Verb. The categories of voice mood in English and Armenian

God forbid that it snow! May God be your helper!

c) a final meaning used in subordinate clauses introduced by ?? that or ??????? in order to, to express a purpose or a goal:

??????, ?? ????? ?????????: ???, ??????? ?? ??? ??????:

I tried to finish my work. I came to ask for something.

d) an inclusive first-person-plural imperative meaning that may be rendered by Let's… or Let's not…

????? - ??????? - ???????? Let's sing! - Let's not sing!

e) in a less direct imperative function, the subjective third-person singular and plural forms are often intensified by adding the imperative ??? let:

??? ?????? ??? ????: God help us!

f) a conditional meaning used in a subordinate (conditional) clause initiated by the conjunction ??? if. Such conditions leave the question open as to whether the action will be fulfilled or not:

??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ????????:

If we stay alive, we will experience many things.

g) a temporal meaning used in subordinate (temporal) clauses introduced by the conjunction ??? when. In such clauses, the verb always refers to the future:

??? ???? ??????, ?? ??????:

When you leave tomorrow, don't look back.

Uses of the subjunctive past in Armenian

a) The subjunctive past resembles the subjunctive future in its optative meaning. There is, however a difference: the subjunctive past expresses an unfulfilled desire. This could be an action or an event that did or did not take place in the past. Correspondingly, affirmative forms indicate desired but unfulfilled activity and negative forms express events that were undesired but did occur. Usually, the optative meaning is reinforced in sentences starting with the formulas ????? ?? I wish…, I only wish…,

?????? (??) I wish, or ??? ? (?) ??… I wish…, etc.

??? ?? ?? ??????:

I wish you had won. (But you didn't.)

b) The optative meaning of the past subjunctive can also refer to the future. In that sense, the two forms, future subjunctive and past subjunctive, are very close in meaning, for instance, in constructions such as ???? ?????? ???? = ????? ?????? ????.

However, in these parallel forms the latter expresses a much more urgent desire that is difficult or impossible to fulfill. A popular Armenian song of WWII period starts with the words:

????? ????? ????…

I wish I'd fly home in my thoughts…

c) The subjunctive past is often used in subordinate clauses. It appears in temporal clauses introduced by the temporal conjunctions ??? when, ???? ?? as soon as, etc.

???? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ????????? ??????? ???:

As soon as he came in, the jokes would start.

d) To express a hypothetical condition, namely in a subordinate (conditional) clause initiated by the conjunction ??? if. Such forms imply that the action has not taken place or it is doubtful that it will:

??? ?????, ????? ???? ??????????:

If you came, perhaps we would meet.

e) The subjunctive past forms are commonly used in conversation to make a request or to ask for a favor in a more polite way:

??? ??????, ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???????:

It would be nice if you went and called Maro.

The Analytical Moods

The suppositional mood

1. The suppositional mood represents an action as problematic, but not necessarily contradicting reality. The realization of the action may depend on certain circumstances, but these circumstances are not contrary to fact:

Should you meet him tomorrow, tell him to come (the possibility of your meeting him is not excluded. I am only not quite certain about it). I insist that you should consult a doctor (I do not represent your consulting a doctor as an actual fact which will take place in the future, but only as something that in my opinion you ought to do. I am not quite sure whether you will consult a doctor or not; the realization of the action rests with you).

2. The suppositional mood is used to express necessity, order, suggestion, supposition, etc.

3. The suppositional mood is an analytical mооd, it is formed by combining the auxiliary verb should (for all persons) with the infinitive.

The suppositional mood has two tenses: the p r e s e n t and the p a s t.

The present suppositional is formed by the auxiliary verb should indefinite (or continuous) infinitive:

It is impossible that he should think so. It is disappointing that you should be lying ill.

The past suppositional is formed by the auxiliary verb should+perfeсt (or perfect continuous) infinitive:

It is impossible that he should have thought so. It is disappointing that you should have been lying ill when we came to invite you to our party.

2.3 The conditional mood

1. The unreality of an action represented by the conditional mood is due to the absence of the necessary circumstances on which the rea1izatiоn of the action depends.

