Phraseological unit as a newspaper title

3. Transparentboth components in their direct meaning but the combination acquires figurative sense

Ex.: to see the light = to understand

=> phraseological combinations

Koonin: “Structural-semantic classification”

1. Nominative

A hard nut to crack

2. Nominative -communicative

The ice is broken

3. Interjectional & modal

(Emotions, feelings)

Oh, my eye! (= Oh, my God!)

As sure as eggs is eggs (просто, как 2х2)

4. Communicative (proverbs, sayings)

There is no smoke without fire.

Nominative:

Substantive: crocodile tears

Adjective: as mad as a hatter, as cool as a cucumber

Adverbial: by & by, to & fro

Verbal: to live like a lord

1. Phraseology, classification of phraseological units. Vinogradov's classification of phraseological units:

a) phraseological combinations (сочетания). b) unities (единства). c) fussions (сокращения).

a) phraseological combinations - are word - groups with a partially changed meaning. They may be said to be clearly motivated, that is the meaning of the units can be easily deduced from the meanings of its constituents.

Ex. to be good at smth, to have a bite….

b) unities - are word - groups with a completely changed meaning, that is, the meaning of the unit doesn't correspond to the meanings of its constituent parts.

Ex. to lose one's head (to be out of one's mind), to lose one's heart to smb. (to fall in love).

c) fusions - are word - groups with a completely changed meaning but, in contrast to the units, they are demotivated, that is, their meaning can't be deduced from the meanings of its constituent parts.

Ex. to come a cropper (to come to disaster).

The Koonin's classification is the latest outstanding achievement in the Russian theory of phraseology. The classification is based on the combined structural - semantic principle and it also considers the quotient of stability of phraseological units.

I. Nominative phraseological units - are represented by word - groups, including the ones with one meaningful word, and coordinative phrases of the type wear and tear, well and good.

II. Nominative - communicative phraseological units - include word - groups, of the type to break the ice - the ice is broken, that is, verbal word - groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice.

III. Phraseological units - which are neither nominative nor communicative include interjectional word - groups.

IV. Communicative phraseological units - are represented by proverbs and sayings.

Кунин Classification:

1. Одновершинные (with one peak)

(one peak phraseological units, one form word, one notional )

Ex.: to leave for good

By heart

At bay - быть в отчаянном положении

2. Phrasemes with the structure of subordinate or coordinate word combination.

Ex.: a bitter pill to swallow

All the world & his wife

3. Partly predicative

(a word + subordinate clause )

Ex.: It was the last straw that broke the camel's back

4. Verbal with (infinitive, passive)

Ex.: to eat like a wolf

The Rubicon is crossed

5. Phrasal units with a simple or complex sentence structure

Ex.: There is a black sheep in every flock.

It was the last straw that broke the camel's back

Conclusion

Phraselogy as a science reveals the peculiarities of the praseological units and defines their place among the other units of the language. In addition, semantic, structural, grammatical, expressive-stylistic characteristics of phraseological unit, peculiarities of their use, classification, consideration sources of the ways of the renewing the phraselogical fund of the language are studied. The tasks of the historical phraseology are the study of their origin, also studying various changes of semantics, structure, lexical composition, stylistic characteristics of phraseological units.

For all practical purposes the boundary between set expressions and free phrases is a vague. The point that is to be kept in mind is that there are also some structural features of a set expression correlated with its invariability.

To sum up, the memorable ness of a set expressions, as well as its unity, is assisted by various factors within expression such as rhythm, rhythme, alliteration, imagery and even the muscular feeling one gets when pronouncing them.

english phraseological newspaper style

Chapter 2. Functional styles

2.1 Classification of functional styles

In each developed language, there are more or less determined systems of the language expression, differencing from each with particularity of use of the national language means. In each of such systems, it is possible to show one group of the means, which are leading, the most observable, and the most essential. Therefore, terminology is lexical-parasitological sign of scientific prose. However, only terminology does not yet give the reason for separation of the scientific prose as an independent system. The systematic nature of using the language means appears, first, in interaction of all main means, used in given text.

The systematic nature of using the language means brings about that in different sphere of the using the language is normalized by the choice of the words and nature of their use, primary use of that or other syntactical construction, particularities of using the different ways connection between the parts of the utterance. Such systems are called the speech styles.

Given problems is studied within the functional stylistics.

Functional stylistics tries to study, in what system relations belong the language means when functioning the language, depending on typical and traditional, first, social spheres of the communication, study as well as, what language units most often “are chosen” from the system of the language, and a main, how they are organized in flow of the speech.

