Digital transmission system (DTS)

Gauges of the power in these kits have two calibration - in power units of milliwatts and dBm (dBm - power level in dB relative to the magnitude Popt = 1 mW).

In practice it is more convenient to use the 2nd calibration. At the same time measure the power level of the transmitter output in dBm, then - the power level at the output of OB or OC. Subtracting the second reading of the first, to give the desired result.

The described method of measurement accuracy differs. Its main drawback - the need for access to both ends of the OC, it is often inconvenient for linear measurements.

Currently, the most widely used method of attenuation reflectometry measurements based on the measurement of that part of the Rayleigh scattering in the OB, which is circulated in the opposite direction (reverse). For this purpose, the fiber is introduced periodic sequence of optical pulses of duration and repetition period T. At the same time to the input end OM will return pulses at each time point. These pulses time lag from the input (reference pulse), reflected from the input end planes for a period of time equal to the double pulse to travel - in forward and backward directions. If the x-axis represents time (starting from t = 0 to the reference pulse), and the vertical axis - the average values ??of the amplitudes of these pulses for each value of the time, you get the so-called trace.

If the attenuation coefficient and backscatter coefficient at a given A for the fiber under test is constant along its length, the curve (trace) decreases from the beginning of OB exponentially. Scattering - statistical process. Therefore, the value of the pulse amplitude (ordinate) for the same time axis values ??(distances) will have some dispersion in each count (with periodic repetition of the probing pulses). Due to the statistical averaging of a large number of samples can be obtained pure line (exponential) dependence of the damping of the length of OB. However, an exponential curve to use awkward and difficult. So after averaging each sample is subjected to the logarithm operation, resulting in exponential (decaying) becomes the slope of the line. Thus counts on the ordinate calibrated in decibels. In the case where the reverse attenuation and Rayleigh scattering coefficients have sharp local change that indicates the presence of local inhomogeneities in OF, they appear on the trace in the form of steps or pulses. Figure 3.4 shows an example of the trace mode optical fiber length of 18.84 km.

Figure 3.4- Trace optical fibers 18,84 km

One of the advantages of the OTDR measurement method is that it is enough to have access to one end IA. Furthermore, using the OTDR can determine the distance to the local inhomogeneities, route length, length distribution inhomogeneities OF.

Modern OTDRs made a number of leading world companies:. ANDO (Japan), HEWLETT PACKARD, WAVETEK WANDEL & JGOLTERMANN, IIT, Minsk, Belarus, etc. Figure 3.5 shows a general view ANDO OTDR production.



Figure 3.5-OTDR company Anritsu (ANDO)

Measurement of chromatic dispersion. For modern trunk (zonal) PLAYBACK main factor limiting the length of the regeneration area is not fading, and introduced optic chromatic dispersion. The energy loss of an optical signal propagating in the CC compensated by use of intermediate optical amplifiers. In the process of propagation of optical pulses as a result they increase the duration of the chromatic dispersion. If the duration of the optical pulses becomes greater than the duration of a clock interval digital signals begin to cause errors in information transmission.

For transmission systems with speed STM-16 with a duration clock period = 400 ns expansion of optical pulses above this value begins with a length of more than 235 km section of a fiber G .652 and 800 nm - For G.655 OB by direct current modulation of the laser pump radiation. For STM-64 (10 Gbit / s) - respectively 36 km and 125 km of G.652 G.655 (for this rate = 100 ps). To increase the length of the regeneration area requires the use of compensation of chromatic dispersion, which entails the need to increase the gain of optical amplifiers, dispersion compensators as making large attenuation. Increasing the number of optical amplifiers besides increasing noise and also leads to an additional chromatic dispersion. From this it is evident the need for measuring the chromatic dispersion of optical pulses in the optical path FOTS.

Currently, according to Rec. ITU-T G.650, used three methods of chromatic dispersion measurement.

Currently, devices for measuring the chromatic dispersion produced by the following companies, and types of these devices are shown in Table 1 [PD].

Polarized mode dispersion (PMD) PMD measurement value .For there are several methods: 1) Fourier transform method; 2) wavelength scanning method; 3) a method of analysis parameters StOCes; 4) method of Poincarй sphere analysis; 5) a method of analysis using the Jones matrix. Such an amount of PMD measurement methods due to the fact that the need to measure arose relatively recently, due to the rapid increase in the speed and range of information transfer. This also explains the fact that, to date devices for PMD measurement is almost there.

