому из соискателей, как будет оценивать их, в соответствии с рекомендациями, данными выше. Соискатели тоже должны хорошо подготовиться к собеседованию, придти с написанными заранее заявлениями (анкетами), просмотреть вопросы, которые обычно задают на собеседовании, и подготовить свои ответы на них (Potential Interview Questions). Работодатель начинает:

(Opening) “Good morning Mr (Ms) (X, Y, Z). I have got your application form and I would like to ask you a few questions about yourself.”

(Closing) Thank you very much, Mr (Ms) (X, Y, Z). I`ll make my decision and contact you in the near future. Goodbye.

После того, как соискатели пройдут собеседование, Работодатель должен оценить каждого из претендентов по предложенной ниже шкале оценок, написать краткую характеристику каждого из соискателей и огласить свое решение о том, кто из них и почему будет принят на работу.

MR (MS) X	GRADES
QUALIFICATIONS	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LEGAL SKILLS	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
APPROPRIATED EXPERIENCE	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PERSONALITY	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
OVERALL GRADE	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Note: 1 = not at all suitable; 10 = very suitable

GLOSSARY

1. award - 1. (присужденная) награда или наказание 2. решение суда 3. присуждать что-либо, награждать чем-либо

to give (the highest) award - присуждать (высшую) награду

to award a degree - присуждать степень

to award a judgment -вынести судебное решение

2. college - 1. университетский колледж 2. специальное высшее учебное заведение

university's undergraduate college - университетский колледж, готовящий бакалавров

3. conduct - 1. поведение 2. вести, руководить, проводить

rules of conduct - правила поведения

to conduct an examination - проводить экзамен

to conduct cases in court - вести дела в суде

4. degree - ученая степень

Bachelor's degree - степень бакалавра

Master's degree - степень магистра

law degree - степень в области юриспруденции

to earn a degree - заработать степень

to pursue a degree - стремиться получить ученую степень

5. draft - составлять план, проект, черновой набросок

to draft documents - составлять документы

to draft a motion - составлять ходатайство

to draft an agreement - составлять соглашение (договор)

6. fair - 1. честный, справедливый 2. честно

by fair means - честным путем

strict but fair - строгий, но справедливый

to play fair - играть честно, по правилам, действовать открыто

7. graduate - выпускник, окончивший высшее учебное заведение

to graduate from - а) окончить высшее учебное заведение и получить степень бакалавра

б) (Амер.) любое учебное заведение

8. law - закон, право

natural law -естественное право

prescriptive laws -предписывающие законы, основанные на праве давности или обычая

substantive law- материальное право

to amend the law - вносить поправки в закон

to apply laws - применять законы

to be against the law - быть противозаконным

to break laws - нарушать законы

to enforce laws - обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона

to lay down the law- a) устанавливать правовые нормы, формулировать закон;

б) говорить безапелляционным тоном, не допускать возражений

to make laws - издавать, принимать законы

to obey laws - соблюдать законы

to repeal laws - отменять законы

to study law - изучать право

law and order - правопорядок

9. master - 1. магистр, 2. овладевать (знаниями, языком и т.д.)

to take one's Master's degree of Law - получить степень магистра права

to master legal terminology - овладеть юридической терминологией

to master communications technology - освоить современные технологии общения

to master writing skills - овладеть навыками письма

10. property - собственность, имущество

private (public) property - частная (общественная, государственная) собственность

property right - имущественное право

real property - недвижимое имущество

to own a property - владеть собственностью

11. right - 1. правота, справедливость 2. право, привилегия

to defend right - защищать справедливость

civil rights - гражданские права

individual's right - право человека

to respect owner's right - уважать право собственника

right of audience - право выступать в суде

12. rule - 1. правило/ устанавливать правило 2. норма 3. предписание, приказ

rule of law - норма права

rules of behavior - правила поведения

rule of court - судебное предписание

rules of practice - процессуальные нормы

to rule the law - устанавливать нормы права

13. skill - 1. мастерство, искусство 2. компетенция 3. ловкость, умение

skills in logical reasoning - навыки логического рассуждения

to develop top-notch organizational skills - развивать навыки высокой самоорганизации

legal skills - профессиональные компетенции юриста

14. society - 1. общество, общественный строй 2. ассоциация, организация

criminal society - преступное сообщество

democratic society - демократическое общество

primitive society -первобытное общество

society of nations - семья народов

well-ordered society - высокоорганизованное сообщество

15. training - обучение, подготовка

clinical training - учебная практика

legal training - профессиональная подготовка (обучение) юристов

on-the-job training - обучение по месту работы

trainee - практикант

модуль иностранный бакалавр юриспруденция



PART 2. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION

UNIT 1. Legislation in Russia

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why do you think we have laws in our city, state, and country?

