The general knowledge of neologisms

Smexting - sending text messages while standing outside on a smoking break (comp) Smoke+text

Slivercasting - delivering video programming aimed at an extremely small audience (comp) Sliver+cast.

Besides these peculiarities we distinguished new meanings, borrowings, special word formation, which consist of: affixation, prefixation, suffixation, compounding, conversion, abbreviations and acronyms, word combinations and blending.

Speaking about word formation in generally and preffixation in particular I would like to pay attention to prefix -cyber. The prefix `cyber-' appears with astounding frequency on the Internet in ever-new combinations. The Oxford Dictionaries of New Words gives the following definition: “The first element of a wide variety of terms relating to computer-mediated electronic communications, particularly those which came to general prominence in the eighties and nineties, such as ELECTRONIC mail and the INTERNET.”(16)

This definition is absolutely accurate. The Oxford Dictionary of New Words lists 25 neologisms within this entry and the edition used as reference for this paper is already seven years old. More recent additions include cyberpatrol (software to prevent minors from accessing adult oriented sites), cyberkids (self explanatory; also the name of an internet community for children) (20) and cyberterrorism (also self explanatory) to name just a few, all of which may also appear with a dash separating/connecting the prefix. More, if you type in cyber (indicating cyber followed by any word it is combined with) in any search engine of your choice, there will be more hits turning up than you will easily be able to read let alone examine thoroughly. It is clear that this prefix is one of the most productive neologisms ever and with the constant growth of the Internet is likely to become the most productive prefix in the history of linguistics.

Cyber has come a long way, it is itself a back-formation, its current meaning hailing from a science-fiction novel called Neuromancer which was first published 1984 and which has acquired cult status and gave rise to its own category of science-fiction called cyberpunk, before that, there was and still is cybernetics (first appearance 1948), a science which borders electronics, biology and medicine, aiming towards controlled interfacing between machines and living organisms and which itself derives from old Greek kubernetes, which means steersman (16). I speculate that `cyber-' is a neologism which will stand the test of time and not vanish from active use before long. This might not apply to all formations it is parent to, however.

Not all of them were so popular as compounding but they accompany the words and describe our feelings in the text.

The result of our researching the peculiarities of neologisms and their using in computer language we can see in the diagram below.

The neologisms concerning the Internet are at least in context easy to understand comparing with the other neologisms. I speculate that this is mainly due to the number, educational level and target group of the people who come up with these neologisms. The Internet is at least in theory accessible to everyone. Similarly, everyone can post something in an Internet forum or put something up on their homepage. If it is a really good idea or if a new term is a somehow really catchy the term might be picked up by others, spread on the internet and finally find its way into an entry in language and dictionaries. Therefore, the neologisms are created on an average intellectual base and are understandable by everyone who has at least some knowledge about the Internet. Due to the limited scope this paper can offer I will focus my view, concerning the Internet, on neologisms coined for the social aspect of the Internet. This includes people who work on or in the Internet as well as those neologisms, which describe things like Internet addiction and other phenomena.

Conclusion

In our work, we tried to give a presentation of all aspects of such a linguistic event as neologisms. Nowadays around 4000 words enter English vocabulary every year which reflects the fast development of the language and makes the phenomena interesting to analyze. But the problem with neologism is that its meaning is sometimes un-comprehendible.

As a literary concept and term, neologism appeared in the 18^th century and its old meaning was synonymous to «barbarism». In the modern meaning of neologism appeared early in the 19^th century and, gained the acceptance towards the end of the century.

In our research we try to study the neologisms as units of language, to determine the basic theoretical conceptions of the neologism; to investigate the classification and ways of formation of neologisms. We analyzed the spheres of usage of the neologisms and can say that new words appear everywhere. Neologisms of economy sphere and business represent the radical changes which are connected with the circulation and realization of economic theories, with transition of many countries to the market economy, with the improvement of management by an economy and its separate links, with introduction of modern informative technique. Neologisms of social and political sphere show two sides of the civilized progress of humanity - integrational and differential processes, political and public motions, testify about growth of influence on the innovative processes of such factors, as age, social status and others. Important role in society of mass media, predetermines that fact, that exactly "media" is the sphere of "primitive context", by the main channel of spreading of neologisms, which are the product of word building of state, political, public figures, journalists, writers, scientists. Computerizing made substantial alterations in the word building system, generated the whole row of new productive derevative elements in system of language.

We investigated the computer neologisms, their peculiarities, tried to perform an analysis of computer neologisms according to the word building type, sphere of usage, to the source and time of appearance, meaning and translation. We came to the conclusion that the most common feature used in such neologisms is compounding. There is the most frequently found peculiarity. We think that it is because of the language aspiration for reduction (or shortening).

