Etiology and pathogenesis, types, treatment of pulpits. Inflammation of dental pulp. An infection (microorganisms) which penetrats in the cavity of pulp chamber. Test of healthy pulp. Tapping of tooth directly. Root canal treatment. Tooth extraction.

Punishment, in modern criminal law, is a penalty inflicted by the state upon a person for committing a criminal offence. Many countries of the world have abolished the death penalty. The most severe form of punishment in Ukraine is life imprisonment.

Paddling, spanking, grabbing, shaking children as a corporal punishment. Various systems of corporal punishment used in the distant past. Detention as a kind of imprisonment. Lowering Grades for disciplinary reasons, such as tardiness or absence.

Biography of Pylyp Orlyk. "Pacts and the Constitution of the rights and liberties of the Army Zaporozhye", or so-called "Pylyp Orlyk's Constitution". Many interesting and progressive ideas in the constitution. Original legal platform "Mazepa’s movements".

The Evolution of English. Vowels and current English. Kinds of Sound Change. Causes of sound change. The Phoneme and Differing transcriptions. Early modern English pronunciation and spelling. Vowel changes in Middle English and Early New English.

Vowels and current English. Kinds of sound change. Early modern English pronunciation and spelling. Causes of sound change. Spelling: particular words. Pronunciation change and the great vowel shift. Some interpretation of the great vowel shift.