Idioms and slangs in M. Twain's work

Russian: После этого Том, как говорится, препоясал чресла и приступил к зазубриванию стихов из Библии. [19, c. 128]

Analysis: The expression to gird up somebody's loins literally, means «put on your underwear.» It's a idiom meaning preparing to do something difficult, «prepare for the worst» or «prepare to defend yourself.» It was very boring and difficult to sit and memorize the verses for Tom but he didn't have a choice.

44) English: Tom bent all his energies to the memorizing of five verses, and he chose part of the Sermon on the Mount, because he could find no verses that were shorter. [18, p. 128]

Russian: Том приложил все силы, для того чтобы затвердить наизусть пять стихов, выбрав их из Нагорной проповеди, потому что нигде не нашел стихов короче. [19, c. 130]

Analysis: The Sermon on the Mount is a collection of sayings and teachings of Jesus, which emphasizes his moral teaching found in the Gospel of Matthew. It is the first of the Five Discourses of Matthew and takes place relatively early in the Ministry of Jesus after he has been baptized by John the Baptist and preached in Galilee.

45) English: «Never you mind, Tom. You know if I say it's nice, it is nice.» «You bet you that's so, Mary. All right, I'll tackle it again.» [18, p. 133]

Russian: Не все ли тебе равно. Раз я сказала, что хорошую, значит, хорошую. - Ну да уж ты не обманешь. Ладно, я пойду приналягу. [19, c. 134]

Analysis: Never mind is an idiom, which means don't bother, don't concern yourself. Mary wanted Tom to memorize the verses and didn't want him to pay attention to something else, she promised him that she will give him something if he memorize the verses.

To tackle is an old slang used in Tom Sawyer's times. It means that he will try to memorize the verses without a big desire. Study was the hardest job for Tom, especially boring books about the Bible.

46) English: True, the knife would not cut anything, but it was a «sure-enough» Barlow, and there was inconceivable grandeur in that - though where the Western boys ever got the idea that such a weapon could possibly be counterfeited to its injury is an imposing mystery and will always remain so, perhaps. [18, p. 136]

Russian: Правда, ножик совсем не резал, зато это была не какая-нибудь подделка, а настоящий ножик фирмы Барлоу, в чем и заключалось его непостижимое очарование; хотя откуда мальчики Западных штатов взяли, что это грозное оружие можно подделать и что подделка была бы хуже оригинала, совершенно неизвестно и, надо полагать, навсегда останется тайной. [19, c. 138]

Analysis: Sure-enough Barlow means, that Tom was sure that the knife Mary gave him was Barlow knife. An inexpensive, one - or two-bladed pocketknife. I guess this type of knife was very popular among the boys of Tom's age.

47) English: The girl «put him to rights» after he had dressed himself; she buttoned his neat roundabout up to his chin, turned his vast shirt collar down over his shoulders, brushed him off and crowned him with his speckled straw hat. [18, p. 137]

Russian: После того как он оделся сам, Мэри привела его в порядок: она застегнула на нем чистенькую курточку до самого подбородка, отвернула книзу широкий воротник и расправила его по плечам, почистила Тома щеткой и надела ему соломенную шляпу с крапинками. [19, c. 139]

Analysis: To put him to rights means to dress somebody, make him to look nice and ready to go outside. Tom didn't like to dress up, because he thought that only girls should look nice, but Mary liked when Tom looked good, so every Sunday she used to put him to rights.

48) English: The next moment he was «showing off» with all his might - cuffing boys, pulling hair, making faces - in a word, using every art that seemed likely to fascinate a girl and win her applause. [18, p. 140]

Russian: В следующую минуту он уже старался из всех сил: колотил мальчишек, дергал их за волосы, строил рожи, - словом, делал все возможное, чтобы очаровать девочку и заслужить ее одобрение. [19, c. 142]

Analysis: The idiom to win her applause shouldn't be understood literally, Mark Twain tried to say that Tom wanted to meet approval of the girl.