The style is a polyhedral social object, having several rules and regularities of the development, possessing ensemble of the bases and system total qualities and characteristics. That is why it it's difficult to give the unambiguous definition of style, and it it's impossible to exhaust the notion about it in one definition. The style as a norm comprises of its substance as constitute of speech ability and speech, as a process is a functioning. The language, which is connected with the style of normative relations, is not simple mean. In language as it exists the resemblance to activity with language, in its separate units it is recorded and stylistic information, which in definite degree predicts the possibility of using the units.

The style and reality exist i. e. function as a norm, ordering definite type of organizations of the language units.

The real norms are reflected in public cognition on coding means. The style as code system is an informative process, in which, occurs transferring one code form and exchanging it for other: textual (semantic) code is substituted by speech code the last language Brande, «Стиль и перевод»-М.. 1988. стр. 118 .

Because of manifestations in one or another sphere established general principle of the selection and combinations of the language units, conditioned by general tasks and conditions of the communication, special organization of the language means capable to create and express the functional style.

The functional style is one of the characteristics of language components of texts, conditional in general specifics of extra linguistics base of the text.

V.V. Vinogradov gives such definition to the functional style: “ style is a public realized, functional conditioned, intrincally united collection of devices of the use, selection and combinations of the communication means in sphere of that or other national or international language. Correlative with other such way of talking, which serves for other integer, executes other functions in speech public practional person given folk”.

The communicative tasks and conditions of communication in one or another sphere is proved to be push to the realization of speech organization, in which these units become to be interconnected on new functional meaning.

There is a divergence in the approach of linguistics to principles of dividing the functional styles and to their nomenclature, on the problems were marked more or less clear positions, in accordance with which as a rule, occurs the highlighting and description of one or another communicative functional style.

Some other approaches, which not colliding with big dug by material on language specifics of functional style, allow to value the considered phenomena extremely harmonious, ranked, holistic and, as effect, aesthetic important N.M. Razinkina, 1989, 7 «Функциональная стилистика»-Пермь.. 1989. стр. 197 .

Being clearly oriented, on determined target purpose, functional style demonstrates the connection of language elements as semantic directed and expedient. This characteristic of functional style possesses certain aesthetic value since notion of harmony, beauty and practicability are associated, but not only functional practicability in organizations of the language material is capable to cause aesthetic quality. These characteristics possessed by the other particularities of functional style, essentially its genre wholeness.

Since 1970 and up to the now in linguistics, qualitative new approach to collation of the different functional styles worked out. In addition, more depending studies of given problems impacted on a several factors. First, appears the big amount of works on functioning, in which contiguity of the different functional styles in epoch of their existence Kozhina, «Стилистика русского языка» - М.1983. стр 226..

The name “functional style” is very successful since specifics of each style results from particularities of functions in given sphere of the contact. Therefore, for instance, publistics style has its main function -to influence on will, consciousness and feeling of the listener or reader, but scientific style - only transmission of the knowledge-based contents.

The functional style is original nature of speech of one or another social its varieties, corresponding to a certain sphere of public activity and correlative with hits form.

Each style of language is more or less firm system of the literary language. The styles of the language are the historical categories N Galperin, «Очерки по стилистике английского языка».-М. 1958. стр.167. This means that they change, develop, appear and disappear.

The styles are determined systems in literary language, first of all, because of the message they transfer. Each style has more or less exact purpose, which defines its functioning and its language peculiarities. Each style has as the general typical for given style to peculiarities. The correlations general and private features in styles are revealed at different periods of the development of these styles differently.

So, for instance business documents, diplomatic letters, order and instructions, protocols of the parliamentary meetings and other are forms and the proof to the existence of the business document style in English literary language. The conditional indication and shortening of military documents reflects the general regularities of given style, so the individual particularities are inherent only to given sub stile.

The correlations of general and private, particularly emerges at analysis of the individual manner of the language use. With standpoint of the display of individual use of the language means, speech styles of English allow the significant amplitude of the fluctuations. Such styles of speech, as for instance, style official document, do not require the personal creative activity.

According to the traditional standpoint in explaining the stylistic phenomena and classification of the styles, it is necessary to come from nature strictly linguistically. The different levels of the language are not equally connected with extra linguistic phenomena. The style in contrast with the other aspects, closely and is deeply connected with extra linguistics. The style is phenomena; the most closely connected with extra linguistics phenomena, more exactly, conditioned by it. These phenomena, which can be understood at account aims, tasks, situations and spheres of the communication and most contents of the utterance.

As bases to classification of the functional styles extra linguistics factors are elected by the majority of linguistics. Majority on the linguists define five main functional styles: the style of the artistic prose, scientific style, newspaper- style, publistic style, and style official documents, or officially business style. We shall consider the particularities of these functional styles.

