Phraseological units with the names of clothes in English

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MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION OF UKRAINE

LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Department of Applied Linguistics

Course paper in comtemporary englich language

Phraseological units with the names of clothes in English

Presented by Vezhbovska Maryana Group FL-35

Supervised by

Associated professor Bryha T.R.

Lviv 2021



Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations

1.1 The meaning of the term "phraseological unit" in modern linguistics

1.2 The issue of the national-cultural specifics of phraseological units

Chapter 2. Practical Part

2.1 Semantic groups of phraseological units with a clothing component in English

2.2 The internal form of phraseological units with a component the name of clothing in English

2.3 Component analysis of phraseological units with the designation of clothing in English

Conclusion

References

Appendix



Introduction

Phraseological unit- a word group with a fixed lexical composition and grammatical structure; its meaning, which is familiar to native speakers of the given language, is generally figurative and cannot be derived from the meanings of the phraseological unit's component parts.

Each language contains a number of phraseological expressions that make utterances more emotional, based on humor, satire and sarcasm. Such expressions give the language a "national color"[11; 186], it is like a "decoration of the language"[9; 227]. Knowledge, understanding and use of idiomatic expressions brings proficiency not only in a foreign language but also in the native language to a new level, creates the preconditions for full communication with foreigners.

In his study of phraseological expressions, professor V.V. Vinogradov presents the notion of phraseological units as identical, "unmotivated and unreproducible" units, the meaning of which is completely unrelated to the meaning of individual components [2; 121]. A similar definition can be found in foreign dictionaries: “Idiom-is a group of words that has a special meaning that is different from the ordinary meaning of each separate word”[17;759].

Phraseological combinations are the least motivated expressions in which one of the components can be replaced by a corresponding synonym without much loss of denotative meaning.

This paper makes an attempt to show different phraseological units and reveal their meanings.

The research object of this course paper is idioms with the names of clothes in English.

General object: analysis of phraseological units with a component of clothing according to various available classifications and also a description of the connotative meaning of each phrasiological unit.

The aim of the research is to comprehensively describe the semantics of phraseological units, united by a common component - "clothing", in English.

The main tasks of this work are:

analysis of phraseological expressions with the component "clothing" ;

separation of units with positive, negative and neutral meaning ;

systematization of the results;

The topicality of this work lies in the fact that phraseological units with a component-name of clothing represent a fairly large part of the phraseological fund and are highly used. In the presence of a large number of works on the study of phraseological units, the question of phraseological units with a component-name of clothing has not yet been fully investigated, which determined the choice of the topic.

Theoretical value of this research work is to identify the essence of idioms with a component of clothing and reveal their connotative meaning for proper use in a foreign language. The results of the work contribute to the expansion of knowledge about the functioning and semantics of phraseologisms with components clothing.

Practical value of the work lies in the use of materials and research results in the teaching of comparative grammar and semantics of the English language.



Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations

1.1 The meaning of the term "phraseological unit" in modern linguistics

The study of phraseology has a long tradition. The Swiss linguist, the founder of the theory of phraseology Charles Bally, who laid the theoretical foundations of phraseology at the beginning of the last century, undoubtedly relied on these traditions.

The word "phraseology" has several meanings. As a linguistic term, it is used to designate a special branch of linguistics that studies stable phrases with complicated semantics, which are not formed by generating structural-semantic models of variable combinations, called phraseological units. [12;15].

As synonymous with the terms "phraseological unit" and "phraseology" in linguistic literature, "idiom" is also used. But these terms are not so widespread in the scientific literature, since they are ambiguous and are interpreted in different ways by different researchers [7; 3].

Phraseological units fill the gaps in the lexical system of the language, which cannot fully provide the name of the (new) aspects of reality cognized by a person, and in many cases are the only designations for objects, properties, processes, states, situations, etc. The formation of phraseological units weakens the contradiction between the needs of thinking and the limited lexical resources of the language. In the same cases when a phraseological unit has a lexical synonym, they usually differ stylistically.

Phraseology, like language as a whole, is in constant development, the dynamics of which is felt both in diachrony and in synchrony. Phraseologisms, like other linguistic units, are inherent in certain patterns of development, which allows us to talk about the systemic nature of phraseological phenomena. This character is manifested in the relationship both between the components of phraseological units and between various phraseological units. That is why, in a broader sense, the object of the study of phraseology is the phraseological system of a language, which includes the entire set of its phraseological units together with their inherent patterns of development.