49) English: Say - look! he's a going to shake hands with him - he IS shaking hands with him! By jings, don't you wish you was Jeff?» [18, p. 144]

Russian: Гляди, протянул ему руку - здоровается! Вот ловко! Скажи, небось хочется быть на месте Джефа? [19, c. 145]

Analysis: By jings is an old slang, it is not used nowadays, but in times of Tom Sawyer it was something close to modern damn it! Damn is used: to declare (something) to be bad, unfit, invalid, or illegal; to condemn as a failure: to damn a play; to bring condemnation upon; ruin; to doom to eternal punishment or condemn to hell; to swear at or curse, using the word «damn». Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!

50) English: But there was no getting around it - here were the certified checks, and they were good for their face. [18, p. 146] Russian: Но делать было нечего - налицо были подписанные счета, и по ним следовало платить. [19, c. 148]

Analysis: Mark Twain used the expression getting around it to explain us that mr. Walters couldn't do anything with that thing. Of course, mr. Walters knew that Tom didn't deserve the Bible book.

51) English: These despised themselves, as being the dupes of a wily fraud, a guileful snake in the grass. [18, p. 148]

Russian: Они сами себя презирали за то, что дались в обман хитрому проныре и попались на удочку. [19, c. 150]

Analysis: Here in this sentence Mark Twain compared Tom Sawyer with a guileful snake. Other boys were very mad at themselves that such a cunning and artful person got what he wanted with their help.

52) English: Tom was introduced to the Judge; but his tongue was tied, his breath would hardly come, his heart quaked - partly because of the awful greatness of the man, but mainly because he was her parent. [18, p. 152]

Russian: Тома представили судье; но язык у него прилип к гортани, сердце усиленно забилось, и он едва дышал - отчасти подавленный грозным величием этого человека, но главным образом тем, что это был ее отец. [19, c. 154]

Analysis: Tongue was tied is a slang, meaning that a person can't speak, can't find the words to say as from shyness, embarrassment, or surprise.

53) English: Tom had no handkerchief, and he looked upon boys who had as snobs. [18, p. 154]

Russian: У Тома платка и в заводе не было, поэтому всех мальчиков, у которых были платки, онсчитал франтами. [19, c. 156]

Analysis: A snob, guilty of snobbery, is someone who adopts the worldview that some people are inherently inferior to him/her for any one of a variety of reasons, including real or supposed intellect, wealth, education, ancestry, etc. Often, the form of snobbery reflects the offending individual's socio-economic background. For example, a common snobbery of the affluent is the affectation that wealth is either the cause or result of superiority, or both, as in the case of privileged children.

However, a form of snobbery can be adopted by someone not a part of that group; a pseudo-intellectual is a type of snob. Such a snob imitates the manners, adopts the worldview, and affects the lifestyle of a social class of people to which he or she aspires, but does not yet belong, and to which he or she may never belong.

A snob is perceived by those being imitated as an arriviste, perhaps nouveau riche or parvenu, and the elite group closes ranks to exclude such outsiders, often by developing elaborate social codes, symbolic status and recognizable marks of language. The snobs, in response, refine their behavior model.

In other words, a snob is a stuck up person who thinks they're «all that» and better than everyone else.

54) English: The boys all hated him, he was so good. And besides, he had been «thrown up to them» so much. [18, p. 156]

Russian: Зато все мальчишки его терпеть не могли, до того он был хороший; кроме того, Вилли постоянно ставили им в пример. [19, c. 157]

Analysis: It means that he was always saying stuff about how he was so much better than and superior to them.

55) English: At church «sociables», he was always called upon to read poetry; and when he was through, the ladies would lift up their hands and let them fall helplessly in their laps, and «wall» their eyes, and shake their heads, as much as to say, «Words cannot express it; it is too beautiful, TOO beautiful for this mortal earth.» [18, p. 158] Russian: На церковных собраниях его всегда просили почитать стихи, и как только он умолкал, все дамы поднимали кверху руки и, словно обессилев, роняли их на колени, закатывали глаза и трясли головами, будто говоря: «Словами этого никак не выразишь, это слишком хорошо, слишком хорошо для нашей грешной земли». [18, c. 160]

Analysis: The word socialbles means that a person is friendly and interacts very well with strangers. The minister was a person, who was very involved in social life and always helps other people. To wall their eyes means that they rolled up their eyes. Probably woman were very admired to listen to minister's words and they were very happy at that moment.