The belles-letters style differs from the other styles and as a rule, characterized with general stylistic colouring. The literary speech, in principal is differed from scientific and official documents, but is similar with publicist means to promote idea of the author and more deeply open the idea to the reader.

The BL style, sometimes named poetical language, firsr, is characteristized by figurativeness. The BL style has a following variety:

1) The language of poetry;

2) Emotive prose;

3) The language of the drama.

The scientific prose style is subdivide into the sub styles; scientific and technical, presenting itself as it were variants of scientific prose style. Each of these sub styles can be presented in scientifically popular integration, which adds popularity to the stylistic characteristic of scientific prose.

Style of documents is represented by the following variants: the language of legal and business documents and sometimes of diplomacy. They possess genre varieties instruction, agreements, order, act, statement and etc. for newspaper style it is typical stylistics difference connected with prevalence in concrete text one of the main newspaper functions of information. Besides, it differ on stylistic particularity some specific newspaper genres, article, reporting, interview. Politics style turns out be particularly complex and furcated. Its main sub styles: oratorical (oratory, speech, leaflets), official publistic - in narrow sense of the word (the pamphlets, essays etc.), newspapers subdivides on genre and other particularity.

Thereby, any utterance is realized in accordance with norms of one or another functional style, and finds its attribute.

Moreover all “additional” signs are not found in contraction with the main, and form the unity.

2.2 Features of Newspaper Style

Newspaper style was the last of all styles of written literary English to be recognized as a specific from of writing standing apart from other forms. English Newspaper writing dates from the 17^th century. At the close of the 16^th century, short news pamphlets began to appear. Any such publication either presented news from only one source or dealt with one specific subject. Note the titles of some of the earliest news pamphlets: “ Newer news, containing a short rehearsal of Stukely's and Morice's Rebellion” (1579), “ News from Spain and Holland” (1593), “Wonderful and strange news out of Suffolk and Essex, where it rained wheat the space of six or seven miles” (1583). New pamphlets appeared only from time to time and cannot be classed as newspaper, through they were unquestionably the immediate forerunners of the British press.

The first of any regular series of English newspaper was the Weekly News, which first appeared on May 23, 1622. It lasted for some twenty years until in 1641 it ceased publications. The 17 century saw the rise of a number of other newssheets, which, with varying successes, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and restriction imposed by the Crown. With the introduction of a strict licensing system many such sheets were suppressed, and Government, in its turn, set before the public a paper of its own- The London Gazette, first published on February5, 1666. The paper was a semi-weekly and carried official information, royal decrees, news from abroad, and advertisements.

The first English daily newspaper - the Daily Courant - was brought on March 11, 1702. The paper carried news, largely foreign, and no comment, the latter being against the principles of the publisher, as was stated in the first issue of his paper.

Thus, the early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information.

Commentary as a regular feature found its way into the newspaper later. But as far back as the middle of 18 century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying on its pages news, both foreign and domestic, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments.

The rise of the American newspaper, which was brought onto American soil by British settlers, dates back to the late 17^th, early 18^th centuries.

It took the English newspaper more than century to establish a style and a standard of its own. Moreover, it is only by the 19 century that newspaper English may be said to have developed into a system of a language means which forms a separate functional style.

The specific conditions of newspaper publication, the restrictions of time and space, have left an indelible mark on newspaper English. For more than a century, writers and linguistics have been vigorously attacking “the slipshod construction and the vulgar vocabulary” of newspaper English. The very newspaper English carried a shade of disparagement. Yet, for all the defects of newspaper English, serious through they may be, this form of literary language cannot be reduced- as some purists have claimed - merely to careless slovenly writing or to distorted literary English. This is one of the forms of the English literary language characterized - as any other style - by a definite communicative aim and its own definite system of language means.

Thus, English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means, which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader.

Not all the printed matter found in newspaper comes under newspaper style. The modem newspaper carries material of an extremely divers character. On the pages of the newspaper one finds not only news and comment on it, but also stories and poems, crossword puzzles, cheese problems, and the like. Since this serve the purpose of entertaining the reader, they cannot be considered specimens of newspaper styles. Nor can articles on special fields, such as science and technology, art, literature, etc. be classed as belonging to newspaper style.

Since the primary function of newspaper style is impart information, only printed matter serving this purpose comes under newspaper style proper. Such can be classed as:

Brief news items and communiquйs;

Press reports (parliamentary, of court proceeding, etc.);

Articles purely information in character;

Advertisements and announcements.

The most concise form of newspaper information is the headline.

