Языковое манипулирование в СМИ на примере электронной версии газеты "The Washington Post"

Таким образом, мы подтвердили наше теоретическое предположение о том, что синонимия может быть использована в целях языкового манипулирования.

От общего перейдем к частному и последовательно проанализируем каждую из статей для выявления в них средств языкового манипулирования.

Статья 1 Economic Downturn Expands Countrywide

Статья 2 Fed Takes Broad Action to Avert Financial Crisis

Выводы по второй главе

Результаты опытно - экспериментальной работы позволили сделать следующие выводы:

1. Анализ языковых средств электронной версии газеты The Washington Post, показал, что, несмотря на претензии данного издания на звание честной и независимой газеты, она все же использует средства языкового манипулирования для достижения определенного эффекта на читателей.

2. В газете выявлены следующие средства языкового манипулирования: синонимия, эвфемизация, синтаксические трансформации, метафора.

Заключение

В исследовательской работе поставлена и решена актуальная научно-лингвистическая задача: выявлены основные средства языкового манипулирования в СМИ.

Проведенное исследование подтвердило актуальность избранной проблемы и позволило сделать следующие выводы:

· Изучение специфики воздействия СМИ на сознание людей позволило определить языковое манипулирование как скрытое воздействия на людей через программирование их поведения, которое ставит своей задачей изменение мнений, побуждений и целей людей в нужном направлении. Современным источником языкового манипулирования являются СМИ, которые оказывают информационно-психологическое воздействие на человека с помощью языковых средств.

· Реализация языкового манипулирования возможна на различных языковых уровнях (лексическом, синтаксическом и стилистическом).

· Практический анализ электронной версии газеты The Washington Post показал, что наиболее распространенными средствами языкового манипулирования в данном источнике являются: синонимия, эвфемизация, изменение синтаксических конструкций, метафора. В большинстве случаев манипулирование осуществляться для введения адресатов в заблуждение относительно происходящего, с целью внедрить в сознание людей понимание сложившейся ситуации как временного явления, не несущего особого вреда, т.е. манипулирование применяется для смягчения социальной напряженности.

В заключение, необходимо отметить, что исследование проблемы языкового манипулирования является относительно новым направлением в филологии и социолингвистике

Полученные в данной работе выводы не претендуют на исчерпывающее решение рассматриваемой проблемы и требуют продолжения исследования проблемы языкового манипулирования в СМИ.

Список использованной литературы

1. Rozell M.J. Media Power, Media Politics: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008

2. Walton D. Media Argumentation: Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric. - New York.: Cambridge University Press, 2007

3. Апресян Ю.Д. Избранные труды, т. 1. Лексическая семантика. - М., 1995

4. Арутюнова Н. Д. Метафора и дискурс // Теория метафоры. М., 1990. с. 296.

5. Баранов А.Н. Русская политическая метафора (материалы к словарю) / А.Н.Баранов, Ю.Н.Караулов. - М., 1991. - 193 с.

6. Баскова Ю.С. Эвфемизмы как средство манипулирования в языке СМИ (на материале русского и английского языков).: Дис. …канд. фил. наук. Баскова Юлия Сергеевна. - Краснодар.: КубГУ, 2006.

7. Блакар Р.М. Язык как инструмент социальной власти // Язык и ?моделирование социального взаимодействия. М.: Прогресс, 1987. - С. 91

8. Грачев Г., Мельник И. Приемы и техника манипуляционного воздействия в массовых информационных процессах // Проблемы информационно-психологической безопасности. - РАН. Институт психологии. М., 1996.

9. Данилова А.А. Языковое манипулирование в СМИ как способ разрушения традиционной системы ценностей и языковой картины мира. // Современные вопросы общественно-речевой практики. М.: Макс-Пресс, 2005 г. - с. 25-46. 1 п.л.

10. Джонсон М., Лакофф Дж. Метафоры, которыми мы живем. - М.: Издательство ЛКИ, 2008. - 256 с.

11. Доценко Е. Л. Психология манипуляции: феномены, механизмы и защита.-- СПб.: Издательство Речь, 2003. -- 304 с.

12. Кара-Мурза С. Манипуляция сознанием. - М.: "Эксмо", 2009

13. Любимова А.А. Лексические способы языкового манипулирования сознанием в западных средствах массовой информации // Актуальные вопросы внешней и внутренней лингвистики. - М.: Макс Пресс, 2006.

14. Остин Дж. Л. Слово как действие // Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. Выпуск 17. Москва: Прогресс, 1986. - С. 22 - 131.

15. Чудинов А.П. Политическая лингвистика / А.П.Чудинов.- Екатеринбург: Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2003.

16. Язык средств массовой информации. Под ред. М.Н. Володиной. Учебное пособие для вузов. М.: 2008. - 760 с.