56) English: After the hymn had been sung, the Rev. Mr. Sprague turned himself into a bulletin-board, and read off «notices» of meetings and societies and things till it seemed that the list would stretch out to the crack of doom - a queer custom which is still kept up in America, even in cities, away here in this age of abundant newspapers. [18, p. 161]

Russian: После того как пропели гимн, его преподобие мистер Спрэг повернулся к доске объявлений и стал читать извещения о собраниях, сходках и тому подобном, пока всем не начало казаться, что он так и будет читать до втoрого пришествия, - странный обычай, которого до сих пор придерживаются в Америке, даже в больших городах, невзирая на множество газет. [19, c. 163]

Analysis: The literal meaning of the expression the crack of doom is (New Testament) day at the end of time following Armageddon when God will decree the fates of all individual humans according to the good and evil of their earthly lives. Mark Twain used this expression just to explain us that mr. Sprague could talk for a very long time and it was very hard to stop him.

57) English: He was restive all through it; he kept tally of the details of the prayer, unconsciously - for he was not listening, but he knew the ground of old, and the clergyman's regular route over it - and when a little trifle of new matter was interlarded, his ear detected it and his whole nature resented it; he considered additions unfair, and scoundrelly. [18, p. 163]

Russian: И когда пастор вставлял от себя что-нибудь новенькое, Том ловил ухом непривычные слова, и вся его натура возмущалась: он считал такие прибавления нечестными и жульническими. [19, c. 165]

Analysis: A trifle is a thing of little or no value or significance. The minister liked to add something from himself to those words in the book.

58) English: The minister gave out his text and droned along monotonously through an argument that was so prosy that many a head by and by began to nod - and yet it was an argument that dealt in limitless fire and brimstone and thinned the predestined elect down to a company so small as to be hardly worth the saving. [18, p. 167]

Russian: Проповедник прочел текст из Библии и пустился рассуждать скучным голосом о чем-то таком неинтересном, что многие прихожане начали клевать носом, хотя, в сущности, речь шла о преисподней и вечных муках, а число праведников, которым предназначено было спастись, пастор довел до такой ничтожной цифры, что и спасать-то их не стоило. [19, c. 168]

Analysis: This sentence is difficult to understand, because it was written in Mark Twain's language. The phrase to nod a head means usually an approval signal, which means that the person agrees with you. But in this sentence the phrase to nod a head means, that everybody was so bored by minister's speech that they were almost sleeping.

59) English: «Tom, why didn't you wake me sooner? Oh, Tom, DON'T! It makes my flesh crawl to hear you. Tom, what is the matter?» [18, p. 167] Russian: Том, чего же ты меня раньше не разбудил? Ой, Том, перестань. Просто мороз по коже дерет тебя слушать. Том, да что с тобой? [19, c. 168]

Analysis: To make (someone's) flesh crawl means «to cause someone's skin to feel funny». Sid was meaning that he was very scared of Tom's condition.

60) English: «Rubbage! I don't believe it!» [18, p. 168]

Russian: Пустяки! Не верю! [19, c. 169]

Analysis: Rubbage is an old slang, which is not used nowadays; people changed this word to another one. Rubbish is like trash when someone says this movie or song is rubbish there reffering to it as junk and calling it bad if they say something u said was rubbish they could even be reffering to what u said was a lie. Aunt Polly said rubbage, because she used not to believe Tom, and Sid's words that he was dying sounded very silly to her.

61) English: «Oh, auntie, my sore toe's mortified!» [18, p. 170]

Russian: Ой, тетечка, у меня на пальце гангрена! [19, c. 171]

Analysis: Tom said mortified and he was meaning the foot gangrene. Of course, he didn't know the name of the disease, which could help him to stay at home and not to go to school.