The conditional mood is mainly used in the principal clause of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition, where the verb is in subjunctive II:

If he were here he would help us. (Would help shows that the action is contrary to fact: he does not help us is the actual state of things. The conditions which would make his help possible [his being here] do not exist [he is not here]). If I had not been so busy yesterday,

I should have come. (I did not come owing to unfavourable circumstances-I was busy. The conditional mood should have come shows that the action would have been realized if the necessary conditions for its realization had existed.)

2. The difference between subjunctive II and the conditional is as follows:

The unreality of an action expressed by the conditional mood is a dependent unreality: the realization of the action depends on the condition expressed in the subordinate clause (if-clause), and as the subordinate clause represents an unreal condition (a state of things which actually does not exist), the action of the principal clause (in the conditional mood) is also thought of as contradicting reality. Whereas the unreality of an action expressed by subjunctive II is not a dependent unreality, the speaker freely, of his own accord, imagines a state of things which actually does not exist.

If I were at home (of my own accord I imagine my being at home, showing by using subjunctive II that it contradicts the actual state of things) I should see her (using here the conditional, I show that the action is thought of as contrary to fact because the condition of the subordinate clause is represented as unreal).

If we change the conditional clause of unreal condition (subjunctive II) into a clause of real condition (the indicative mood) the conditional mood of the principal clause is replaced by the indicative:

If I am at home at that time to-morrow (I do not know whether I shall be at home or not, but I do not imply at all that my being at home tomorrow is doubtful) I shall see her (my seeing her is represented as an actual fact, the natural consequence of my being at home).

3. The conditional mood has two tenses: the p r e s e n t and the p a s t.

The present conditional is formed by the auxiliary verbs should (1st person singular and plural), and would (2^nd and 3^rd person singular and plural) + indefinite (or continuous) infinitive:

If I were not so busy, I should go with you. If he knew your address he would write to you. If I had not such a headache, I should be working at my English now.

The past conditional is formed by the auxiliary verbs should and would+ perfect (or continuous perfect) infinitive:

If I had not been so busy, I should have gone with you. If he had known your address, he would have written to you. If you had come at 7 o «clock, I should have been working at my English.



Conclusion

The category of voice has a much broader representation in the system of the English verb than in the system of the Armenian verb, since in English not only transitive, but also intransitive objective verbs including prepositional ones can be used in the passive. Besides, verbs taking not one, but two objects, as a rule, can feature both of them in the position of the passive subject.

The big problem in connection with the voice identification in English is the problem of «medial» voices, i.e. the functioning of the voice forms in other than the passive or active meanings, which does not appear in Armenian voice. Another problem of English voice is reflexive and reciprocal uses of verbs.

We have surveyed the structure of the category of mood, trying to expose the correlation of its formal and semantic features, and also attempting to choose the appropriate terms of linguistic denotation for this correlation.

As we see in both languages there are more similarities than differences in connection with the category of voice, its use and formation. In contrast of Armenian in English some grammarians distinguish not only passive and active voices, but the reciprocal voice expressed with the help of each-other, one another and the neuter («middle») voice in such sentences.

We see that hardly convenient in this respect would appear the shifted nomination of the «oblique» tenses broadly used in grammars, i.e. the renaming of the past imperfect into the «present» and the past perfect into the simple «past». By this shift in terms the authors, naturally, meant to indicate the tense-shift of the «oblique moods», i.e. the functional difference of the tenses in the subjunctive mood from their counterparts in the indicative mood.

Mood in Armenian is represented by three types: indicative, imperative and subjunctive (future and past). In English according to different scientists the number of moods varies: the direct moods - the indicative and the imperative; the oblique moods-subjunctive I, subjunctive II, the suppositional and the conditional.

As we see, the category of mood, for all the positive linguistic work performed upon it, continues to be a tremendously interesting field of analytical observation. There is no doubt that its numerous particular properties, as well as its fundamental qualities as a whole, will be further exposed, clarified, and paradigmatically ordered in the course of continued linguistic research.



Bibliography

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