The opinions of linguists on a number of phraseology problems differ, and this is quite natural. Nevertheless, an important task of linguists working in the field of phraseology is to unite efforts and find common ground in the interests of both the theory of phraseology and the practice of teaching foreign languages.

Phraseology is intensively developing on the material of different languages. Phraseology of the Ukrainian language was studied by L. Skrypnyk, O. Potebnya, L. Shcherba. The basics of English phraseology were developed by N.N. Amosova, A.I. Smirnitskiy, A.V. Kunin. and numerous contemporary researchers. [4; 39].

The assertion that the semantic structure of phraseological units is wider than its meaning is indisputable, since it is not exhausted only by the significative, denotative and connotative aspects, but is also determined by the construction of the entire education as a whole, the type of its grammatical meaning, for example, number or case, monosemantic or polysemantic, but also systemic speech or language communications. The semantic structure of phraseological units is extremely complex. This is due to the rethought nature of the phraseological meaning, the interweaving of various aspects in it, the separate formulation of phraseological units and the complexity of their structure, the range of which is very significant and covers turns from single-vertex phraseological units to complex sentences. As a result, in various works, a phraseological unit is called a complex sign, a mega-sign or a combination of dictionary signs, a compound or compound analytical sign, a separate sign, etc. [8; 34].

One cannot but agree that, like words with a variety of lexical meanings, phraseological units are distinguished by phraseological meaning, which makes it possible to establish its main varieties. Among them, idiomatic meaning, idiophraseomatic meaning and phraseomatic meaning are distinguished (in accordance with three classes of phraseological units - idiomatics, idiophraseomatics and phraseomatics).

Any change in phraseological meaning is its transformation, and rethinking is one of its types. Rethinking is one of the phraseological means, as a result of which both phraseological units and phraseosemantic variants arise, which enriches the phraseological resources of the language. The most important types of rethinking are comparison, metaphor, metonymy, euphemism. They are allocated depending on the secondary or tertiary phraseological nomination (the formation of a phraseological unit as a result of the secondary nomination is predominant), but the study of this issue from this point of view began quite recently and will undoubtedly continue. Rethinking is the result of the interaction of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. This is one of the ways of knowing reality in the human mind, rethinking is associated with the reproduction of real or imaginary features of reflected objects on the basis of establishing a connection between them [8; 23].

As part of the phraseological meaning, there are three aspects: significative, denotative and connotative. Some linguists believe that the isolation of these aspects is possible only theoretically, since in real speech activity they are all fused together. The signifying aspect of the phraseological meaning is the content of the concept, realized in this meaning. The denotative aspect is the scope of the concept realized on the basis of isolating the minimum of generalizing signs of the denotation, i.e. a whole class of homogeneous objects (general), unique objects (single) or abstract values. This reveals the indissoluble unity of language and thinking. Thus, the denotation, in contrast to the denotative aspect of meaning, is an extralinguistic category, an object of people's cognitive activity. Signs of a denotation, identified as a result of the activity of thinking and fixed in units of language, are reflected in dictionary definitions and are sufficient for identifying objects [3; 45].

The connotative aspect has a high specific weight in the meaning of phraseological units, and this is noted by many researchers. The connotative aspect expresses the evaluative attitude of the subject of speech to reality. The connotation usually includes emotive, expressive and evaluative components. Emotiveness is emotionality in linguistic refraction, i.e. sensory assessment of an object, expression by linguistic or speech means of feelings, moods, human experiences. As we know, all emotions are divided into two classes - positive and negative, therefore, in language, their designations can be reduced to positive-emotive and negative-emotive. Expressiveness is the expressive-pictorial qualities of a word or phraseological unit conditioned by imagery, intensity or emotiveness. There is no emotiveness without expressiveness, and it is impossible to differentiate between them. But at the same time, expressiveness is not necessarily combined with emotiveness. Expressiveness is also not always associated with assessment. An objective assessment is a reflection in a linguistic unit of the results of a person's qualifying and cognitive activity, which is based on the totality of the social experience of the linguistic community and the norms recognized in it. At the same time, the assessment is also subjective, since it also depends on the subject of the assessment. The same phenomena of objective reality can be assessed in different ways by different subjects, but both objective and subjective assessment are socially determined. Objective assessment is critical to understanding the subjective. Thus, the assessment combines the social and the individual. Evaluation is an objective-subjective or subjective-objective attitude of a person to an object, expressed by linguistic means explicitly or implicitly [4;19].

