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, | |
21.03.2012 | |
489,5 K |
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http://www.allbest.ru/
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1. . .
ϳ - , . .
() , . , n , :
(n-1n-2n-3n-4 10) m = n-1. mn-1 + n-2. mn-2 + +0. m0
m - ;
i - - , 0 ? ?m; 0 ? ? (n-1);
mi - - .
m = 10, , : 09.
:
76110 = 7 102 + 6 101 + 1100.
I |
2 |
1 |
0 |
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xi |
7 |
6 |
1 |
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mi |
100 |
10 |
1 |
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xi mi |
700 |
60 |
1 |
2, 8, 16.
' , , ' : m=2; 1 0.
, , - .
. :
2=1, 21= 2, 22 = 4, 23=8, 24=16, 25=32, 26=64, 27=128, 28=256, 210=1024, 216=65536.
, ' . , , , ' .
:
) 2, 2 , . , .
:
22710= 111000112;
) 2,
. . , 0,75:
0,752
1,502
1,00
0,75=0,112.
ʳ . , : 0,6310=0,10100001010001111012 ' :
0,632 |
1,262 |
0,522 |
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1,042 |
0,082 |
0,162 |
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0,322 |
0,642 |
1,282 |
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0,562 |
1,122 |
0,242 |
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0,482 |
0,962 |
1,922 |
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1,842 |
1,682 |
1,362 |
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0,722 |
1,442 |
0,882 |
:
11100011,101000112 = 1 27 + 1 26+ 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 +1 2-1 + 0 2-2+ 1 2-3 + 0 2-4 + 0 2-5 + 0 2-6+ + 1 2-7 +1 2-8 = 128 +
+64 + 32 + 2 + 1 +0,5 + 0,125 + 0,0078 + 0,0039 = 227,6367
³
, (m=8, , , 07) (m=16, , , 09, AF) (.1).
.1
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0100 |
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0101 |
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0110 |
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0111 |
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1000 |
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1001 |
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1010 |
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11 |
1011 |
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1100 |
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1101 |
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1110 |
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1111 |
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F |
(. . ), - (. . ). . ³ . 3 ( ) 4 ( ), .
:
a) 111100112= 1111 00112 = F316
b) 1110100112 = 111 010 0112 =7238.
:
a) 916=1010 10012 =101010012
b) 3758=011 111 1012=111111012.
m- m , . , , 572 :
m- m- .
:
2316 = 2?162 + 3?161 + ?160 =2?162 + 3?161 + 12?160 =512+48+l2=57210.
(. ) (. ) .
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0000 |
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001 |
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0001 |
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010 |
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0010 |
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011 |
3 |
0011 |
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100 |
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0100 |
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101 |
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0101 |
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6 |
110 |
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0110 |
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111 |
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0111 |
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1000 |
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1001 |
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1010 |
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1011 |
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1100 |
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1101 |
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' , 8 , , ', . ( ) .
, : (+) ' (-), ' .
- () :
1 - ';
0 - .
. :
510 = 000001012 - 510= 1000 01012.
, :
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.
510=10000101 >1111010 + 1>111 1011>1111 10112.
- ' , ' , .
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1) ' ;
, , ;
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13-15=13+ (-15)
1510=10001111>1110000+1>1110001> 11100012
1310=000011012
11111110>0000001+1>100000102= - 2.
, - , .
, 䳿 , 127, , .
. , , . 1, , . 0, . . :
1510.1310=19510=110000112.
, 1510=000011112, 1310=000011012.
:
ij. . . ij . 195 15 110000112 000011112. 00001111 > 11110001. , 11000, ' , , 8 . . , .
:
ij 111 , 0 , . ϳ 0, .
³: 000011012 = 1310.
1. ֳ
ʳ |
ij |
||
16 |
- 32768 + 32767 |
||
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32 |
- 2?109 +2?109 |
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64 |
- 9 ?1018 + 9 ?1018 |
2. ij , .
- N N = A 2 p, - , m - , - ( ) . , . ( ) ' 32 :
1, , ' . .
- 127 +128. , , 127:
P = P + 127.
. :
1) - 0,062510 = - 0,00012 = - 1,0*2-4 ' ' : 101111011 00000000000000000000000. = 1, , '.
= - 4 +127 = 12310 = 011110112, .
2) 2510= 110012 = 1,1001 * 24 ' ' : 010000011 10010000000000000000000.
= 0, .
= 4+127 = 13110= 100000112, 1001.
' 80 , 55 .
, , .
"" , , . - , '. (, , ) . . (, , ), , .
, 1 0, .
̳ ' , , 1 0, ( binary digit - ).
, . , , .
:
1 = 1024 (210 )
1 = 1024 (220 )
1 = 1024 (230 )
1 = 1024 (240 )
1 = 1024 (250 )
1 = 1024 (260 ).
ASCII, Windows 1251, Unicode .
' (, , ), , , ( ) .