62) English: «Oh, please, auntie, don't pull it out. It don't hurt any more. I wish I may never stir if it does. [18, p. 171]

Russian: Ой, тетечка, только не надо его дергать. Теперь он уже совсем не болит. Помереть мне на этом месте, ни чуточки не болит. [19, c. 172]

Analysis: I may never stir if it does. This expression means that a person is swearing. Tom was swearing that his tooth doesn't hurt. 63) English: His heart was heavy, and he said with a disdain which he did not feel that it wasn't anything to spit like Tom Sawyer; but another boy said, «Sour grapes!» and he wandered away a dismantled hero. [18, p. 171]

Russian: Он был очень этим огорчен и сказал пренебрежительно, что не видит ничего особенного в том, чтобы плевать, как Том Сойер, но другой мальчик ответил только: «Зелен виноград!» - и развенчанному герою пришлось со стыдом удалиться. [19, c. 172]

Analysis: The idiom «sour grapes» has its history. In an old fable by Aesop, a hungry fox noticed a bunch of juicy grapes hanging from a vine. After several failed attempts to reach the grapes, the fox gave up and insisted that he didn't want them anyway because they were probably sour. Nowadays when somebody expresses sour grapes, it means that they put down something simply because they can't have it. The phrase is often used incorrectly as another way to express bitterness or resentment.

64) English: Shortly Tom came upon the juvenile pariah of the village, Huckleberry Finn, son of the town drunkard. [18, p. 172]

Russian: Вскоре Том повстречал юного парию Гекльберри Финна, сына первого сент-питерсбергского пьяницы. [19, c. 173]

Analysis: The word pariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position, recalls a much more rigid social system, which made only certain people pariahs. The caste system of India placed pariahs, also known as Untouchables, very low in society. The word pariah, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil pa?aiyar, the plural of pa?aiyan, the caste name, which literally means «(hereditary) drummer» and comes from the word pa?ai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613. Its use in English and its extension in meaning probably owe much to the long period of British rule in India.

65) English: No, sir, you can bet he didn't, becuz he's the wartiest boy in this town; and he wouldn't have a wart on him if he'd knowed how to work spunk-water [18, p. 172] Russian: Ну еще бы, конечно, не так: то-то у него и бородавок уйма, как ни у кого другого во всем городе; а если б он знал, как обращаться с гнилой водой, то ни одной не было бы. [19, c. 173]

Analysis: The wartiest boy means that the boy had many warts all over his body. The word «wart» is a noun and can't be used as an adjective. But two boys, Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer were not one of the diligent boys and this was the manner of their conversation.

66) English: Devils don't slosh around much of a Sunday, I don't reckon.» [18, p. 173]

Russian: Не думаю, чтобы чертям можно было везде шляться по воскресеньям. [19, c. 174]

Analysis: The slang slosh means to walk around. Devils don't walk around much of a Sunday, I don't reckon.

67) English: Tom got out a bit of paper and carefully unrolled it. Huckleberry viewed it wistfully. The temptation was very strong. At last he said: «Is it genuwyne?» [18, p. 174]

Russian: Том вытащил и осторожно развернул бумажку с зубом. Гекльберри с завистью стал его разглядывать. Искушение было слишком велико. Наконец он сказал: - А он настоящий? [19, c. 175]

Analysis: It is more correct to say genuine, than genywyne. Genuine is a word that can be used to mean, truly, or something is not a counterfeit. In relation to an individual, a genuine person is one whom is always sincere and tells no lie. It can be regarded as one of the characters a human being can depict.

68) English: «Thomas Sawyer, this is the most astounding confession I have ever listened to. No mere ferule will answer for this offence. Take off your jacket.» [18, p. 175] Russian: Томас Сойер, это самое поразительное признание, какое я только слышал. Одной линейки мало за такой проступок. Снимите вашу куртку. [19, c. 176]

Analysis: «No mere ferule» - a «ferule» is a device such as a cane, plank of wood (called a paddle), or other device used to spank a bad child; in this case, the schoolmaster told Tom, who was to be punished for tardiness, that Tom would not be spanked by a paddle but with something else;

69) English: She observed it, «made a mouth» at him and gave him the back of her head for the space of a minute. [18, p. 176]

Russian: Она это заметила, презрительно поджала губы и на минуту даже повернулась к Тому спиной. [19, c. 177]

Analysis: To make a mouth is an idiomatic expression, which means to make a face, usually an unhappy one. The girl wanted to show her contempt in such way.