The ratio of the elements of connotation in different phraseological units may not coincide. No matter how significant the connotative element in the meaning of phraseological units is, it does not cancel their nominative function, which is convincingly proved by the fact that the connotation cannot exist without connection with the subject content.

The internal form is also a component of the semantic structure of the phraseological unit. The concept of "internal form of language" was introduced into linguistics by Wilhelm von Humboldt. But even today, many works have been devoted to the study of the issue of internal form in the semantic structure of phraseological units: A.A. Potebnya, V.V. Varin and other researchers. A.V. Kunin offers the following definition of the internal form of a phraseological unit - “this is the meaning of its prototype, with which the phraseological meaning is associated with derivational relations” [5; 173]. The internal form is a component of the semantic structure of a phraseological unit, closely interacts with various prototypes of phraseological units both within the semantic structure of a phraseological unit and beyond. This interaction leads to the formation of a simple or complicated internal shape, as well as a single-element or multi-element internal shape. The nature of the internal form is also influenced by phraseological abstraction, full or partial rethinking of phraseological units and its separate formulation. All these factors explain the high proportion of living internal form in structures. of idiophraseomatisms.

Among the directions actively developed today in phraseology, one cannot but admit that much attention is paid to the study of phraseological units, united by a common component. Currently, studies are widely known that describe phraseological units with components of anthroponyms, somatisms, cosmonyms, zoonyms, color names, and so on.

Zoonyms were especially intensively studied on the basis of the phraseology of different languages, for example, phraseological units with animal symbols in the Slavic folk tradition were analyzed by A.V. Gura.

In their works, phraseologists reveal the symbolic content of key components, recreate the linguistic picture of the world, identify interlanguage parallels, comment on the linguistic and cultural value of phraseological units.

Another intensively developing area is comparative phraseology, within which both related and unrelated languages ??are analyzed. Within the framework of a comparative analysis, phraseological units of different languages ??are described and interpreted in a cultural sense.

The linguocultural aspect is an indispensable component of phraseological research. And in this regard, the linguistic picture of the world is described in detail. Culture, like language, is a form of consciousness that reflects a person's worldview. A special branch of linguistics - cultural linguistics - is devoted to the study of their connection. The main postulate of this discipline is the thesis of the cumulative nature of language: language can serve as a means of accumulating and storing information, it is a repository of human knowledge about the world [11; 49].

Thus, phraseology is an extremely complex phenomenon, the study of which requires its own research method, as well as the use of data from other sciences - lexicology, grammar, stylistics, phonetics, language history, history, philosophy, logic and regional studies.

1.2 The issue of the national-cultural specifics of phraseological units

At present, much attention is paid to the issue of interaction between language and culture in linguistics. Culture, like language, is a form of consciousness that reflects a person's worldview. Language serves as a means of accumulating and storing information; it is a repository of human knowledge about the world.

This concept echoes the thoughts expressed in the last century by W. Humboldt and A. Potebnya about the "folk spirit" of the language. Language is a single spiritual energy of the people in the understanding of Humboldt. The connection of linguistics with universal and national cultures is unchanged [3, 49].

The study of the relationship between language and culture takes on a new perspective in connection with the study of the picture of the world and, in particular, the linguistic picture of the world. Language is a sign system, where not only reality is fixed, but also a symbolic universe. Each language reflects a certain way of perceiving and organizing the world. It is different for every language and differs in many respects from the scientific picture of the world. Each nation has a different nature, way of life, history, values. This constitutes the national model of the world.

Phraseology plays a special role in the formation of the linguistic picture of the world. In the figurative content of the phraseological composition of the language, the cultural and national worldview is embodied. After all, it is not for nothing that these images have become entrenched in dictionaries and the minds of people, have retained their meaning and relevance. Probably, this was due to the closeness of the images of phraseological units to the views of the people, their accuracy and brightness. According to V.N. Telii, "the phraseological units themselves acquire the role of cultural stereotypes." In the language, precisely those phrases that are associated with cultural and national standards were fixed and phraseologized. Culture stands behind the system of phraseological units [11; 49].