2. What would our country be like if there were no laws or rules to follow?

3. What do you know about legislation? What is the aim of this procedure?

4. What bodies in your country are responsible for making laws?

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем:

TEXT 1. LEGISLATION IN RUSSIA

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers legislation is regarded as one of the three main functions of government. Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators.Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to proscribe, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare or to restrict.

The Federal Assembly of Russia is the law-making body of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. It consists of the State Duma, which is the lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow.

The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. They are:

· consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia;

· hearing annual reports from the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its work, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

· deciding the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;

· appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia;

· appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber;

· appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, who shall act according to federal constitutional law;

· announcement of amnesty;

· bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment (requires a two thirds majority);

The State Duma adopts decrees on issues referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma.

The Council is charged in cooperating with the State Duma in completing and voting on draft laws. Special powers of the Federation Council are:

· Approval of changes in borders between subjects of the Russian Federation;

· Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;

· Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency;

· Deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation;

· Declaring of elections of the President of the Russian Federation;

· Impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation;

· approving the President's nomination of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, of the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation;

· approving the President's nomination of the Attorney General of the Russian Federation;

· Appointment of Deputy Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounting Chamber.

To pass the law more than half of senators of the Federation Council must vote for it. When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council's votes are required for passage.

All bills must first be considered by the State Duma. Upon adoption by a majority of the full State Duma membership, a draft law is considered by the Federation Council, which has fourteen days to place the bill on its calendar. The Federation Council cannot make amendments in bills passed by the Duma and can either approve or reject them. If the Federation Council rejects a bill passed by the State Duma, the two chambers may form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation. If two chambers cannot reach a compromise, or the Duma insists on passing the bill as is, the veto of the Federation Council can be overridden, if two thirds of the Duma's constitutional composition vote in favor of the bill. The State Duma and the Federation Council usually meet separately. Joint sessions are organized when the President of Russia delivers his annual address to the Federal Assembly and in some other very rare occasions.

3. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста

1. to create legislation

2. a law-making body

3. to have special powers

4. a dismissal of the Chairman

5. to bring a charge against the President

6. to adopt decrees on issues

7. to vote on draft laws

8. introduction of the law

9. approval of changes

10. to require

11. to reject a bill

12. to consider

13. to make amendments in bills

14. a chamber

15. to override the veto

16. conciliation commission

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям

1. законодательная деятельность

2. законодательный орган

3. нижняя палата

4. верхняя палата

5. перечислять

6. постановление, указ

7. принимать закон

8. военный

9. одобрять

10. выборы

11. прийти к компромиссу

12. вето

13. назначение (на должность)

14. вносить поправки

15. разделение властей

5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1. What is the main legislative body in Russia? What does it consist of?

2. What powers of the State Duma are enumerated in the Constitution?

3. What are the special powers of the Federal Council?

4. How do the State Duma and the Federal Council meet?

5. Which chamber of the Federal Assembly is more powerful? Why?

6. Используя текст, заполните схему, отражающую процесс принятия закона в России

Draft laws may originate in either legislative chamber, or they may be introduced by the president, the Government, local legislatures and the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, or the Superior Court of Arbitration within their respective competences.



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7. Используя текст 1 и схему упражнения 4, расскажите о законодательной власти в Российской Федерации

8. Заполните пропуски словами и словосочетаниями в рамке.

1.bring charges against 2. elects 3. draft laws 4. the lower house5. vetoed 6. issues 7. approve or reject 8. to override a presidential veto 9. the upper house 10. appoint or dismiss 11. appointment

1. The 628-member law-making body, termed the Federal Assembly, consists of two chambers, the 450-member State Duma (_____) and the 178-member Federation Council (____).

2. The State Duma confirms the _______ of the prime minister, although it does not have the power to confirm Government ministers.

3. The two chambers of the legislature also have the power ______ of legislation.

4. Upon the advice of the prime minister, the president can _______ Government members, including the deputy prime ministers.

5. Under the 1993 constitution, if the president commits "grave crimes" or treason, the State Duma may _______ him with the parliament's upper house, the Federation Council.