- . ( ) 2 . >00; 01, 10, 11, 22, (23). , , 250 ( , , , , , ). 8 (28=256), . , . ³ 256 . , , , , , , .
, , . , - (ANSI - American National Standard Institute) ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange - ). ASCII - . 0 127, 128 255. 32 , , ( ' ).
, , , , , , , .
32 127 , , , . ASCII 2.
ϳ ASCII , "" , , 128 255.
³ . ҳ .
, Windows-1251, "" - Microsoft, , , ( 3).
', Windows.
-8 ( , ) - 䳿 .
-8 ' .
2. ASCII
32 |
48 0 |
64 @ |
80 |
96 ` |
112 p |
|
33! |
49 1 |
65 |
81 Q |
97 |
113 q |
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34 " |
50 2 |
66 B |
82 R |
98 b |
114 r |
|
35 # |
51 3 |
67 C |
83 S |
99 c |
115 s |
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36 $ |
52 4 |
68 D |
84 |
100 d |
116 t |
|
37 % |
53 5 |
69 |
85 U |
101 e |
117 u |
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38 & |
54 6 |
70 F |
86 V |
102 f |
118 v |
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39 ' |
55 7 |
71 G |
87 W |
103 g |
119 w |
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40 ( |
56 8 |
72 |
88 X |
104 h |
120 x |
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41) |
57 9 |
73 I |
89 |
105 i |
121 |
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42 * |
58: |
74 J |
90 Z |
106 j |
122 z |
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43 + |
59; |
75 K |
91 [ |
107 k |
123 { |
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44, |
60 < |
76 L |
92 \ |
108 i |
124 | |
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45 - |
61 = |
77 |
93] |
109 m |
125 } |
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46. |
62 > |
78 N |
94 ^ |
110 n |
126 ~ |
|
47/ |
63? |
79 |
95 _ |
111 0 |
127 |
3. Windows 1251
128 |
144 |
160 |
176 |
192 |
208 |
224 |
240 |
|
129 |
145 ` |
161 |
177 |
193 |
209 |
225 |
241 |
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130, |
146 ' |
162 |
178 I |
194 |
210 |
226 |
242 |
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131 |
147 |
163 |
179 i |
195 |
211 |
227 |
243 |
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132 |
148 |
164 |
180 |
196 |
212 |
228 |
244 |
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133. |
149 |
165 |
181 |
197 |
213 X |
229 |
245 |
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134 |
150 - |
166 |
182 |
198 |
214 |
230 |
246 |
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135 |
151 - |
167 |
183 |
199 3 |
215 |
231 |
247 |
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136? |
152 |
168 |
184 |
200 |
216 |
232 |
248 |
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137 |
153 |
169 |
185 |
201 |
217 |
233 |
249 |
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138 |
154 |
170 |
186 |
202 |
218 |
234 |
250 |
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139 < |
155 > |
171 " |
187 " |
203 |
219 |
235 |
251 |
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140 |
156 \ |
172 |
188 j |
204 |
220 |
236 |
252 |
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141 |
157: |
173 - |
189 S |
205 |
221 |
237 |
253 |
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142 |
158 |
174 |
190 s |
206 |
222 |
238 |
254 |
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143 |
159 |
175 |
191 |
207 |
223 |
239 |
255 |
UNICODE
, ' , (256). , , , . , 16- , - UNICODE. س 65 536 - .
, ( UNICODE ). 90- , .
, , , . () , , . - 256 , , , - .
. : (Red, R), (Green, G) (Blue, ). - , , . RGB . 256 ( ), - - , () 24 . 16,5 . , . 24 (True Color).
, , . , - , . ³, : (Cyan, ), (Magenta, ) (Yellow, ). , , - , . , - (Black, K). CMYK ( , , ), 32 . (True Color).
, , ' , . 16- High Color.
256 . . , , 256 , , , , () , . , - (, , , , : , - ).
() 1 ( ) ( ). - dpi. mxn.
' , .
, , 256 640 480, ' ':
8 640 480 = 2457600 () = 307200 () = 300 ().
. . . .
FM (Frequency Modulation), , , , , , . , . - - (). , , - (). , ' , , . , , .
- (Wave-Table) . , , " . . , , , , , , , , . "" , , , .
2. , ' .
1. ,
35+N=35+10=4510=558=2D16=1011012 - 1 ;
100+N=100+10=11010=1568=6E16=11011102 - 1 ;
1000+N=1000+10=101010=17628=3F216=11111100102 - 2 .
N .