Phraseology, according to the unanimous opinion of linguists, is considered the most specific and nationally distinctive area of ??the language. The specificity of phraseological units is often determined by extralinguistic factors, "conserved" in their imagery (A.V. Kunin, V.M. Mokienko, etc.). "Phraseological fund is not only a linguistic, but also a cultural and historical treasury of every nation." Through PU, researchers can get subtle information about the people - the native speaker. It is not enough to know the phraseological unit, you need to know what is behind it, you need to consider it in connection with the culture of the country, the history of the people.

In addition, local marking is a directly observable manifestation of the category of sociolinguistic conditioning in the studied phraseological units [3, 48].

Analyzing the phraseological units denoting clothing from the point of view of the reflection of the national and cultural component, one can easily make sure that the reflection of the specificity of the cultural and historical background is characteristic, first of all, of the primordial phraseological units. This is a completely natural fact, since it is the original phraseological units that reflect traditions, customs, realities, are connected with legends, historical facts, which determines their national and cultural semantics, local flavor in general. The phraseological fund of the English language also includes a certain number of stable phrases borrowed from other languages, since the overwhelming majority of English phraseological units arose on a national basis and was the centuries-old mental and spiritual creative activity of the English people and their creative genius. There are already more of these borrowings, especially from Latin and French.

A comparative analysis of the studied phraseological units with a national-cultural component indicates the possibility of their classification into main groups depending on the sphere of society, which they reflect in their characteristics:

phraseological units that arose on the basis of the labor activity of various social groups;

phraseological units of a traditional everyday character, which arose on the basis of everyday life, ceremonies, rituals, reflecting customs, mores, nationally specific situations;

phraseological units, reflecting the social system, social hierarchy in a certain historical period, historical facts, realities;

phraseological units, reflecting the geography of the country;

phraseological units, arising from literary sources, government documents, press .

Information of a linguistic and cultural nature, which determines the local marking of the studied phraseological units, is also the facts of reality that have received phraseological rethinking and are fixed in the phraseological units.

Thus, the national-cultural component of phraseological units reflects everyday life and labor activity, political structure, phenomena of a traditional nature, and the realities of reality. The local marking of phraseological units is due to the fact that they are closely related to the history of the country, social structure and human activities.



Chapter 2. Practical Part

Analysis of phraseological units with a clothing name component in English

2.1 Semantic groups of phraseological units with a clothing component in English

Phraseological units with a clothing name component represent a large and semantically diverse class in modern English. According to the data of the card index selected in the work by the method of continuous sampling, the class of phraseological units with the “clothes” component totals 175 units.

In fact, almost all manifestations of a person's life, his birth and death, features of character, mental activity, age, appearance, professional qualities, etc. - all this is vividly and uniquely reflected in phraseological units.

In accordance with their semantics, phraseological units are divided into 11 subcategories, 5 of which are antonymous.

The semantic group of poverty / wealth is widely represented by phraseological units.

Poverty: Pull in one's belt - to reduce, restrict, or limit one's budget or expenses; to live more modestly or make financial sacrifices. An allusion to having a thinner waistline due to having less to eat;

To tighten one's belt - to spend less money than you did before because you have less money;

An empty pocket - to take out everything in one's pockets.;
An empty purse - poverty or want of resources;

A light purse is a heavy curse - the worst of all troubles when there is no money;

Not to have a shirt to on one's back - fall into extreme poverty.

Wealth: Big purse - a tightly packed wallet;

Fortunatu's purse - inexhaustible wealth;

Have a long purse - have a lot of money.

As you know, money is an indicator of a person's well-being, and they are usually stored in a wallet, therefore the most common component on this topic is purse (wallet), money can also be stored in a pocket, therefore, the nomination “pocket” is also presented in this topic

. If money is an indicator of wealth, then a tight belt and an empty pocket are indicators of poverty.

The semantic group of fairness / injustice is another antonymic opposition. It is noteworthy here that all phraseological units of this topic contain the shoe (boot) component.

Fairness: Put the shoe on the right foot- to lay the blame where it rightly belongs.

Injustice: The boot is on the wrong (other) foot - mean that a situation has been reversed completely, so that the person who was in the better position before is now in the worse one.

Put the boot on the other leg - used to say that a situation has changed to the opposite of what it was before.

Clothing, being a daily attribute of a person's life, is often used in phraseology to characterize human qualities, feelings, emotions and relationships.