6. Several bills that the President had ________ were taken up again by the new legislature.

7. The Federation Council deals primarily with such _______ as internal borders and decrees of the president establishing martial law or states of emergency etc.

8. All ________, even those proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma.

9. According to the 1993 constitution, the State Duma must decide within one week to __________ a candidate once the president has placed that person's name in nomination.

10. Each legislative chamber ______ a chairman to control the internal procedures of the chamber.

11. Замените русские слова и выражения в скобках соответствующими английскими эквивалентами

1. The State Duma (принимает постановления) on (вопросам) referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All (законопроекты) are first (одобряются) by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or (отклоняются)) by the Federation Council.

2. The (Государственная Дума) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the (Федерального Собрания) of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the (Совет Федераций) of Russia.

3. The president (назначает) the prime minister, and the Duma (голосует) whether to confirm the appointment. The president has wide legislative powers, including the (право вето) and decree. Decrees carry the force of law, but may not violate existing law. The Federal Assembly may (преодолеть президентское вето) by a two-thirds vote of each chamber.

4. (Законодательная деятельность) originates in the Duma and, if passed, is sent to the Federation Council. If the Federation Council approves the legislation or fails to examine it within fourteen days, the legislation is sent to the president to be signed.

5. When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council have to (проголосовать). If the Council vetoes a law passed by the State Duma, the two chambers are mandated to form a (согласительную комиссию) in order to (прийти к компромиссу) and make up a document, which would again go under vote by both houses.

6. The two houses of the Federal Assembly (заседают раздельно), with the State Duma residing in another part of Moscow. Sessions of the Federation Council are held in Moscow from January 25 to July 15 and from September 16 to December 31.

7. The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. Among them there is the power to (выносить обвинение) against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment.

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге

10.Замените глагольные формы в активном залоге в предложениях на пассивные, как указано в примерах и дайте их русские эквиваленты.

Examples:

MODEL 1 At first, The State Duma considers all bills.

At first, all bills are considered by the State Duma (usually, always).

MODEL 2 At first, The State Duma considered all bills.

At first, all bills were considered by the State Duma.(yesterday, two days ago, the day before yesterday).

MODEL 3 At first, The State Duma will consider all bills

At first, all bills will be considered by the State Duma (tomorrow, in a week, in amonth).

1. A majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma adopts decrees of the State Duma.

2. The Constitution of Russia enumerates special powers of the State Duma.

3. The Federation Council considered a draft law yesterday.

4. The State Duma overrode the veto of the Federation Council two weeks ago.

5. The President will sign the bill tomorrow.

6. If necessary, the two chambers form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation.

7. The State Duma will pass the bill in a few months.

8. The Federation Council rejected the bill the day before.

9. The State Duma and the Federation Council will vote for the draft law the day after tomorrow.

10. The State Duma brings charges against the President.

11. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста.

1. Высший орган законодательной власти в России -- Федеральное Собрание -- состоит из двух палат: верхней и нижней.

2. Верхняя палата именуется Советом Федерации, нижняя -- Государственной Думой.

3. Совет Федерации и Государственная Дума проводят заседания раздельно, каждая палата имеет свои полномочия.

4. В России действует принцип разделения властей.

5. Первоначально закон принимается простым большинством в Государственной Думе, затем рассматривается Советом Федерации.

6. В том случае, если между палатами возникают разногласия, палаты формируют согласительную комиссию.

7. Для преодоления вето в каждой из палат закон должен быть одобрен не менее чем 2/3 голосов.

8. Законодательная деятельность в Российской Федерации урегулирована Конституцией Российской Федерации.

9. В течение 14 дней Президент может отклонить закон, то есть наложить на него вето, и вернуть обратно в Государственную Думу.

10. Законопроект обсуждается на заседаниях Государственной Думы, в текст законопроектов вносятся поправки, изменения, дополнения.

12. Самостоятельная работа. Изучите раздел Конституции, посвященный законодательной ветви власти в России, и найдите ответы на вопросы

1. Who are the members of the Council of Federation?

2. Who does the State Duma consist of?

3. What term shall the State Duma be elected for?

4. Who can be elected a deputy of the State Duma?

5. What does it mean for deputies to enjoy immunity?

6. Who shall the Council of Federation and the Sate Duma elect from among its members?

7. What are the duties of the Chairman and his (her) deputies?

8. What are the responsibilities of committees and commissions? (consult other sources)

9. What shall the State Duma and the Federal Council do if the President rejects the federal law?

10. In what cases may the State Duma be dissolved by the President?

UNIT 2. LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USA

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the legislative body in the USA? What does it consist of?