17. LONGMAN Dictionary of Contemporary English: Pearson, 2003

18. Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, edited by John Simpson and Edmund Weiner, Clarendon Press, 2007.

19. Ожегов С.И. Словарь русского языка: ок 70 000 слов. - 21-е изд., ?перераб. и доп. - М.: Рус. яз., 2006.

Приложение 1

Economic Downturn Expands Countrywide

Fed Report Signals Weakness in Variety of Industries

By Neil Irwin

Washington Post Staff Writer

Thursday, March 6, 2008

The economic downturn, which started in the handful of states where the housing market was in the worst shape, is spreading to almost every corner of the country and to a wide variety of industries, according to a Federal Reserve report released yesterday.

The trouble is showing up in such disparate ways as weaker demand for staffing services in New England, lower trucking volume in Ohio and surrounding states, and a resistance to spending money on capital projects by financial institutions on the West Coast.

That assessment is based on the "beige book," a compilation of anecdotes from businesses around the country gathered by the Fed's 12 regional banks. The previous report, in the middle of January, found signs of weakness in certain states and industries but described a U.S. economy that was generally holding up.

This time, two-thirds of the Fed's districts described a softening or weakening in the pace of business activity, and the others all referred to subdued, slow, or modest growth.

"The slowing is broad-based," said Julia Coronado, a senior U.S. economist at Barclays Capital. "It's definitely not just a regional issue anymore."

There was some better news about the economy yesterday, though in the current environment, better is a relative concept. An index of business activity at non-manufacturing businesses, based on a survey by the Institute for Supply Management rose to 49.3 in February -- a sharp rise over January but still indicating a contraction in the service sector.

The January reading of 44.6 had stunned analysts and prompted concern that a severe recession could be in the offing; the more modest contraction in February was a relief. "It tells us growth remains sluggish," said Peter Kretzmer, a senior economist at Bank of America. "It's not alarming like last month's number was."

Also yesterday, the Labor Department said the nation's businesses are becoming more productive, as output per hour worked rose at a solid 1.9 percent annual rate in the fourth quarter. But labor costs per unit of output also rose, suggesting some inflation is occurring.

Since the financial markets entered crisis mode in August and the housing market downturn contracted, leaders of the Federal Reserve have been looking for evidence that ordinary businesses were being affected -- not just home builders and Wall Street banks.

The beige book offered that evidence in spades. The business environment for manufacturers was "mixed, but on the whole, subdued," a conclusion underscored by a Commerce Department report yesterday that factory orders fell 2.5 percent in January.

The Fed report described vehicle sales as "slow or sluggish, with little exception." Trucking, shipping, and other transportation services were off. Banks were tightening the availability of credit in most areas, and demand for loans was stable to dropping.

And not only did weakness continue in the residential real estate sector, but it also showed signs of spreading into commercial real estate -- offices, shopping centers, and the like. Among the precious few signs of life in the national real estate market was from the New York Fed, which reported that "Manhattan's co-op and condo market has shown some resilience."

"What this says to me is it's pretty bad out there," said David Wyss, chief economist of Standard & Poor's. "Everything we're getting in is looking more and more like the start of a recession."

The report strengthens the case for the Fed to cut interest rates further to stimulate the economy, which it is all but certain to do at a March 18 meting.

The most significant exceptions to that ugly picture were in sectors that have benefited from rising prices for commodities, especially food and energy. Phenomena that are a drain on most Americans' pocketbooks can be quite lucrative for those who drill for oil or grow corn. "High prices and a large 2007 crop has boosted farm income and spurred investment in farm equipment," reported the Dallas Fed.

Those same high prices, however, are fueling inflation, as reflected in the most recent indexes on consumer and wholesale prices.

"Contacts outside of the construction and retail industries generally reported that they were passing on these cost increases to their customers," the Chicago Fed said.

But while the economy is clearly in bad shape at the moment, it is less clear, from either the beige book or yesterday's data, whether this will be merely a period of sub par growth, or something more damaging.

"We are in a slow period of growth," said Coronado, the Barclays economist. "But what we didn't get from the report was any sense that things are contracting at a rapid pace. It's really hard to tell how deep and how persistent this weakness will be."

Приложение 2

Fed Takes Broad Action to Avert Financial Crisis

Central Bank Backs Sale of Bear Stearns, Cuts Key Interest Rate, Extends New Credit

By Neil Irwin and David Cho

Washington Post Staff Writers

Monday, March 17, 2008; A01

The Federal Reserve took dramatic action on multiple fronts last night to avert a crisis of the global financial system, backing the acquisition of wounded investment firm Bear Stearns and increasing the flow of money to other banks squeezed for credit.