The semantic group of human qualities is represented by both negative and positive qualities, although their quantitative ratio is unequal, the number of negative ones is greater.

So, for example, the positive ones include empathy: put oneself in smb's shoes - to imagine oneself in the situation or circumstances of another person, so as to understand or empathize with their perspective, opinion, or point of view.

Generosity: Give the shirt off one's back - to do anything to help (someone).

The negative qualities include:

Arrogance: Be too big for one's boots - too confident or proud of oneself.

Meanness: Hit bellow the belt - to say something that is often too personal, usually irrelevant, and always unfair.

Subservience: Lick the boots of - to be servile, obsequious, or flattering towards.

Dishonesty: A bad hat- is a dishonest person.

Recklessness: Put one's shirt on - put everything on the line. ... Phraseological units related to the semantic group of human feelings can also be subdivided into negative ones:

A feeling of fear: Shake in one's boots - o tremble with fear. Often used sarcastically.

Not to hear one's heart in one's boots - shake with fear;

Feeling angry: Lose one's shirt - lose your temper;

It can also be subdivided into positive phraseological units:

Feeling of calmness: Keep one's shirt on - used to tell someone to calm down or be more patient.

Feeling of joy: Throw one's hat in the air - to rejoice.

The semantic group of human relationships is also represented by antonymic oppositions, however, having a gradual character, from delicate to obviously hostile:

Delicate (soft): Handle smb with gloves - to be very polite or kind to someone because you do not want to make them angry or upset.

Handle smb without gloves - handle smb. soft.

Competitive: Throw down the glove - challenge someone to a competition;

Hostile: Put the boots in smb - to attack another person by saying something cruel, often when the person is already feeling weak or upset..

Pull the cap - to have an argument, especially in a way that lacks propriety. This now-outdated phrase was mostly applied to women and their head coverings.

Dust smb's coat - beat smb.

Within this semantic group, a special kind of subordination relationship can be distinguished, which range from formal subordination, in connection with the duties performed, to complete dependence:

Wear the collar- to be subordinate.

Answer the helm - obey.

Be under someone's shoes - to be subordinate.

Be tied to someone's apron-strings - to be under the thumb.

Come to heel - obey unquestioningly;

Hang on smb's sleeve - to be completely dependent on someone.

Phraseological units can serve as a means of expressing human emotions. In such phraseological units, the connotative component prevails over the denotative one. Unlike other phraseological units, an emotional connotation is clearly expressed here:

Hat - Here they are!

Nice pair of shoes - Nice thing!

Where the shoe pinches - That's the difficulty!

That's another pair of shoes - This is a completely different matter!

The semantic group of labor is presented in English phraseology:

Two hats- to work part-time;

Get a bowler hat - to be dismissed from military service;

In collar - having a job;

Out of collar - out of work;

Slip the collar - to get free; to disentangle one's self from difficulty, labor, or engagement.;

Take off the gloves - take something seriously;

Give smb a wet shirt - make someone work hard;

Roll one's sleeves up - to prepare to work hard It's time to roll up our sleeves and get the job done.;

Work one's socks off - work extremely hard.

The semantic group of the profession is also widespread among phraseological units with the “clothing” component, since the uniform is a distinctive feature of representatives of a particular profession:

Red hat - cardinal;

A black coat - priest;

Black gown - Catholic priest;

A brass hat - senior officer;

A blue coat - soldier, sailor;

A red coat - English soldier ;

A white-collar slave - employee;

A white-collar worker - an employee;

Blue collar - worker (at the factory);

A hard hat is a builder.

In this group, attention is drawn to the fact that in all examples there is an adjective denoting color. This feature indicates that the inhabitants of the country have developed persistent associations, primarily with the color of the uniform of representatives of a particular profession.

Drunkenness can be distinguished as a separate semantic group. Great Britain XIII-XIX centuries. always associated with the sea and half-drunk sailors. England is also hard to imagine without traditional pubs, where you can not only have a good drink, but also have a good time in a cheerful company:

Go to bed in one's boots - be dead drunk;

As a boot - drunk as a lord;

A brick in one's hat - get drunk .