2. What are the steps in the legislative process?

3. What are the sources of bills? Who can introduce the legislation?

TEXT 2. LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USA

The Congress of the United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two houses--the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a representative or congressman or congresswoman.

The general process for making a bill into a law is described in the Constitution.

The first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress. Bills originate from several different sources: from individual members of the Congress, from a member of a constituent or a group of constituents, from one or more state legislatures, or the President or his administration, but only members of the Congress can introduce legislation.

After being introduced, a bill is referred to the appropriate committee for review. There are 17 Senate committees, with 70 subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected. If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the Senate.

When the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured debate process. Each member who wishes to speak only has a few minutes, and the number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on most bills is unlimited -- Senators may speak to issues other than the bill under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration. Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill.

The bill is then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is printed.

2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель.

Model: a) I fully agree with the statement.

b) I am afraid, I can't agree with it.

1. The Senate is the main legislative body of the USA.

2. The Constitution of the USA sets forth the general process for making a bill into law.

3. The first step in the legislative process is voting.

4. In the House of Representatives, debate on most bills is unlimited.

5. All bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President.

6. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has to sign it.

7. The Congress has no right to override the presidential veto.

3. Изучите схему принятия закона в США. Сравните с информацией из текста 2. Найдите и опишите этапы законодательного процесса, которые не раскрыты в тексте 2

public hearing - открытые слушания (meeting or session of a Senate, House, Joint, or Special Committee of Congress, usually open to the public, to obtain information and opinions on proposed legislation)

conference committee - комитет по согласованию расхождений, согласительный комитет

floor action - пленарная акция (once a bill reaches the floor, it can be debated and amended before coming to a vote)

highway act -- основной (итоговый) проект закона

5. Посмотрите на картинки. Изучите законы, которые действуют в разных штатах США. LOONY* LAWS

Ответьте на вопросы

1. Can you figure out why each law has been passed?

2. What conditions in society might have led to its passing?

3. Are there laws today that may be considered loony in the future?



6. Напишите «безумный» закон или правило, которому необходимо следовать дома или в университете. Объясните, почему вы считаете его таковым. Спросите других студентов, что они думают о нем.

Note:

*loony: сумасшедший, безумный, бредовый

UNIT 3. THE UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATION

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the legislative body in the UK? What does it consist of?

2. What are the steps in the legislative process?

3. What are the sources of bills? Who can introduce the legislation?

TEXT 3. THE UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATION

In Great Britain laws are made in Parliament at Westminster. The British Parliament consists of the monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Their work is similar: making laws (legislation), checking the work of the government (scrutiny), and debating current issues. The House of Lords is composed of life peers and hereditary peers. The House of Common is composed of Members of Parliament (Mps).

The idea for a new law can come from a variety of sources: bills may be introduced by any member of either House (a "Private Member's Bill"), a Minister of the Crown (a "Government Bill"), by the general public ("Public Bills"), by an individual or small group of individuals (a "Private Bill").

First reading is the first stage of a Bill's passage through the House of Commons - usually a formality, it takes place without debate. The short title of the Bill is read out and then the Bill is printed. The Bill is published as a House of Commons paper for the first time.

The next stage is second reading, the first opportunity for MPs to debate the general principles and themes of the Bill.

Once second reading is completed the Bill proceeds to committee stage. Committee stage is where detailed examination of the Bill takes placel, clause by clause, determining the intent and impact of the bill's language. This is therefore often considered the most important step in the parliamentary process for researchers aiming to determine legislative intent. It is at this stage that amendments are made. If the Bill has been amended the Bill is reprinted before its next stage.

Once committee stage is finished, the Bill returns to the floor of the House of Commons for its report stage, where the amended Bill can be debated and further amendments proposed. All MPs can suggest amendments to the Bill or new clauses (parts) they think should be added.

Report stage is normally followed immediately by debate on the Bill's third reading. Committee stage is where detailed examination of the Bill takes place, clause by clause, determining the intent and impact of the bill's language. Amendments (proposals for change) cannot be made to a Bill at third reading in the Commons.