Besides these peculiarities we distinguished new meanings, borrowings, special word formation, which consist of: affixation, prefixation, suffixation, compounding, conversion, abbreviations and acronyms, word combinations and blending. Unlike numerous (even for enough short time) lexical and phraseology neologisms new word building elements do not arise up suddenly, the amount of affixes in a language almost is exactly known. The most productive prefixes of computer neologisms are e-, cyber-, en-, inter-.

A new vocabulary and phraseology which arose up in connection with informative revolution pierces now almost all spheres of social life, it removes both the numerous blessings and benefits and new social problems, negative consequences of modern stage of scientific and technical progress.

Bibliography

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19. http://en.wiktionary.org

20. http://www.cyberkids.com

Appendix

We have found and analyzed about two hundred neologisms. Most of them are widely spread in the sphere of Computer Science. The peculiarities of formation of these neologisms are marked by the following symbols:

1) affixation (af)

2) prefixation (pref)

3) suffixation (suff)

4) compounding (comp)

5) conversion (conv)

6) Abbreviations and acronyms (abr)

7) word combinations (wc)

8) blending (bd)

9) new meaning (nm)

10) borrowing (bw)

A

Arachnerd - a person that spends way too much time either surfing the Web or fussing their home page

Aftcast - to use a computer simulation to model an existing or historical weather pattern (comp) after+cast

AIQ -measuring of “artificial intelligence” as in the results of a Turing test (abr)

B

Blog - a Web page consisting of frequently updated, chronological entries on a particular topic (bw)

Bytewad - a tightwad with bytes (comp) byte+wad

Bitcom - a short, sitcom-style video available over the internet (comp) bit+computer

C

Chad - The tiny bits of paper left over from the punching data cards (bw)

Chiclet - a small image that links to a syndication file for a web site, particularly blog

Chip - to implant a microchip, particularly a radio frequency identification transformer, into an animal or person (bw)

Clickprint - a pattern of Web surfing behavior that uniquely identifies the person doing the surfing (comp) click+print

Cobweb page - a Web page that hasn't been updated in a long time(abr+nm)

Compunicator - The next great patented technology (bw+comp)

Cyberpark - A large area of land where computer and technology companies are concentrated, or that has been constructed with a high-tech communications infrastructure (comp) cyber+park

Ctrl-Alt-Delete - A metaphoric mechanism with which one can reset, restart, or rethink something (comp+abr)

Cyberprivacy - The purchase of an Internet domain name that includes a company's registered trade mark (comp) cyber+privacy

D

Dark-side hacker - A hacker who uses his or her talents for malicious or criminal ends. (wc+nm)

Dancing baloney - Web page-based animated images, Java applets, and other bells and whistles that are not only useless, but also detract from the overall quality of the page. (wc+nm)

Darknet - The collection of networks and other technologies that enable people to illegally share copyrighted digital files with little or no fear of detection. (bd) dark + internet

Deep link - A Web page link that points to a file within a site rather than the site's home page. (wc)

Digitalia - Computer hardware and software and other organs of digital technology, taken as a whole. (af)

Domainer - A person who makes a living from domain name speculation or by purchasing popular domain names and filling the sites with advertising. (af)

Drop-dial - To drop a user's existing Internet connection and then dial up a new connection that offers a service (such as a video or concert) over a premium-rate phone line. (comp)

E

E-mail bankruptcy - The state of being unable or unwilling to read and respond to all the e-mail messages one has received, and so to delete those messages and start over again. (comp+nm)

Evernet - Internet access that is instantly and always available from a number of different devices. (bd)

Eigenface - A related set of facial characteristic that a computer use to recognize a person`s face. (bd)

Ewaste - Discarded computers, monitors, and other electronic equipment. (af)

Ethical hacker - A computer hacker who attempts to infiltrate a secure computers

system in an effort to learn the system`s weaknesses so that can be repaired.(comp)

e-mail - is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks.(comp)

e-commerce - or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.(Comp)

e-book - electronic book (nm+comp)

F

Facebase - A database of faces used in the computer-based recognition and identification of a face. (bd) face+bace

Facial technology - The technology required to identify and track a person using face recognition techniques. (comp)

Fakester - A person who puts up a profile on a social networking website such as Friendster or MySpace that contains false or misleading information, or that is dedicated to another person or to an object. (bd+suff)

Fauxtography - The practice of creating faked photographs, usually by manipulating the images with software. (bd+suff)

Finching - The special effect camera movements in film where the camera may fly through places where a normal camera could not be placed. More specifically these camera movements mix actual live action camera movements and 3D animation special effects. (aff)

Flash campaign - A lobbying effort that uses the Internet and other technologies to quickly establish an agenda and build support. (comp)

Fleshmeet - A meeting in the flesh, especially one composed of people who usually or only converse online. (bd) flesh + meeting