The first company, which started production of equipment for the measurement of the PMD, is HEWLETT PACKARD - it has developed and launched a NR8509V device. The device with similar functions - AQ6330 released and the firm AN DO.

The operation of these devices is based on two methods - wave scanning and analysis of the Jones matrix. The measurement results are displayed on the display device in the form of curves PMD dependencies.

Compound of lengths of optical cable construction. Construction length of fiber optic cables for terrestrial FOTS. usually in the range of 3-6 km. (For submarines, especially for sea and ocean, - up to 25 km). The combination of these lengths is performed with the help of special devices, optical couplers (see. Figures 3.2 and 3.3). To this end, the ends of fiber optic cables that are designed for connecting (splicing) are exempt from the protective sheaths and reinforcing elements over a length of up to 0.5 m. Liberated optical fibers are thoroughly cleaned by washing with special fluids and tissues. In this case must necessarily be hydrophobic filler is removed from the optical fiber surface. To carry out these operations produced a set of special tools (see. Figure 3.8).



Figure 3.8 - Tool Kit for installation of optical cable

Below is a list of all necessary instruments, appliances and materials necessary for operations splicing of optical cables and fixing them all in the coupling.

Figure 3.9 shows the tools for cutting an optical cable: removal of the outer protective shell, remove shells modules, trimming Kevlar. With these tools, removed protective sheath fiber, then using a cleaver shown in Figure 3.10, is the fiber peeling for a flat end perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.

Figure 3.9- Tools for cutting an optical cable

Figure 3.10- Optical fiber cleaver Fujikura CT-02

Protective coating is removed from the fiber over a length of 15-20 mm. The following operation - on one of the fibers puts special tube -. Heat-shrinkable sleeve of the reinforcing element (typically a steel rod with a diameter of 1.0-1.5 mm diameter sleeve is 4.3 mm, length 30-50 mm (this operation can be performed RH before processing ends).

The treated fiber ends are fixed in special clamps welding machine (Figure 3.1) and is made of welding. In the process of welding is one of the specialists is at the other end of the length of the building OC, and monitors the quality of welding using a OTDR, communicating with the operator, producing welding special optical phone. This phone is connected to an optical fiber through its side surface at the bend. The criterion of the quality of welding is the magnitude of the losses introduced by the welding spot. They must conform to established standards (no more than 0.1 dB). After receiving the quality of welding is coming to this place heat-shrinkable sleeve, after which she, along with the fiber is placed in a special heating device, which is part of the welder, and anchoring is done shrinking sleeve. The resulting compound was placed in the grooves in the coupling for fastening.



4. Occupational Health and Safety

4.1 Analysis of dangerous situations

Businesses and communication structures, unlike the chemical, petrochemical etc. enterprises and facilities, at its negative impact on the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere can be roughly attributed to the relatively "clean." However, current technical processes and equipment used in connection still are a source of negative effects on the environment and the human body.

When using the communications equipment in the PBX, LATS person is exposed to such adverse health effects as noise, vibration, ultrasound and infrasound, electrostatic dust. On the well-being is also influenced and the heat generated by the equipment. Since working PBX premises, LATS protected against the penetration of direct sunlight, the important role played by artificial lighting to ensure normal working conditions. All the above factors have an impact on labor productivity and the person's health.

Touching the metal current-carrying parts of the installation, which has no connection with the land and become live due to insulation failure, can lead to serious injury or death. To prevent electrical injuries that can be caused by contact with metal structures or electrical enclosures become live due to insulation damage, as well as to protect the equipment, arranged protective earth, which are intentional connection to the ground or with an equivalent metal parts of electrical installations, normally under voltage.

Fires on the PBX, LATS represent a particular danger, as are associated with large financial losses. The ATS premises LATS there are three main factors required for fire: combustible, oxidizer, ignition sources. Combustible components are: construction materials for aesthetic decoration, doors, floors, insulation of the connecting cables, racks, cabinets, fluid purification elements and computer components from dirt and other oxygen as an oxidizing agent of combustion processes, there is anywhere in the PBX space, LATS. . The source of ignition to the PBX, LATS may be electronic circuits of computers, devices used for the maintenance of power devices, air conditioners, where as a result of various disorders formed overheated components, electrical sparks that may cause ignition of combustible materials. In view of the above, will now be considered the following health and safety issues:

- Measures of fire prevention and evacuation plan for people in case of fire;

- Excess heat calculation indoor and selection of air conditioners for indoor installation and LATS;

- Calculation of artificial lighting.