2.
o 1238=8310=10100112 - 1 ;
o 7658=50110=1111101012 - 2 ;
o 22218=116910=100100100012 - 2 ;
o 4378=28710=1000111112 - 2 ;
o 45328=239410=1001010110102 - 2 ;
o 238=1910=100112 - 1 ;
o 1428=9810=11000102 - 1 ;
o 244328=1052210=101001000110102 - 2 ;
o 1118=7310=10010012 - 1 ;
o 7718=50510=1111110012 - 2 ;
o 138=1110=10112 - 1 ;
o 568=4610=1011102 - 1 ;
o 3768=25410=111111102 - 1 ;
o 12A16=29810=1001010102 - 2 ;
o 7516=198910=111110001012 - 2 ;
o 2116=259310=1010001000012 - 2 ;
o A316=275510=1010110000112 - 2 ;
o E316=22710=111000112 - 1 ;
o 316=17910=101100112 - 1 ;
o A16=301810=1011110010102 - 2 ;
o 43216=4203410=10100100001100102 - 3 ;
o 11116=27310=1000100012 - 2 ;
o 79116=193710=111100100012 - 2 ;
o B16=17110=101010112 - 1 ;
o 5616=8610=10101102 - 1 ;
o 37816=88810=11011110002 - 2 .
3. ' ', .
4. ASCII Windows 1251, , ' - ' '. ' ' UNICODE?
1) -
Windows 1251 :
- 20910= 110100012;
- 20610= 110011102;
- 19410= 110000102;
- 110100011100111011000010 - 3 ASCII Windows 1251; 6 Unicode.
2) Savenko Olena Volodumurivna - SOV ASCII :
S - 8310= 10100112;
O - 7910= 10011112;
V - 8610= 10101102.
SOV - 101001110011111010110 - 3 ASCII Windows 1251; 6 Unicode.
ASCII Windows 1251, .
Unicode 2 ., .
5. ' ', :
o 2 4 RGB;
o 5 6 CMYK, 24 24 .
'
1) : S=2 4=8 (2). 1 2: n = 24 24 = 576. S:
N = 576 8 = 4608.
RGB .
V = 3 4608 = 13824 () =13824: 1024 () 13,5 ()
0,01 ().
2) : S=5 6=30 (2). 1 2: n = 24 24 = 576. S:
N = 576 30 = 17280.
CMYK .
V = 4 17280 = 69120 () = 69120: 1024 () 67,5 ()
0,07 ().
6. 5.
3. , .
1. ?
2. ?
3. 10, 8, 16?
4. ? ?
5. ?
6. ASCII, Windows 1251 UNICODE?
7. ' ?
8. RGB, CMYK - ?
9. ?
10. ?
1. ϳ - , . . () , . , n , :
(n-1n-2n-3n-4 10) m = n-1. mn-1 + n-2. mn-2 + +0. m0
m - ;
i - - , 0 ? ?m; 0 ? ? (n-1);
mi - - .
m = 10, , : 09.
:
76110 = 7 102 + 6 101 + 1100.
2, 8, 16.
' , , ' : m=2; 1 0.
, , - .
. :
2=1, 21= 2, 22 = 4, 23=8, 24=16, 25=32, 26=64, 27=128, 28=256, 210=1024, 216=65536.
, ' . , , , ' .
2.
:
2, 2 , . , . :
22710= 111000112;
m- m , . , , 572 :
3. :
11100011,101000112 = 1 27 + 1 26+ 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 +1 2-1 + 0 2-2+ 1 2-3 + 0 2-4 + 0 2-5 + 0 2-6+ + 1 2-7 +1 2-8 = 128 +
+64 + 32 + 2 + 1 +0,5 + 0,125 + 0,0078 + 0,0039 = 227,6367
³
, (m=8, , , 07) (m=16, , , 09, AF) (.1).
.1
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0 |
0000 |
0 |
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0001 |
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0010 |
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0011 |
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0100 |
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0101 |
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0110 |
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0111 |
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1000 |
10 |
8 |
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1001 |
11 |
9 |
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10 |
1010 |
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11 |
1011 |
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B |
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12 |
1100 |
14 |
C |
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13 |
1101 |
15 |
D |
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14 |
1110 |
16 |
||
15 |
1111 |
17 |
F |
(. . ), - (. . ). . ³ . 3 ( ) 4 ( ), .
:
c) 111100112= 1111 00112 = F316
d) 1110100112 = 111 010 0112 =7238.
:
c) 916=1010 10012 =101010012
d) 3758=011 111 1012=111111012.
4. ij , .
- N N = A 2 p, - , m - , - ( ) . , . ( ) ' 32 :
1, , ' . .
- 127 +128. , , 127:
P = P + 127.
. ' 80 , 55 .
, , .
5. :
1 = 1024 (210 )
1 = 1024 (220 )
1 = 1024 (230 )
1 = 1024 (240 )
1 = 1024 (250 )
1 = 1024 (260 ).
6. , , . , - (ANSI - American National Standard Institute) ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange - ). ASCII - . 0 127, 128 255. 32 , , ( ' ). , , , , , , , . 32 127 , , , . ASCII 2.
ϳ ASCII , "" , , 128 255. ³ . ҳ .
, Windows-1251, "" - Microsoft, , , ( 3). ', Windows.
. '. ³ , , . , .
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