The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and way of presentations of news, in the use of specific vocabulary, such as allege and claim, casting some doubt on the fact reported, as to the constructions indicating a lack of assurance on the part of the reported as to the correctneesof the fact reported or his desire to avoid responsibility (for example `Mr. X was quoted as saying…').

The headlines of news items, apart from giving information about the subject - matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of emotionally coloured words and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation and appraisal is the newspaper articles and the additional in particular. Editorial, leading articles or leaders are characterized by subjective handling of facts, political or otherwise and therefore have more in common with political essays or articles and should rather be classed as belonging to publisticist style than newspaper style. Through it seems natural to consider newspaper articles, editorial included, as coming within the system of English newspaper styles, it is necessary to note that such articles a an intermediates phenomenon characterized by a combination of styles - the newspaper style and publicity style. In other words, they may be considered hybrids.

To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be suffient to analyze the following basic newspaper features:

Brief news items;

Advertisements and announcements;

The headline, and;

(With the reservations stated above) the editorial.

Newspaper style includes informative materials: news in brief, headlines, ads, additional articles. But not everything published in the paper can be included in N.S. we mean publicist essays, feature articles, scientist. Reviews are not N.S. to attract the reader's attention special means are used by British & am. Papers ex: specific headlines, space ordering. We find here a large proportion of dates, personal names of countries, institutions, individuals. To achieve an effect of objectivity in rendering some fact or event most of info is published anonymously, without the name of newsman who supplied it, with little or no subjective modality. But the position of the paper becomes clear from the choice not only of subj. matter but also of words denoting international or domestic issues. Substyles. To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyze the following basic newspaper features: 1) brief news items; 2) advertisements and announcements; 3) headlines; Brief items: its function is to inform the reader. It states only facts without giving comments. The vocabulary used is neutral and common literary. Specific features are: a) special political and economic terms; b) non-term political vocabulary; c) newspaper clichйs; d) abbreviations; e) neologisms.

Publicist style. (Oratory, speeches, essays, articles) the style is a perfect ex.

Of historical changeability of stylistic differentiation of discourses. In Greece it was practiced in oral form which was named P. in accordance with the name of its corresponding genre. PS is famous for its explicit pragmatic function of persuasion directed at influencing the reader & shaping his views in accordance with the argumentation of the author. We find in PS a blend of the rigorous logical reasoning, reflecting the objective state of things & a strong subjectivity reflecting the authors personal feelings and emotions towards the discussed subject. Substyles: The oratory essays, journalistic articles, radio and TV commentary. Oratory. It makes use of a great humbler of expressive means to arouse and keep the public's interest: repetition, gradation, antithesis, rhetorical questions, emotive words, elements of colloquial speech. Radio and TV commentary is less impersonal and more expressive and emotional. The essay is very subjective and the most colloquial of the all substyles of the publicist style. It makes use of expressive means and tropes. The journalistic articles are impersonal.

Conclusion

The communicative tasks and conditions of communication in one or another sphere is proved to be push to the realization of speech organization, in which these units become to be interconnected on new functional meaning.

The styles are determined systems in literary language, first of all, because of the message they transfer. Each style has more or less exact purpose, which defines its functioning and its language peculiarities. Each style has as the general typical for given style to peculiarities. The correlations general and private features in styles are revealed at different periods of the development of these styles differently.

As bases to classification of the functional styles extra linguistics factors are elected by the majority of linguistics. Majority on the linguists define five main functional styles: the style of the artistic prose, scientific style, newspaper- style, publicity style, and style official documents, or officially business style.

Thereby, any utterance is realized in accordance with norms of one or another functional style, and finds its attribute.

Moreover all “additional” signs are not found in contraction with the main, and form the unity.

Not all the printed matter found in newspaper comes under newspaper style. The modem newspaper carries material of an extremely Devers character. On the pages of the newspaper one finds not only news and comment on it, but also stories and poems, crossword puzzles, cheese problems, and the like. Since this serve the purpose of entertaining the reader, they cannot be considered specimens of newspaper styles. Nor can articles on special fields, such as science and technology, art, literature, etc. be classed as belonging to newspaper style.



Chapter 3. Peculiarities of the title

3.1 Role of the title in revealing conceptual information of the text

The headline is an integral part of newspaper publication. The first things with what the reader faces - a name of publication. Headline is the first signal, spurring you to read the material or postpone the newspaper aside. Anticipating text, headline carries certain information on contents of publicity work.

What is the particularity of the headline of the text? This is an element of the work, having twofold nature.