To reduce occupational accidents Telecommunications held briefings. The following types of briefing:

- Induction training - is conducted for admission to work safety engineer on the program established by the director. It is made out of the control sheet, which is stored in the personal file of the employee;

- Primary instruction in the workplace - also carried out when applying for a job and is made in the check list. For related electrical equipment for 10-12 shifts conducted training in the workplace;

- A review - held every six months

- Unscheduled briefing - held in the event of a change of equipment, if there was an accident or an employee absent from the workplace for more than three months;

- Target instruction - is carried out in the performance of one-off jobs with high risk or particularly dangerous.

4.2 Creating the optimal working conditions of the operator

To confirm the correct operation of the transmission systems need to perform daily testing, monitoring, and debugging. All these operations are carried out on a computer. Therefore, to ensure safe and healthy working environment contributes to the ability to work, fewer errors, reduced fatigue at the end of the working day.

The activities of the operator caused a significant number of factors related to the characteristics of the work environment, workplace and functional duties of man.

The working environment in the system of human-machine (SCHM) - a direct impact on the operator's set of physical, chemical, biological and information factors, and workplace in SCHM - a space where to carry out labor activity, equipped with means of information display, controls and accessories . Workers are exposed to hazardous environment factors: electromagnetic fields, radio frequency, static, noise, poor lighting, and mental and emotional stress.

In this regard, in all production areas in the permanent workplace microclimate parameters must comply with CH "microclimate of production rooms". In the halls with a working computer technology in the workplace with desks, with camera work, etc. species microclimate parameters should be as follows.

During cold periods, the temperature of the air, its speed and relative humidity must be respectively: 14-22 degrees, 0.1 m / s, 40-60%; the temperature may range from 21 to 25 degrees, while maintaining the other parameters of the microclimate within the above limits.

Air conditioning should provide automatic control of microclimate parameters to the extent necessary for all seasons of the year, clean air from dust and pollutants, creating a slight overpressure in clean rooms to avoid the raw air intake. It should also be possible to individually adjust the air distribution to individual rooms. Temperature of the air supplied to the premises must not be below 19 degrees.

Placement of the workplace and the personal computer is necessary to make the following manner:

- A table with the keyboard and the display is at 750 mm from the floor;

- The display is placed on the table at a distance of 450-500 mm from the eye;

- A display screen located below eye level such that the angle between the normal to the center of the screen and horizontal eye level was about 20 degrees;

- The angle of inclination of the keyboard is 15 degrees;

- The necessary working documents are located at a distance of 450-500 mm from the left of the operator, the angle between the display and the document in the horizontal plane is 30-40 degrees (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1 Is the regular organization of the operator's station

Operating the seat should meet the following requirements:

-providing a body position where the load on the muscles and promotes optimal normal activities of the operator;

-creates possibility of changing working postures to relieve muscle tension and prevent general fatigue (which is especially important in an inactive state of the operator);

-provides free movement and body fixation relative to the work surface;

horizontally surface and backrest can be flat or contoured. Profiling is characterized by angles of inclination of the back (4-5 degrees towards the back) and the seat (10-15 degrees up from the seat) is also considered the best location, when the front edge of the seat retracted under the table 100-150 mm.

Thanks to recent advances in computer technology created displays that have a minimal impact on the operator due to radiation. Therefore, great attention should be paid to the proper selection of lighting, which is largely influenced by the considerable fatigue.