After a weekend of marathon negotiations in New York and Washington, the central bank undertook a broad effort to prevent key financial players from going under, including the unprecedented offer of short-term loans to investment banks and an unexpected cut in a special bank interest rate.

As part of the deal, J.P. Morgan Chase, a major Wall Street bank, will buy Bear Stearns for a bargain-basement price, paying $2 a share for an institution that still plays a central role in executing financial transactions. Bear Stearns stock closed at $57 on Thursday and $30 on Friday. J.P. Morgan was unwilling to assume the risk of many of Bear Stearns's mortgage and other complicated assets, so the Federal Reserve agreed to take on the risk of about $30 billion worth of those investments.

The Fed "is working to promote liquid, well-functioning financial markets, which are essential for economic growth," Chairman Ben S. Bernanke said in a conference call with reporters last night. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson Jr., who was deeply involved in the talks though not a formal party to them, indicated support for the actions.

The Fed's moves were meant to reverse a rising tide of panic that has buffeted Wall Street as banks and other institutions have found it increasingly difficult to get credit. While the steps may head off a generalized run on Wall Street banks, the central bank's intervention looks unlikely to calm the recent volatility on markets as the trading week begins.

Asian markets opened sharply lower, with the Japanese Nikkei index down more than 4 percent at the end of its morning trading session today. Hong Kong's Hang Seng index dropped more than 5 percent in early trading; markets in Australia and New Zealand were also down. And the dollar was down sharply, hitting a new low against the euro and the lowest level against the yen since 1995.

The extraordinary measures were made necessary, in the view of the policymakers, by the most dire threat facing world financial markets in years. Bear Stearns, in particular, was confronting a run on the bank as investors were too fearful of the future to make even overnight loans to the nation's fifth-largest investment firm. If it had been allowed to fail, senior officials believed, it would have created a cascading crisis of confidence that could well have brought down several other leading firms and dragged world markets with them.

Policymakers weighed that risk against the risk that their actions would create "moral hazard," or greater willingness of companies to take inappropriate chances. The officials stressed that their efforts were meant not to save shareholders of Bear Stearns or any other company but to keep markets from collapsing.

J.P. Morgan Chase, one of the few Wall Street firms to receive only modest scars from the meltdown in the market for U.S. mortgage loans and other debt, agreed to buy Bear Stearns just two days after making an emergency loan to the investment firm. Leaders at the Fed and the Treasury strongly encouraged the firms to execute the transaction -- and to announce before Asian markets opened today -- so that investors would be comfortable doing business through the company.

Paulson welcomed the deal. "Last Friday, I said that market participants are addressing challenges and I am pleased with recent developments. I appreciate the additional actions taken this evening by the Federal Reserve to enhance the stability, liquidity and orderliness of our markets," he said in a statement.

J.P. Morgan was happy to buy most of Bear, but wanted no part of its portfolio of complicated mortgage and other investments. Paulson and Bernanke were personally involved in the talks and told J.P. Morgan Chase executives that they could not buy just the most valuable pieces of Bear Stearns because there were global financial issues at stake.

Fed leaders, eager for the transaction to happen and wary of anything that would result in a fire sale of those risky assets, agreed to finance those assets and then sell them in an orderly way. In effect, the Fed has taken on the risk that these assets might be less valuable than anyone currently realizes.

This has been a remarkably fast fall for a titan of Wall Street. It took 85 years to build Bear Stearns and four days for it to dissolve. But the troubles for Bear Stearns may not be over. Shareholder lawsuits could be filed against the firm if investors suspect Bear Stearns officials knew Friday that bank's value practically evaporated but failed to disclose that information publicly.

The trio of Fed actions aim to ensure that other top Wall Street firms do not experience a similar bank run.

The central bank will now make it possible for investment banks to borrow money as long as they put up collateral. The Fed in effect is offering to be a lender of last resort for 20 major Wall Street firms, a role it has previously played only for commercial banks.

Since the central bank was created in 1913, it has served as a lender of last resort for ordinary banks, allowing them to post high-quality loans at a "discount window" in exchange for cash.

Last night, it announced a new provision that will in effect do the same for major investment firms. Starting today, and lasting for at least six months, this new operation will allow "primary dealers," which are 20 major Wall Street firms, access to cash in exchange for assets in which the market is not currently functioning.

And by lowering the discount rate, borrowing that money will be cheaper for both commercial banks using the discount window and investment firms using the new initiative.

The reduction in the discount rate -- a quarter percentage point cut to 3.25 percent -- will lower the rate banks are charged for emergency loans. That rate does not directly affect the cost for businesses and consumers to borrow money.

The five Fed governors voted unanimously to approve the actions, stating that the moves were designed to "bolster market liquidity and promote orderly market functioning." They are the latest in a series of unconventional actions taken by the central bank in the past six months.

Размещено на Allbest.ru