Foolmonger - In view of the various internet, phone and mail scams. (bd) fool+monger

Frag - To kill a character in a computer game. (nm+wc)

Friend - On a social networking website, to add a person to one's list of acquaintances, and vice versa. (nm+wc)

Frobbing - Randomly adjusting the settings of an object, such as the dials on a piece of equipment or the options in a software program, in an effort to learn how the object works. (af)

Fyborg - A functional cyborg; an organism that has become a kind of cyborg by extending its senses and abilities using technology. (bd) functional + cyborg

Feedhack - someone who gives lame advice (comp) Feed+hack

G

Get-rich-click - Relating to people who wants to get rich either through online investigating or by creating an Internet-related business (comp+nm)

GooTube - The business entity or Web services created by the merger of Google and YouTube (comp+nm) Google+YouTube

Gator - To display a company's ad when a person visits a rival company's Web site. (af)

Geek gap - The disparity between executives who approve or oversee technological projects that they don't understand and the information technology workers who implement and maintain those projects. (comp)

H

Ham - A non-spam e-mail message; a legitimate e-mail message that is blocked or filtered because it contains one or more keywords normally associated with spam messages. (nm)

Heisenbug - Programmer's term for a software bug that alters its behavior when you try to isolate it or examine it. (!!!)

Hot spot - A Web site that experiences a massive surge in traffic, usually in response to an event or promotion. (comp)

Hyperscript - A hypertextual manuscript. (af)

Hyperskeletonics - Any real or imagined electromechanical technology that enhances the musculo-skeletal system. (af)

I

Innernet - Wearable or ingested computer technology that monitors internal body functions. (bd)

Iterature - Literature in the scientific sense, meaning published papers, on the Internet. (bd)

J

Jargon filter - An email program filter that has been configured to automatically delete incoming messages that contain certain jargon terms or buzzwords. (comp)

Jaquermart Waltz - The computer poetry movement (comp)

K

Keyboard plaque - The dirt, dust, and other grime that gather on keyboard (comp)

Kiddiot - A young, malicious hacker who isn't smart enough to create custom hacking software, so must rely on programs created by other people (comp) kid+idiot

Killboard - In a computer game, a list of the enemies that a player killed (comp) kill+board

L

Lifecasting - Using a portable camera to broadcast one`s activities over the Internet 24 hours a day. (comp) life+cast

Link rot - The gradual obsolescence of the link on a Web page as the sites they point to become unavailable. (wc)

Ludology - The academic study of games, particularly video games.(bd)

Logic bomb - A computer virus set for a timed release. When the virus “detonates”, it deliberately disrupts, modifies, or erases data. (wc)

Pretaliation - doing to others before they do unto you.(suff+pref)

Log - 1) Piece of wood. 2) log on\off to surf the net (conv)

M

Macarena page - A Web page capitalizing on a current fad (wc)

Microbrowser - A small foot-print Web browser (suff+comp)

Mobile area network - A next-generation car with an electronic system that includes amenities such as Global Positioning Satellite receivers s well as sensors to monitoring lights, engine, climate control, road conditions, and more (wc)

Metamail - An e-mail that is referring to other e-mails (af)

Mobisode - A short program, or the edited highlights from a longer program, designed to be watched on a small, mobile screen such as a digital media player or a mobile phone (comp) mobile+episode

Moletronics - Swithes gates, transistors and other electronic devices build on a molecular scale (bd)

MoSoSo - Mobile social software; a software that enables you to use your mobile phone to find an interact with people near you (abr)

Mouse potato - A person who spends a lot of time at the computer (wc)

Mousetrapping - A technique that forces a user to remain on a particular Web page (nm)

Multipath movie - An interactive movie CD- or Internet-based movie that enables viewers to choose from several different plot lines (wc)

Meatloaf - Forwarded messages, jokes, lists, and other unsolicited noncommercial e-mail messages sent by an individual to a large number of people (nm+comp) Meat+loaf

Mactel - A computer with an Intel microprocessor running the Macintosh operating system and software (comp) Macintosh+telephone

N

Nastygram - A letter, e-mail, or other message that insults, criticizes, or attempts to intimidate the recipient. (comp) nasty + gram

Netco - An Internet-based company. (bd) Internet + company

Nyurts - Browser's knowledge. (nm+wc)

Netlag - What the Internet is said to be suffering from on the days when response times and download times are slower than usual.(bd)

Nonversatio - A conversation with no subject, especially in chat. (bd)

O

Occupation spam - Unwanted or unnecessary messages sent over a corporate e-mail system. (wc)

Ogdoad feed - To post to a Wiki. (comp+wc)

One-line wonder - A Web page that contains only a single useful link.(comp+wc)