On the one hand, this is a language structure, anticipating text, standing before it. So headline is preserved as speech element, residing outside of the text and having definite independence. On the one hand ,headline - is a complete component of the text. Failing into it and connected with the other components of colorant work. Alongside with beginning, the medium, with the ending, headline forms definite plan of the text. The possibility of the title in influencing the reader is defined that, alongside with the beginning and ending of the text, it occupies the stylistic strong position.

The newspaper title can express any semantic structure of the text, about which went the speech above.

In the first classification of the title is differed depending on the one or several elements of the semantic scheme of the text express the headline. The unidirectional complex titles stand out on this sign.

The unidirectional titles match up with as elements semantic structure of the text. Majority of the headlines express the theme of the text. Theme of the text included in its central idea. This is a thesis, which opens the systems of the thesis, forming the text. The main idea includes the theme of the text. One of the main purposes of the headline is to reporter the reader about the subject of the text, which newspaper offer.

The headline of the newspaper text actualizes the analytical estimation of situations, reflected in it. Such nature has a significant number of selected headlines.

The idea of the text is formed in whole interpretation. Such titles before reading the newspaper material prepare the reader to perception of ideological meaning; publication is understood immediately in determined key. Ideological meaning is perceived twice: the first, before acquaintance with text, than after reading the whole text.

The headline actualized one of the themes, developing idea of the text. This is an element of the text pertaining to its general contents. Except the main elements of the general contents of the text, the headline can actualized its secondary elements.

Appearing “optional” or secondary which is the expressed in name, being expressive, and headline attracts reader's attention.

The newspaper title much often expresses evaluation background, which present in every elements of its profound scheme. The evaluation headline adjusts the reader on definite perception of the message. Forecasts the attitude to that, what is spoken about.

The complex headlines match up with several elements of the structural scheme of the text simultaneously. They will transfer complicated information. The complex headline actualizes simultaneously the idea and gives estimation to situation, characters, events and etc. the second classification of the title is based on that, completely or not or another element of the text is reflected in. the text represents itself as a system of bilabial structure consists of idea and its sign. In expressing some semantic element of the text, the titles are divided into fully informative and in partially informative types, actualizing semantic component of the text.

Fully informative headline can reflect either theme of the whole text, or central idea, or any element, developing central idea. Fully informative headline can be nominative or predicative. Nominative titles name is the theme of the whole text.

They play the role of the sign on the text similarly to personal names, which names geographical object, plant, steamship, living being and etc. The predicative headline represent itself unrolled theme, containing central or main idea. Such titles are more informative and can give the fullest production about the text. The second type of headlines is a partially informative one. They express not whole theme, consisting of subject and predicate, but only one of its part - as logical theme. The partially informative turtles are rather widespread in newspaper. They meet even in brief items.

Compositional elements of the text (the beginning, ending) are one of the aspects of the connection of the headline with text. The title of the text enters in especially close connections with these elements of the text exactly. The headline, beginning, and the ending - these are the three strong elements of the text in perception. The addressee of information - a reader - in the first place pays attention to these elements of the text.

The main way of the reading, perception any text lays - from beginning to the ending. “Text are perceived by reader (or listener) not instantly, but gradually, usually by reading the text from beginning to the ending” V.G. Admoni.

The expressive correlation of the analyzed components on the text appears then when they enter in direct connection. The headline by some means is repeated in initial lines of the text, it is brought forth onward, specially occupies stylistic strong position. Herewith reader's attention is pointed on idea, comprised in title.

Finally all this promotes to the active perception of the text.

Words of one lexical- semantic field are repeated. The lexical repetition of the word from headline at the beginning can be accompanied by the question that arouses the reader's interest and forces the reader to address to text.

The close semantic connection of the title and rented idea appears then, when at the beginning referring element is used, the reader is goes back to the headline and direct perception of the text.

The newspaper -style is a system interconnected lexical, phraseological and grammatical means, special linguistically phenomena, executing informative function. Organization of the language elements of style depends on extra linguistic factors.

The specifics soft the newspaper as public phenomena and general specifics of mass communication confess newspaper is more specifics. The newspaper is a media and faculty of the belief. It is indented for mass and besides much not uniform auditorium, which she must hold, forces to read. Thence necessity to organize newspaper and to transfer information quickly, briefly, report main even through article (text) will not be read up to the end, and have on reader definite emotional influence. Text must not require from reader a preliminary preparation, dependency from context must be minimum.

Together with usual, constantly relocated themes in newspaper appear any themes, which are actual. Then these new situation and arguments begin be repeated. Journalists usually has not no time for careful processing the material, conducts to quotient to use stamp. All this and creates the peculiar features factors of the newspaper text.

The structure of the text, referring to newspaper style, is characterized by the following general sentences:

1. Small length of the text under headline;

2. Unevenness of the sharing the semantic load between headline and remaining part of the text, under which headline possesses higher predictability.