Lighting installations must provide uniform illumination using mostly reflected or scattered light distribution; they should not cause glare on the keyboard and other parts of the panel and on the screen in the operator's eye direction. To eliminate glare reflections on the screen from general lighting lamps, it is necessary to use special filters for screens, visors or have light sources parallel to glance at the screen on both sides. When placing sacking equipment is not allowed location of the display to each other. Local lighting is provided by lamps mounted directly on a countertop or table to its vertical panels, as well as built in in the remote hood. If there is a need for an individual light source, it should be able oriented in different directions and be fitted with a device to adjust the brightness and protective grille, protected from glare and reflection shine. Light sources with respect to the workplace should be positioned so as to prevent direct light from entering the eye. Protective corner fittings for these sources should not be less than 30. Ripple illumination used fluorescent lamps should not exceed 10%. When natural light should apply sun protection agents that reduce the differences between the brightness of natural light and the glow of the screen. As such means can be used with the metallized film coated controlled louvers or vertical lamellae. In addition, the recommended placement of windows on one side of the working space. In addition, each window should be light-diffusing curtains with a reflection coefficient of 0.5-0.7.

The recommended value of the differential brightness of the display surface, keyboard and documents is 1: 3, ie at the nominal value of the brightness of the screen 50-500 cd / sq.m. 300-500 lux illumination of the document. Reflections or shadows in the workplace while absent. The coefficient of reflection of light from surfaces immediately surrounding the workplace is 0.5. The ceiling is white (reflectance of 0.8), the floor darker than the walls (the reflection coefficient of 0.3).

4.3 Calculation of illumination LC

New equipment (multiplexers) for communication through fiber optic link between Stepnogorsk and Kokshetau installed in an existing LC. Upon delivery of the building were designed lighting, ventilation and other necessary parts. During prolonged operation times liable to variation. Therefore, questions about the illumination provided below, bears the character of verification of conformity to the norm.

There are general lighting system, a uniform or localized, and the combined lighting system, consisting of general and local lighting.

General lighting is uniform lighting for the premises, or part of the site open area when possible uniform luminance distribution over the entire illuminated area. In this case, generally lamps of a certain type and power are suspended at the same height and are distributed uniformly over the area.

Total localized lighting is used to illuminate the premises, or part of the site open area when consciously attained the uneven distribution of illumination on the area. In this case, type, capacity and height of suspension lamps can be different, and their distribution - uneven.

Local illumination serves only for illumination of the working surfaces. It may be stationary or portable.

The device in the room alone local lighting is prohibited. It must necessarily be supplemented by general lighting that creates a lighting auxiliary areas premises, softens shadows in the workplace and increases the brightness of secondary adaptation fields.

General lighting, arranged in a combined lighting system is usually performed as a uniform. It must be created in the location of jobs and in the last level of illumination zone at least 10% of the rate of the combined light, and not less than 30 lux at filament lamps and 100 lux - with fluorescent lamps. Creating illumination exceeding respectively 100 and 200 lux, not necessarily.

When combined light illumination rates are higher than in the general one. However, even with this combined lighting requires less power than the total, unless the working surfaces are limited in size and are located not too tight.

Uninterrupted operation of the lighting is always desirable, but in some cases it is very necessary, and then, in addition to the usual - "working" - lighting, emergency lighting is arranged. Operating and emergency lighting referred kinds of lighting. Emergency lighting is different in two varieties:

- Emergency lights to continue serving for extinction under emergency lighting conditions of the working vision sufficient for temporary continuation of the staff;

- Emergency lighting for evacuation, which serves to provide for emergency lighting extinction working conditions of vision sufficient to secure release of people from the premises.

Emergency lighting for further work needs to be created on surfaces that require care in an emergency, illumination 5% of the values ??established for the corresponding normal operation. This light can be uniform, and localized, and local. Emergency lighting for evacuation should create along the lines of the main passages illumination of 0.5 lux. It is performed only as a general or localized uniform. For emergency lighting should, as a rule, use the same light source as the light of the desktop space.

Illumination levels for indoor communication centers take in accordance with the "Instruction on the design of artificial lighting of communication enterprises", as well as regulations.

The light source is recommended to use fluorescent lamps. combined lighting system and adopted mainly for repair of premises, adjustments, cleaning and soldering apparatus and instruments, in other cases, should use a common system (localized or uniform) illumination.

Emergency lighting is required for all major operating communication centers Places (switches, cabinets, crosses). The degree of reliability of power and lighting loads communication nodes defined scheme of power supply enterprise (object) as a whole. On LC lighting powered by induction or AC shield their own needs, or directly from the network operating and emergency lighting of the building, where LC placed. If you have to Battery LC (having usually voltage 60V) lighting emergency lighting completely or partially, depending on the battery capacity, are powered by it, and emergency lighting, powered by a battery, is included with the disappearance of line voltage external sources alternating current.