70) English: «Yes I do, indeed I do. Please let me.» [18, p. 177]

Russian: Нет, интересно. Покажите, пожалуйста. [19, c. 178]

Analysis: The word indeed means in fact; in truth (used for emphasis or confirmation)

71) English:«I been to the circus three or four times - lots of times. Church ain't shucks to a circus. There's things going on at a circus all the time. [18, p. 178]

Russian: А я сколько раз бывал, три или даже четыре раза. Церковь дрянь по сравнению с цирком. В цирке все время что-нибудь представляют. [19, c. 179]

Analysis: Church ain't shucks to a circus. It means the church is nothing when compared with a circus, that a circus has greater value and significance than church matters, that entertainment is much more lively and interesting than going to church any day. 72) English: She was still standing back there in the corner, sobbing, with her face to the wall. Tom's heart smote him. [18, p. 179]

Russian: Бекки все стояла в углу, лицом к стене, и всхлипывала. Том почувствовал угрызения совести. [19, c. 180]

Analysis: Heart smote him an idiomatic expression which means a sense of guilt for doing something wrong. Tom felt himself guilty, because Becky was crying.

73) English: So she sat down to cry again and upbraid herself; and by this time the scholars began to gather again, and she had to hide her griefs and still her broken heart and take up the cross of a long, dreary, aching afternoon, with none among the strangers about her to exchange sorrows with. [18, p. 179]

Russian: Она села и опять заплакала, упрекая себя; а в это время в школу уже начали собираться другие дети; ей пришлось затаить свое горе, унять свое страдающее сердце и нести крест весь этот долгий, скучный, тяжелый день, а кругом были одни чужие, и ей не с кем было поделиться своим горем. [19, c. 180]

Analysis: «Take up the cross» - an idiom with a biblical reference to someone who suffers as did Jesus carrying his cross to his ultimate scene of death.

74) English: No - better still, he would join the Indians, and hunt buffaloes and go on the warpath in the mountain ranges and the trackless great plains of the Far West, and away in the future come back a great chief, bristling with feathers, hideous with paint, and prance into Sunday-school, some drowsy summer morning, with a blood-curdling war-whoop, and sear the eyeballs of all his companions with unappeasable envy. [18, p. 180]

Russian: Нет, еще лучше, он уйдет к индейцам, будет охотиться на буйволов, вступит на военную тропу, где-нибудь там, в горах или в девственных прериях Дальнего Запада, и когда-нибудь в будущем вернется великим вождем, весь утыканный орлиными перьями, страшно размалеванный, и в какое-нибудь мирное летнее утро ворвется в воскресную школу с диким военным кличем, от которого кровь стынет в жилах, так что у всех его товарищей глаза лопнут от зависти. [19, c. 181]

Analysis: «Sear the eyeballs» - idiomatic phrase used to describe the expected way viewers' eyes would react to the sight of Tom, just returned as an Indian, painted face, feathers, and all;

75) English: All the old graves were sunken in, there was not a tombstone on the place; round-topped, worm-eaten boards staggered over the graves, leaning for support and finding none. [18, p. 181]

Russian: Старые могилы провалились; ни один могильный камень не стоял, как полагается, на своем месте; изъеденные червями, трухлявые надгробия клонились над могилами, словно ища поддержки и не находя ее. [19, c. 182]

Analysis: «Leaning for support and finding none» - a humorous phrase used by the author when describing the headboards on the graves that are leaning and falling down;

HISTORICAL NOTE: only wealthy people could afford headstones (tombstones) and the necessary engraving on them; the average person had a simple wooden headboard that would decay over a short period of time and need replacing;

76) English: Some vague figures approached through the gloom, swinging an old-fashioned tin lantern that freckled the ground with innumerable little spangles of light. Presently Huckleberry whispered with a shudder: [18, p. 182]

Russian: Какие-то темные фигуры приближались к ним во мраке, раскачивая старый жестяной фонарь, от которого на землю ложились бесчисленные пятнышки света, точно веснушки. Тут Гек прошептал, весь дрожа: [19, c. 183]

Analysis: Tin lantern - a (usually) rectangular box made out of tin metal, with many holes punched into the sides in order to allow the light from the candle to shine outside; this type of lantern was a «pierced tin lantern» because of the multitude of pierced holes;

HISTORICAL NOTE: in the days before flashlights, a lantern allowed a candle to be taken outside because the lantern protected the candle from going out if it was rainy or windy outside; by the mid-19th century, pierced tin lanterns had been replaced with candle lanterns that used glass plates on the sides in order to allow light to pass more freely;