The features of the newspaper style on lexical - phraseological level are also conditioned by functional tasks of the newspaper. Some linguistics define following features of newspaper style:

1. Abundanced of the firm word - combination which are not of phraseological nature;

2. Presence of newspaper lexicon and phraseological units, possessing notions of political and economic nature;

3. Absence of modality in elements of newspaper language;

4. The communication task of the newspaper is to impact upon

Public opinion, force to read the newspaper, - showing extra linguistics stimulus, under influence that, on page of the newspapers appear non- standard for newspaper language expressive and emotional phraseological units. The particularities of meaning of phraseological units define specifics of their functioning in language of the newspaper.

The newspaper articles as any communicative activity, differs with its of purpose. The purpose of the article defines the language means of its expression.

The communicative effect A. Bushuy, 2000, s. 102-110 can influence on receptor:

1) In purely information sphere;

2) In motivation;

3) In behaviour and in combinations of all these effects.

It is obvious, that process of communication is not only transmission of information. It associated with definite influence on different spheres of activity and consciousnesses of the person. N.D. Arityunova, 1981, s. 356-358; D.U. Ashurova, 1991, s 47-55 headline expresses estimation to the event, character or event to anything described or informed in the newspaper text.

In virtue of its close interaction with the content of the text, the title has great importance for revealing conceptual information. Sometimes in explicit and concrete forms, sometimes in veiled and implicit form, the title expresses they scheme, idea, concept incarnated by the author in the text. Comprising the quintessence of the book's content, the title represents the nucleus of the content conceptual information. At first, the title denotes a vague abstract notion; later on, it fills with concrete meaning.

In the course of plat development, the words chosen by the author for the title begin to acquire some additional, connotative shades of the meaning, extend their semantic structure. The title can be metaphorically depicted as a wand up spiral, revealing its potentialities in the process of unwinding. I.R. Galperin, 1980

As an example, we can take a little of W. Sarayon's story “Laughter”. The story describes a small episode from school life. Its content cam briefly reduce to the following: the teacher, Miss Wissing, makes her pupil Ben laugh for a whole hour, because he had laughed at the lesson. Laughter - a punishment! Laughter under coercion! The conceptions expressed by the word “laughter” in the aspect described concrete of laughter, containing a positive emotional evolution. The writer imparts quite a different shade of meaning to the word “laughter”. It is associated development alongside in the time with the unfolding of the context information.

Even the initial lines (“You want me to laugh?” he felt lonely and ill in the empty classroom…) comprise the contrast of mood, rooting on the side, in the word “Laugh” and, on the other side, in the words “ill, lonely”. This contract is increased by the conveyance of feelings experienced by the boy: surprise, perplexity (it was strange), fear (it was frightening), disgust (it was disgusting), sorrow, sympathy (he left sorry, he felt sorry), and shame (he was ashamed, shameful weeping in his voice). Revealing the child's inner struggle the writer shows how the text of the story is modifying the semantics of the title, which acquires the following implicit meanings: pity and sorrow, indignation and contempt, sympathy and support.

Very often, the title of imaginative texts is connected with content- conceptual information only indirectly.

Sometimes the meaning of a title is veiled by a metaphor or metonymy. In E. Caldwell's story “Wilds flowers”, the title, expressed by the a metaphor, helps the reader to penetrate deeper into the content of the story, to understand its idea. The story shows tragic destiny of two young people dismissed and evicted by the pro-praetor. The main ides of the story lines on the surface -it exposes the brutal foundation of bourgeois society. Using the example of the young family, which for failing to pay the rent was turned, out of the hose in sprite of the* fact the young woman was expecting a child, the author shows the calamitous position of the destitute working class and exposes cruelty and inhumanity of the exploitative class. The tile of the story “Wild's flowers” Prompts one more idea to us. Even before reading he story one can feel that the title present a metaphor comprising a poetic image and this fact helps to create a caretaking emit ideal predisposition. The character of the personages' mutual relations-their genuine love, care concern for each other-acquire special significance. In some of his stories Caldwell speaks about the influence of poverty in human soul, how poverty instigates hungry people to treachery, to mean action and crimes. However in this story we see the opposite-torment sufferings and hard conditions do not embitter the hearts of people, do not kill their love. If we retrospectively reconsider the whole the whole story in this aspect, we will see the possibility at a new interpretation promoted by the title of the story. The poetic image of wild flowers which bloom irrespective of conditions and circumstances, irrespective of the soil, on which they grow, exhaling fragrance and giving pleasure for the eyes, helps the author to show courage, staunchness, strength of spirit and love of the two young people who preserved their tender feeling in spite of the hard human conditions in which they found themselves. “Will flowers” is not a tragic story; it also symbolizes belief in kindness, love and beauty.