The main communication rooms provide sockets for a voltage not more than 42V for the connection of portable lighting, soldering irons, drills, and 220 - for measuring instruments, vacuum cleaners, etc.

Modern electronic hardware and software managed and occupy a small area.

The LC installed PC for control, diagnostics and debugging equipment.

To illuminate the room with the mounted PC is used mainly fluorescent lamps, to be used primarily in areas with intense and accurate work and which have the following advantages:

- High luminous efficiency (up to 75 lm / W or more);

- Long service life (10 000 hours);

- Low brightness of the illuminated surface;

- More economical in power consumption;

- Lamp tube surface is heated a little (up to 40 - 50 degrees).

Calculation of lighting will perform the method of utilization of light. Dimensions of distinguishing objects are in the range 1-5 mm, the discharge of the visual work area defined 4th degree of accuracy, so it is economical system of general lighting, where lights are located in the upper zone, which provides uniform illumination of an area of ??34.72 m2 working space (length - 6.2 m, width - 5.6 meters) and a height of 3 m.

Of the reference data, select the most suitable lamp type LPP02 4'40. This lamp has the following technical data:

- The length of 1,294 m;

- Width of 0.245 m;

- The height of 0,115 m;

- Fully pylezaschischen;

- Type of lamp DTC 40-4.

For lamp DTC 40-4 luminous flux after 100 burning hours will be:

- Nominal 2100 lumens;

- Minimum 1890 lumens;

- The estimated value of 1995 lm.

Based on the calculation of the luminous flux, determine the luminous flux emitted by the lamp:

F_cv = 4 1995 = 7980, lm

The calculation method for the use of luminous flux ratio is calculated as follows:

F = (Е_n К_s S z) / (N ), lm (4.1)

Where Е_n - normability illumination, lx .; Ks - the safety factor that takes into account the aging of lamps, luminaires dust and dirt during operation, for building operators halls illuminated by fluorescent lamps and provided cleaning fixtures at least twice a year Ks = 1.5; S - illuminated by floor area in m2; z - illumination non-uniformity coefficient for fluorescent lamps with the location in the line z = 1,1; N - the number of rows of lamps; h - ratio of luminous flux.

The minimum illumination at a total rate of artificial light for this class of our premises is 300 lux, in accordance with SNIP II-4-79 «Natural and artificial lighting. Design standards ";

Since the height of the room does not exceed 3 meters, recommended ceiling mount fixtures. Then the height of the eaves hsv = 0 and the height of the working surface above the floor hp = 0. Thus, the formula of the suspension height:

h = H - h_св - h_р = 3-0-0 = 3, m

The distance between the rows of lamps is given by:

L = h, m (4.2)

Where L - the most advantageous ratio taken for light fixtures with fluorescent lamps K and the curve of 0.6; h - height of suspension.

L = 0,6 3 = 1,8, m

Knowing the distance between rows, we calculate the number of rows. Given that the fixtures will be placed along the long side of the room, the number of rows calculated by the formula:

N = B / L (4.3)

Where B - width of the room, which is equal to 5.6 m.

N = 5,6 / 1,8 3

We accept the number of rows of three.

To determine the utilization rate is necessary to find the index premises. space index i is determined by the formula:

i = (A B) / h (A + B) (4.4)

Where A - the room height 6.2 m; A - the width of the room 5.6 m; h - height of suspension 3 m.

i = (6,2 5,6) / 3 (6,2 + 5,6) = 34,72 / 35,4 1. (4.5)

According to this index space i = 1, we find the reflection coefficients:

Ceiling Rc = 70%, walls Pw = 50%, floor Rf = 10% [6] of Table 5-13 define the ratio of luminous flux of fluorescent lamps:

= 38%.

Substituting the resulting value calculation formula in the definition of the luminous flux 19, we get:

F = (300 1,5 34,72 1,1) / (3 0,38) = 17186,4 / 1,14 = 13972,7

The required number of fixtures in the series is given by:

n = F_рас / F_св (4.6)

n = 13972,7 / 7980 2, lamps

Now define the length of the row of luminaires.