Separate pieces of clothing are one of the most widely represented semantic groups. In this topic, phraseological units are presented, denoting both a separate item of clothing, and its part:

Fortunatu's cap - a hat that fulfills all desires;

A claw-hummer coat - tailcoat;

Josep's coat - rich clothing;

Tody collar - pleated collar;

Vandyke collar - notched lace collar;

A pork-pie hat - soft hat with upturned brim;

A shovel hat - a hat with a wide curled brim;

A stove-pipe hat - cylinder;

Ten-gallon hat - cowboy hat;

Bishop's sleeve - wide sleeve;

Leg-of-mutton sleeve - wide sleeve, tapering to the bottom;

Mandarin sleeve - wide sleeve;

Union suit - children's underwear;

Full dress - full dress uniform.

The competitive spirit is traditional for the British. Therefore, a betting group can be distinguished as a separate semantic group:

I'll bet my boots - to be so certain of something as to be (figuratively) willing to bet an important or essential personal possession.

Thus, according to the result of the work carried out, it can be concluded that phraseological units with a component of clothing in the English language characterize a person according to a variety of signs and properties.

2.2 The internal form of phraseological units with a component the name of clothing in English

The internal form of a phraseological unit is an internal image that is created by the interaction of a free phraseology with a phraseological unit rethought on its basis.

The internal form is inherent only in phraseological units that can be superimposed on free phrases of the same lexical composition and against its background give a metaphorical effect: twirl your tail, fly into the air, lie on your side, wave your hand.

The general meaning of such phraseological units is not derived from the values ??of the components, but is determined by the internal form, which is subject to decoding.

Phraseologisms like "on a friendly boot" don't have an internal form, since they can't be correlated with a free phrase, consisting of the same words, but taken in a different form. The internal form is not able to act as a semantic distinguishing feature of a phraseological unit, therefore the phraseological unit cannot be determined by means of those words that are included in the phrase forming the internal form.

Analysis of the internal form of phraseological units with a component-name of clothing made it possible to present them in the classification, which is highlighted by Associate Professor Y..S. Belova, exploring the phraseological units of the German language [1, p. 89]: PU with a lively inner form. Such phraseological units have as their prototype phrases that are relevant in the modern speech situation. For PU in most cases, the presence of a more or less lively internal form is characteristic. For example: (someone) below the belt (lit. "hit (someone) below the belt") - the equivalent of the Ukrainian expression "моральний удар нижче пояса".

In (someone`s) shoes (lit. "in someone's shoes"), - this expression means in someone else's place, "in someone's skin"; to be in the same position as anyone.

Keep one`s shirt on (lit. "to keep the shirt on") - this expression means "to be ready and stay calm".

PU with a transparent inner shape. The gene prototype of such phraseological units is easily recognizable due to its equivalent, with a figurative meaning, speech usage;

Lose one`s shirt (lit. "to lose someone's shirt") - this expression means “to lose all or most of the money.

PU with a dead internal form. PU of this type were used in the direct meaning in a certain time frame, but in the modern language they have lost their relevance in the direct meaning. For example: Cap and bells - (lit. "jester's cap") - at the court of kings in many countries, the so-called jester often served, entertaining the public. His jokes were sometimes vicious and derisive, but the public often liked the foolishness and cockiness of the jester. His bright clothes stood out for their uniqueness, among which a long and multi-colored cap, often decorated with various rattles, bells, stood out in a special way. Later, any person who surprised with his antics and foolishness was called "Cap and bells". The expression gradually lost its original meaning and is used in modern English as a phraseological unit.

I'll bet my boots (lit. I put my shoes on; meaning- to be so certain of something as to be (figuratively) willing to bet an important or essential personal possession);

I'll eat my hat (meaning- used to say that something will not happen or cannot be true).

The expression "The main thing is not victory, but participation" was previously not entirely acceptable for a resident of England. It has always been a matter of honor to make a profitable bet. These expressions are associated with the British enthusiasm for gambling, where expressions like "I'll bet my boots", "I'll bet your" were originally used in their direct meaning, when completely losing his fortune, the player was forced to bet his last boots.

“I'll eat my hat” - said the Englishman, making a bet, while the confidence in winning was so great that he did not attach much importance to further consequences in case of his defeat.