A title - symbol reflects the content - conceptual information in the most conspicicucous manner. The title of J. Galswothy's novel `the white monkey” can serve as an example. The image of the white monkey, given in the title, symbolizes ravage ness of the younger generation of the English bourgeoisie. It is an image of the white monkey from the Chinese picture, which Soames presented to his daughter.

The monkey is eating an orange dissatisfaction. In the yearning eyes of the monkey, in her troubled look and dissatisfaction Galwothery incarnates the perception of the life by the younger generation have no faith, no aim in life, no moral principles to guide their conduct by.

It is possibly to classify titles according to their form and CCI or CFI reflected in them:

1) a title symbol;

2) a title thesis;

3) a title-quotation;

4) a title-report;

5) a tile-hint;

6) a title narration.

3.2 Phraseological unit as a newspaper title and its functions

The role of the title in capturing reader's attention is great. Studding, the role the title we came to the conclusion that the title has the following functions:

1) Estimating function, this can be divided into two subgroups:

a) positive estimation:

Good blood. The Economist. Feb. 3^rd - 9^th, 2001.

Seal of approval. The Economist. Aug. 26 - Sept. 1, 2000.

b) negative estimation

The headlines, certainly, informs on positive facts. Using phraseological units in headline can realize negative estimation, hereunder prepares the reader to receive corresponding information.

Bad Blood Newsweek. Nov. 22^nd, 1993.

On the rocks. The Economist. Aug. 26^th - Sept. 1^st, 2000.

So many leaders, so little point. The Wall Street Journal. Sep. 8-9, 2000.

Banks and buildings societies stand to take your money. The Times. Nov. 15 2002. What went wrong in Oldham,, The week. Jun. 23, 2001.

But some linguists emphasize one more type of estimation: zero or neutral estimation.

2) Advertising function.

Informative function of the headline consists in giving the short information of the entitled text.

Israel on its own hook. The economist. Jan. 30 - Feb. 5, 1993.

Meet the man trying to Sell the Freedom party. The Wall Street. Sep. 8-9, 2000.

Formula One in crisis as backers hit the brackers. The Wall Street. Sep. 8-9, 2000.

Willliam gets help to find the wqy ahead. The Times . Nov. 15,

2002.

A little Jaz, a litlle blues. The Times. Nov. 15, 2002.

How mergers go wrong. The Economist. July 22 - 28, 2000.

3) Expressive function.

The headline leads the reader in situation, gives him a landmark, about the article, influences upon reader.

Using phraseological units in headline gives expressiveness.

The Banks new brooms. The Economist. Jan.30 Feb. 5, 1993.

Man with troublingties hold USA Today, Nov. 30, 2001

Blair in a spin. The Economist. July 22^nd - 28, 2000

Dell on wheels. The Economist. Aug. 26 - Sept. 1^st, 2000.

Phraseological units in headline cause advertising function of the headline. Such headline attracts attention of the reader, does not contain information, allowing beforehand judge about contents of the article.

In the shadows. The Economist. Aug. 26^th -Sept. 1^st, 2000. The worn

Turns. The Economists. Feb. 3^rd - 9^th, 2001.

Double life. The Economists. Jan. 30 th - Feb. 5^th, 1993.

According to I.V. Arnold one of the style forming features of the newspaper lexicon, is the use of the proper names: toponyms, anthroponomy, names of the instructions, organization and etc. the use of the proper names (the name of the politicians, organization and etc), has the neglect occurrence.

Conclusion

Phraseology is science, about phraseological units, which are firm word combinations with complicated semantically structure.

In forming the phrase, the human factors plays an enormous role, science suppressing majority of phraseolgical units are connected with human being, with varied sphere of his activity. Phraseological units fill the lexical system of the language, which cannot completely provide the description of human activity, and in most cases are single indication of human, characteristics, his activities, conditions situations etc.

In base to making phraseology, can lie any semantic sign of the subject or phenomena surrounding reality, finding the reflection in semantic as word- combination as a whole, or separate words, connotation and functional stylistic meanings are defined by contents of the internal image of the phrase, as well as by the nature of the semantic shift in it.

In process of making phraseological units, word- combinations may change their meaning.

We share the definition given by V.V. Vinogradov gives such definition to the functional style: Style is a public realized, functional conditioned, intrinsically united collection of devoices of the use,

Selection and combinations of the communication means in sphere of that or other national or international language. Correlative with other such way of talking, which serves for other integer, executes other functions in speech public practical person given folk.