The process in the House of Lords is very similar to the process in the House of Commons. The bill will have a pro forma first reading, then a second reading. After the second reading the bill will normally be referred to a Committee of the Whole House. The bill then passes through a consideration stage and a third reading. In the House of Lords amendments may be made in the Committee of the Whole House, the consideration stage, and the third reading (this is different from the House of Commons where no amendments can be made in the third reading).

If the Bill started in the Commons it goes to the House of Lords for its first reading. If the Bill started in the Lords it returns to the House of Lords for consideration of any amendments the Commons has made. Both Houses must agree on the exact wording of the Bill. A Bill may go back and forth between each House (`Ping Pong') until both Houses reach agreement.

When a Bill has completed all its parliamentary stages in both Houses, it must have Royal Assent before it can become an Act of Parliament (law). Royal Assent is the Monarch's agreement to make the Bill into an Act and is a formality. When Royal Assent has been given to a Bill, the announcement is usually made in both Houses by the Lord Speaker in the Lords and the Speaker in the Commons.

1. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию текста и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The British Parliament consists of ____________________.

2. During the first reading the short title of the Bill __________

3. The second reading is the first opportunity _______________

4. Committee stage is _______________________________.

5. Once committee stage is finished, the Bill returns to the floor of the House of Commons for its report stage, where __________________________.

6. Report stage is followed by ________________________.

7. The process in the House of Lords is ________________.

8. Royal Assent is _________________________________.

9. When Royal Assent has been given to a Bill, __________.

3. Просмотрите текст 3 и заполните таблицу, отражающую этапы принятия закона в Великобритании.

4. Используя информацию из текстов 1, 2, 3, а также дополнительные источники заполните таблицу. Проанализируйте таблицу и сделайте вывод, что общего и в чем различия законодательного процесса в России, США и Великобритании

	The Russian Federation	The United States of America	The United Kingdom
The legislative body and its structure
Members of each House
Requirements for the members of both Houses
Who can introduce the bill?
The number of steps in the legislative process
Who signs the bill?

5. Работа в парах. Используя таблицу, задайте друг другу вопросы по каждому пункту. Сделайте совместную мини-презентацию темы.

6. РОЛЕВАЯ ИГРА «We are making laws»

Организация игры

1.Все вместе предложите закон на рассмотрение (вы можете воспользоваться законами из «Loony Laws или вспомнить реально существующий законопроект). Решите, кто инициирует законопроект.

2. Выберите одного человека на роль Президента. Его задача: ознакомиться с законопроектом, предложить свои поправки, одобрить, подписать и огласить закон, или отклонить его (наложить вето). Обосновать свое решение.

3. Остальную часть группы поделите на две подгруппы -- Государственная Дума (большая часть группы) и Совет Федерации.

4. Задача обеих палат: выбрать председателя и под его руководством осуществлять рассмотрение законопроекта и выносить решение о принятии или отклонении закона.

5. Прежде чем вступать в игру, вспомните содержание текста 1, еще раз проанализируйте процесс принятия закона в России. Для удобства можно изобразить процесс схематично на доске или воспользоваться схемой из Упражнения 4. Четко сформулируйте последовательность действий в игре (какая палата должна обсуждать законопроект первой, что потом происходит с проектом, как может действовать каждая палата, когда в игру вступает президент и др.). Помните, что игра интересна только тогда, когда она четко организована.

UNIT 4. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

· Think of several bad things that a government could do to its citizens. Give examples.

· How can citizens prevent a government from doing these things?

· What is a constitution?

· What basic principles are contained in a constitution?

· Why is a constitution the supreme law of any country?

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст

TEXT 4. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The Constitution of the Russian Federation is Russia's supreme law, passed through a national vote. It contains the basic principles of the Russian constitutional system.

The Constitution:

· defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation;

· establishes the principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation;

· defines the principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial branches;

· establishes equality of ideologies and religions;

· defines the Russian Federation as a secular state.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen, sets their priority when handling any questions, and proclaims the principle of equality before law and court. As for the federative structure, the Constitution contains the list of component units of the Russian Federation, covers the questions that are in the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and those that are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.

Separate articles are devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the Russian Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian Federation. In these articles, the order and the terms of appointed and elected officials and the limits of their competence are defined according to the principle of separation of powers.

Under the Constitution accepted on December 12, 1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full authority in the RF belongs to the President and bodies of legislative (two-chamber parliament - Federal Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian Federation) and the judicial authority, which work independently.