2.3 Component analysis of phraseological units with the designation of clothing in English

The category "clothing" in English has many components that form phraseological units (better - included in phraseological units). With the help of A.V. Kunin managed to select phraseological units with a clothing component, which are represented in English by the following nominations:

Belt - “Below the belt” - in an unfair or cowardly way;

“Tighten one`s belt”- live on less money than usual;

“Under one` s belt "-in one`s experience or possession; gained by effort and skill;

Boot: "Bet one`s boots" - bet everything that one has;

"Die with one`s boots on" - die while still active in one`s work;

"Too big for one`s breeches / boots "- think that you are more important than you really are;

" You bet your boots "- most certainly, yes indeed;

" Hang up one's boots "- when a sports player stop playing and retire;

" As tough as an old boot "- very tough, not easily moved by feelings such as pity;

Cap-" cap and gown "- the academic cap and the gown that is worn during graduation ceremonies;

" Feather in one`s cap "- something to be proud of, an honor;

Coat- "Hang on (someone's) coattails" - to have one's fortune or success depend on another person;

"On (someone`s) coat-tails" - as a result of someone else doing something;

"Ride on (someone's) coattails "- to have one's fortune or success depend on another person;

Collar- "Hot under the collar" - feel annoyed, indignant or embarrassed: "If anyone criticizes his proposals, Joe immediately gets hot under the collar;

Dress-" Dress up "- to wear one`s best clothes;

Glove-" Fit like a glove "- to fit perfectly;

"Hand in glove with (someone)"- very close with someone;

"Handle (someone) with kid gloves "- to handle someone very gently and carefully because you do not want to upset him or her;

Hat- “At the drop of a hat” - do something immediately and without hesitation: “I've got great friends. They're ready to help out at the drop of a hat”.

“Keep something under one's hat” - keep a secret : “My boss has promised me a promotion, but it's not official yet, so keep it under your hat”;

“Take one's hat off to somebody” - you say this to express admiration for something someone has done: “I take my hat off to the chef. The meal was wonderful ";

"Wear many hats "- someone who has to do many different types of tasks or play a variety of roles:" Our company is small so the employees need to be flexible and accept to wear many hats;

Heels- "down-at-the-heels" - to be shabby, to be poorly dressed;

Pocket- "burn a hole in one`s pocket" - to stimulate someone to spend money quickly;

"Have (someone) in one's pocket" - to have control over someone;

"Line one's own pockets" - to make money for oneself in a dishonest way;

"Out of pocket" - the direct expenses that one spends for business or personal use;

Shirt- “keep one`s shirt on” - calm down, keep from losing one`s temper or getting excited;

“Lose one`s shirt” - lose all or most of one`s money;

“Stuffed shirt” a person who is too rigid or too formal;

"Give (someone) the shirt off one's back" - to be very generous to someone;

Shoe- "on a shoestring" - on a very low budget, with very little money;

"Shoe is on the other foot "- the opposite is true, places are changed;

Step into (someone's) shoes - to take over a job or other role from someone;

“Take off clothes or shoes etc” - to remove clothes or shoes etc;

Sleeve- “Wear one`s heart on one`s sleeve” - to show one`s feelings openly;

“Card up one`s sleeve” - another plan or argument kept back and produced if needed;

“Roll up one`s sleeves” get ready for a hard job, prepare to work hard or seriously;

“Up one`s sleeve "- kept secretly ready for the right time or for a time when needed;

" Wear one`s heart on one`s sleeve "- show one`s feelings openly;

"Pull up one`s socks" - to make a greater effort than before to do something,

Suit- "Birthday suit" - complete nakedness.



Picture 1. Frequency graph of the use of the clothing name component in phraseological units

Based on the frequency graph, the most productive were the clothing name components boot, hat, shoe, sleeve; less often in phraseological units of the English language there are components cap, dress, suit, socks.

This is probably due to the fact that the most productive components-names of clothing were closer to the mass of the people and therefore more common in colloquial use. A poor person could not afford a tailcoat, a fashionable hat or snow-white gloves, therefore phraseological units were born from ordinary things that surrounded a person and with which he had to be content.

Phraseologisms with the component under study are distinguished by a peculiar mechanism for the formation of semantics. The main way of their formation is a metonymic transfer according to the type of synecdoche, which consists in the fact that the names of clothes and their details become the designation of a person for whom such clothes are characteristic.

In the process of phrase formation, phraseological units data components undergo significant transformations. They practically lose their lexical meaning, actualizing separate semes from it, which, being transformed, become the designation of properties and attributes inherent in a person.

Almost all of the identified phraseological units were formed on the basis of a free phrase, built according to the syntactic model "adjective + noun".