Majority of linguistics define five main functional styles:

1) The style of the artistic prose;

2) Scientific style;

3) newspaper-style;

4) Publicity style;

5) Style official document, or officially business style.

English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseolodical and grammatical means, which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that serves the purpose of the informing and instructing the reader.

The headline is an integral part of newspaper publication the first thing with what the reader faces - a name of publication. Headline is a first signal, spurring you to read the material or postpone the newspaper aside. Anticipating text, headline carries certain information on contents of publicity work.

Majority of headline expresses the theme of the text. Theme of the text included in its central idea. Some headlines of the newspaper text actualized the analytical estimation of situations, reflected in it.

Using phraseological units in headline can realize negative estimation.

Phraseological units in headline cause advertising and intriuging function of the headline.



Summary

Phraseology is a branch of linguistics, studying the word groups. The word phreaseological units has very different meaning. In linguistics literature the term has come to be for whole ensemble of expressions where the meaning of one element is dependent of the other, irrespective of the structure and the properties of the unit.

This qualification paper is devoted to study the role of phraseological unit in the language and use of phrraseologucal units as a newspaper title.

Actuality of the qualification paper is determined by the necessity phraseological units in newspaper title.

The linguistic phenomenon, which is phraseological unit, will be investigated in modern methods. The analysis will be used to achieve the aim and tasks put forward in this qualification paper. The aim and hypothesis require solving the following tasks:

- to study semantic peculiarities of phraseological units.

- to investigate functional styles, in particularly features of newspaper style.

- to analyze peculiarities of the title and the role of the phraseological unit in Newspaper style.

Theoretical importance of qualification paper consists in the material of phraseological units which deals with functional style and newspaper title. Practical value of the qualification paper is that in the results of the paper can be used in course of lexicology, phraseology and stylistics besides the material of the paper can be while preparing for seminars by the discipline named above, writing the course papers and qualification papers.

The structure of qualification paper consists of introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, summary and bibliography.

The chapter I consist of 3 paragraphs:

1. Phraseology as a science.

2. Semantic structure of the phraseological units.

3. Classification of the phraseological units.

The chapter 2 consists of 3 paragraphs:

1. Functional style.

2. Classification of functional style.

3. Features of new style.

Chapter 3 consists of paragraphs:

1. Peculiarities of the title.

2. Role of the title in revealing conceptual information of the text.

3. Phraselogical unit as a newspaper title.

In the conclusion, we present the results of the qualification paper. Summary includes theoretical and practical results of the qualification paper. In the bibliography we give the list of used books and other literature.



The list of used literature

1. Азнаурова Э.С. Прагматика текстов различных функциональных стилей. Москва 1987.

2. Алехина А.И. Исследование системной организации фразеологии современного англ. языка. Афтореферат дисс…д-ра фил. наук. - Л. ЛГУ 1986.

3. Амосова Н.Н. Основы англ. фразеологии. - Л. ЛГУ 1963.

4. Арнолъд И.В. Стилистика современного языка - Л. 1981.

5. Арутюнова Н.Д. Истоки пролемы и категории прагматики. - Вып. ХVI. - М. Прогресс 1985

6. Ашурова Д.У. Стилистические и прагматические аспекты словообразования англ. яз. - Ташкент УзГУМЯ им Тореза 1983.

7. Беркова Л.А. Прагматический аспект использования фразеологизмов в рекламных текстах. - М. МГПИИЯ им Тореза 1983.

8. Болдырева Л.М. Стилистические особенности функционирования фразеологизмов. - М. 1967.

9. Бранде М.П. Стиль и перевод. - М. 1988.

10. Бушуй А.М. Замена компонентов фразеологизмов как стилистический прием. - М. 1977.

12. Гаврин С.Г. Фразеология современного русского языка. - Пермь 1974.

13. Гальперин И.В. Очерки по стилистике английского языка. - М. 1958.

14. Жуков В.П. Семантика фразеологический оборотов. - М. Просвещение 1978.

15. Кожина М.Н. Стилистика русского языка. - М. 1983.

16. Кунин А. В фразеологизм современного английского языка.- М., 1986.

17. Лазерина Э.А. Заголовок в газете. Свердловск: Изд-во Уральского Университета, 1989.

18. Мужев В.С. О функциях заголовков. - М.: МГПИИЯ им Тореза, 1970.

19. Разинкина Н.М. Функциональная стилистика. Пермь, 1989.

21. Старницкий А.Н. “Лексикология английского языка”, Москва, 1956.

22. Net Library Online Reader Version].

23. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь, Кунин. 4 изд., М, Русский язык 1984