77) English: Every stump that started up in their path seemed a man and an enemy, and made them catch their breath; and as they sped by some outlying cottages that lay near the village, the barking of the aroused watch-dogs seemed to give wings to their feet. [18, p. 183]

Russian: Каждый пень, выраставший перед ними из мрака, они принимали за человека, за врага и цепенели от ужаса; а когда они пробегали мимо уединенно стоявших домиков, уже совсем близко от городка, то от лая проснувшихся сторожевых собак у них на ногах словно выросли крылья. [19, c. 184]

Analysis: «Give wings to their feet» - idiomatic expression meaning that they ran so fast that it was if they were flying;

78) English: «If Doctor Robinson dies, I reckon hanging'll come of it.» [18, p. 184]

Russian: Если доктор Робинсон умрет, то кончится виселицей. [19, c. 185]

Analysis: Hanging - the term used to describe capital (death penalty) punishment, this punishment consisting of tying the criminal's hands, placing a tightened noose of rope around the criminal's neck, and dropping him a proscribed distance in order to break his neck and causing death; HISTORICAL NOTE: during the 19th century, it was still common for capital punishment, usually in the form of hangings, to be carried out in the courthouse square for all to see; the public, including children, were allowed to witness this punishment until the practice was outlawed in the early 20th century;

79) English: That Injun devil wouldn't make any more of drownding us than a couple of cats, if we was to squeak 'bout this and they didn't hang him. [18, p. 185]

Russian: Сам знаешь: если этого индейского дьявола не повесят, он не задумается нас утопить, как котят. [19, c. 186]

Analysis: «Drownding us than a couple of cats» - (drowning is misspelled) metaphor used to convey the fact that Tom and Huck would be killed, «if they talked», as easily as drowning a pair of cats;

HISTORICAL NOTE: up until the mid-20th century, it was common to rid oneself of stray cats by placing them in a feed sack, tying it closed, and throwing the sack into the river, drowning the cats; today, this practice would be considered inhumane and could cost a perpetrator a fine and/or jail time;

80) English: This final feather broke the camel's back. [18, p. 186]

Russian: Последнее перышко сломало спину верблюда. [19, c. 187]

Analysis: «This final feather broke the camel's back» - idiom for something that happens that is the final thing that causes a result to take place;



Conclusion

English is the chief language of international business and academic conferences, and the leading language of international tourism. English is the main language of popular music, advertising, home computers and video games. Most of the scientific, technological and academic information in the world is expressed in English. International communication expends very fast. The English language becomes the means of international communication, the language of trade, education, politics, and economics. People have to communicate with each other. It is very important for them to understand foreigners and be understood by them. In this case the English language comes to be one but very serious problem. A word comes to be a very powerful means of communication but also can be a cause of a great misunderstanding if it is not clearly understood by one of the speakers.

Slang is more or less common in nearly all ranks of society and in every walk of life at the present day. Slang words and expressions have crept into our everyday language, and so insidiously, that they have not been detected by the great majority of speakers, and so have become part and parcel of their vocabulary on an equal footing with the legitimate words of speech. They are called upon to do similar service as the ordinary words used in everyday conversation-to express thoughts and desires and convey meaning from one to another.

I have researched different types of slang in English language, people use slang in music, art, science, medicine, agriculture, internet, military, business, Bible, literature.

An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms, Catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs, etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary. The first difficulty that a translator comes across is being with an idiomatic expression. Generally speaking, the more difficult an expression is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more difficult an expression is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a translator will recognize it as an idiom. Because they do not make sense of interpreted literally, the high-lighted expressions in the following text are easy to recognize as idioms.

The way in which an idiom can be translated into another language depends on many factors. It is not only a question on many factors. It is not only a question of whether an idiom with a similar meaning is available in the target language. Other factors include, for example, the significance of the specific lexical items which constitute the idiom, i.e. whether they are manipulated elsewhere in the source text as well as the appropriateness or inappropriateness of using idiomatic language in a given register in the target language.

The main aim of my paperwork was to analyse slangs and idioms on Mark Thwain's works from English into Russian. I have chosen my favourite book «The Adventures of Tom Sawyer». This is one of the best works of Mark Twain. I hope that this paperwork will help students to understand slangs and idioms in English language and use them in practice.



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