Conclusion

Phraseological unity, which has a component "clothing", are distinguished by their diversity in the English language.

The history of clothing is almost as ancient as the history of mankind itself. With the development of society, clothing also changed, its functions also expanded significantly. Being an integral part of human life and everyday life, clothing has become widespread in phraseology.

In fact, almost all manifestations of a person's life, his birth and death, features of character, mental activity, age, appearance, professional qualities, etc. - all this is vividly and uniquely reflected in phraseological units. The phraseological units most fully reflect the national cultural identity of the people, indicating these features.

As a result of the research work, it was possible to establish that the “clothing” component is characterized by different phraseological activity in the English language. The original English components are more susceptible to phraseologization, which was the result of centuries of mental and spiritual activity of these peoples. phraseological unit clothing cultural

Some of the studied phraseological units are used in their direct meaning, they act as semantic centers of phraseological units.

In phraseologization, their semantic transformation is reduced to metaphorization or metonymization of meaning.

The research made it possible to analyze the semantic features of the phraseological units of this group.

The category "clothing" in English has many components that make up phraseological units. With the help of A.V. Kunin managed to select phraseological units with the “clothes” component, which are represented in English by the following nominations: belt, boot, cap, coat, collar, dress, glove, hat, heel, pocket, shirt, shoe, sleeve, socks, suit. The most productive components turned out to be boot, hat, shoe, sleeve; less often in phraseological units of the English language there are components cap, dress, suit, socks.

In English, the majority of phraseological units with a component of clothing are associated with the semantic field “person” - a characteristic of human nature, an assessment of a person.

In the semantics of the studied phraseological units, the figurative basis, the choice of components, the national specificity of the language is manifested.



References

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Appendix

A brick in one's hat

A claw-hummer coat

A light purse is a heavy curse

A pork-pie hat

A shovel hat

A stove-pipe hat

An empty pocket

As a boot

As tough as an old boot

At the drop of a hat

Be tied to someone's apron-strings

Be too big for one's boots

Be under someone's shoes

Below the belt

Bet one`s boots

Big purse

Birthday suit

Bishop's sleeve

Black coat

Black gown

Blue coat

Blue collar

Brass hat

Cap and gown

Card up one`s sleeve

Come to heel

Die with one`s boots on

Down-at-the-heelsBurn a hole in one`s pocket

Dress up

Dust smb's coat

Feather in one`s cap

Fit like a glove

Fortunatu's cap

Fortunatu's purse

Full dress

Get a bowler hat

Give (someone) the shirt off one's back

Give smb a wet shirt Give the shirt off one's back

Go to bed in one's boots

Hand in glove with (someone)

Handle (someone) with kid gloves

Handle smb with gloves

Handle smb without gloves

Hang on (someone's) coattails

Hang on smb's sleeve

Hang up one's boots

Hard hat

Have (someone) in one's pocket

Hit bellow the belt

Hot under the collar

In collar

Josep's coat

Keep one`s shirt on

Keep one's shirt on

Keep something under one's hat

Leg-of-mutton sleeve

Lick the boots of

Line one's own pockets

Lose one`s shirt

Lose one's shirt

Mandarin sleeve

Nice pair of shoes

Not to have a shirt to on one's back

Not to hear one's heart in one's boots

On (someone`s) coat-tails

On a shoestring

Out of collar

Out of pocket

Pull in one's belt

Pull the cap

Pull up one`s socks

Put one's shirt on

Put the boot on the other leg

Put the boots in smb

Put the shoe on the right foot

Red coat

Red hat

Ride on (someone's) coattails

Roll one's sleeves up

Roll up one`s sleeves

Shake in one's boots

Shoe is on the other foot

Slip the collar

Step into (someone's) shoes

Stuffed shirt

Take off clothes or shoes etc

Take off the gloves

Take one's hat off to somebody

Ten-gallon hat

That's another pair of shoes

The boot is on the wrong (other) foot

Throw down the glove

Throw one's hat in the air - to rejoice.

Tighten one`s belt

To tighten one's belt

Tody collar

Too big for one`s breeches / boots

Two hats

Under one` s belt

Union suit

Up one`s sleeve

Vandyke collar

Wear many hats

Wear one`s heart on one`s sleeve

Where the shoe pinches

White-collar slave

White-collar worker

Work one's socks off

You bet your boots

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