P

P2P - 1. Describes a network or other technology that enables users to trade files directly without requiring a central database or server. 2. Person-to-person adj. Describes a payment service that enables one individual to pay another for an online transaction (such as an auction sale). (abr+nm+conv)

Page-jack - To steal a Web page and submit it to search engines under a different address. Users who run a search and attempt to access the page are then routed to another--usually pornographic--site. (comp+nm)

Phishing - Creating a replica of an existing Web page to fool a user into submitting personal, financial, or password data. (nm)

Programming fluid - Term used by programmers to refer to coffee, Jolt cola, or any other high-caffeine stimulant that helps them get through all-night coding sessions. (comp)

R

Rain dance - A mostly ceremonial sequence of actions performed in the hope that they will solve a computer problem (wc)

Ransomware - Malicious software that encrypts a person`s computer files and demands a ransom to decrypt the files. (aff)

Read-only user - A person who uses the Internet exclusively for reading Web pages, e-mail, and newsproups instead of creating their own content.(comp+wc)

Rigmare - 1) The inability for a computer to maintain stability at crucial moments.

2) A computer problem arousing feelings of intense fear, horror, and distress. (comp+conv)

S

Smexting - sending text messages while standing outside on a smoking break (comp) Smoke+text

Slivercasting - delivering video programming aimed at an extremely small audience (comp) Sliver+cast

Salami attack -A series of minor computer crimes - slices of a large crime - that are different to detect and trace (wc+nm)

Samiznet - The informal, decentralized system of transmitting texts, particularly jokes, over the Internet (nm+comp)

Search jack - To include in a Web page popular, but superfluous, search terms in order to appear in the result when people search for those terms (wc+nm)

Shyxe - Your name garbled in a computer (nm)

Smoking memo - A memo letter, or e-mail message that contains irrefutable evidence or crime (wc)

Sneakernet - The transfer of files form one computer to another using a floppy disk or another removable medium (comp+nm)

Sniping - the practice of winning in an online auctions (suf+nm)

Social media - Online sites and technologies that enable people to contribute or share content, discuss, rate, or categorize content with each other (wc)

Surf - 1) The waves or smell of the sea breaking on the shore or a reef. 2) To search the information on the net. (conv)

T

Targeted Trojan horse - a Trojan horse program sent as an attachment in an e-mail message that has a subject line, body, text, and return address that have been created to fool the recipient into opening the attachment (wc)

Techno-creep - The gradual encroachment of technology into every aspect of society (comp) techno+creep

Technology butler - A hotel stuff member who performs computer-related tasks and helps guests with software and hardware problems (wc)

Typosquatter - a person, who registers one or more Internet names(comp)

Text - 1) A short unit that contains connected sentences. 2) To chat in the net.

(conv)

Triple-u - A verbal shortcut for the always awkward “www” part of a Web address (nm+abr)

U

UMPC - An extremely small. lightweight computer that has many of the functions and features of a full-size personal computer abbreviation From ultra-mobile personal computer.(abr)

Ubiquilink - A Web page link that appears on almost everyone`s hotlist. (bd)

Unstrung - Describes a person or technology that uses wireless communications to access the Internet. (conv)

Ungoogleable - A person for whom no information appears in an Internet search engine, particularly Google.(comp+pref)

V

Viewser - A person who watches video content online or on a computer, or who combines regular TV watching with related digital content. (bd) view+user

Vodcasting - Podcasting video content. (bd) video + podcasting

Vlog - A blog that contains mostly video. (comp) video+blog

Voken - An animated image that appears over a Web page`s regular content and that, when clicked takes the user to an advertisement or promotional site. (bd)

W

W2k - shortened form of Windows 2000 (abr+nm)

Web bug - A small, invisible image embedded into HTML-formatted e-mail message or a Web site and uses to track the activity of users who read the message or visit the site. (wc+nm)

Weblish - A form of English to some on-line documents and communications. (aff)

Web cramming - A scam in which a person or small business accepts an offer for a free Web site, to be subsequently charged a monthly free on their phone bill.(wc)

Wi-Fi - Wireless fidelity (abr)

Wiki - A collaborative Web site that allows to add, edit, and delete the site`s content (abr)

Y

Y2OK - Describes the lack of serious computer problem resulting from the changeover from 1999-2000 (abr)

Yeardick - A high-school yearbook on CD-ROM (comp)

Yottabyte - 2 to the power of 80 (approximately 10 to the power of 24) (bd)

Z

Zombie computer - A computer containing a hidden software program that enables the machine to be controlled remotely, usually to perform an attack on another computer. (comp+nm)

Zen mail - An incoming e-mail message without any body text or attachments. (comp)

Zero-day - Relating to a computer security vulnerability that is explotoited before the vulnerability is known to security experts (wc+nm)

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