With a length of one lamp type LPP 01 with lamps with a length of 40 MDC lsv = 1,310 m total length will be:

L_ov = n l_sv (4.7)

L_ov = 2 1,294 = 2,588, m

Possible loss of voltage in the lighting network is determined based on the need to have at the light source voltage is below a certain value.

To calculate the lighting network will take in this case the value of the permissible voltage losses in the grid equal to DU = 2%.

The calculation of the loss of voltage on the network based on a formula:

S = M / (C U) (4.8)

Where S - the conductor cross-section, mm2; M - load torque, kVt'm; C - constant depending on the voltage, current type and the conduction wire material. In Table 12-9 accept the coefficient C for copper wires with a two-wire AC or DC 220 V DC in equal 7.4.

Moment is determined by the formula:

М = n p [l₀ + (l/2 (n - 1))], kWm (4.9)

Where n - the number of fixtures in a row; l0 - the distance from the panel to the first lamp, m; l - the distance between the mounting fixtures, m; p - the power of one lamp, kW.

М = 2 0,16 [2,5 + (1,3/2 (2 - 1))]=0,32 3,15 = 1,008, kWm.

We accept wire size in accordance with the standard 2.5 mm2. Recalculated to determine the loss of the supply voltage. From Formula 4.10:

U = M / (C S) (4.10)

U = 1,008 / (7,4 2,5) = 1,008 / 18,5 0,06%

We have found that the voltage loss in the network is at a rate of 0.06% to 2%.

Thus, to perform the lighting network using copper wire grade SIP (2'0,75) for sockets using wires of the same brand.

4.4 Verification ground settlement

As measures to ensure electrical safety in LC and the operation of the equipment in the event of contact with live parts of metallic equipment become live due to the breakdown of the insulation of the grounding station equipment.

As a natural process using a metal grounding design, partially submerged in the ground, its calculated resistance spreading R = 49 ohms (water or other metal pipes). Grounding is supposed to perform the rod electrodes of the vertical length l m, a diameter of 5.6 mm or 40x40 mm steel angle, the upper ends of which are interconnected by a horizontal electrode length l m - steel strip section 4x12 mm, laid in the ground at a depth of 0.8 m. Specific earth resistance is 6 ohms:

р= 140, Ohm*m

The soil is clay, soil category 2.

Required spreading resistance grounding for the station should not exceed 2.4 ohms:

=125/I_g (4.10)

Where - current ground fault current is equal to:

=

Define the required grounding resistance artificial:

(4.11)

Where - the spreading resistance of the natural grounding, the Ohm.

, Ohm

Grounding switch type is selected in-line placed along the building where the station is located and LATS. Thus vertical electrodes arranged at a distance a = 5 m from each other.

Specify the parameters of the grounding switch by checking calculations. From the preliminary scheme it shows that we have adopted the total value of the grounding electrode of the horizontal and vertical number of electrodes n = 12. We calculate the estimated horizontal electrode resistance value (combined resistance) .

One vertical electrode according to the following formulas:

(4.12)

Where , d = 0,5 * b for band width b.

For a selected electrode t = Ѕ + t o

t = 5/2+0,8=3,3, m

Then we determined by the formula 4.3

Calculate R1 according to formula 4.5

Furthermore, bearing in mind that the grounding is adopted in a row that

n = 12 units, define the tables use the coefficients of earth (9).

We calculate the estimated resistance of the group grounding R th, according to the formula:



Rh =

Where Rv and Rh - spreading resistance of the vertical and horizontal electrodes, Ohm; n - number of vertical electrodes.

This resistance is less than a given r and Ri= 2.85 ohms; that provides security.

And so the projected grounding is located in one row consists of 12 vertical rod electrode length of 5 m and a diameter of 5-6 mm. And a horizontal electrode of the steel strip section length 60 m 4 * 12 mm, buried in the ground of 0.8 m. The ground conductor is attached to the apparatus reliable bolting and welding, to the earth electrode.



5. Environmental protection

5.1 General

When designing the building and reconstruction of cable lines must be carried out environmental safety requirements and protect public health, prescribe measures for nature conservation, sustainable use of natural resources, improvement of the environment.

To eliminate and redress the damage caused to the natural environment and the occurrence of adverse environmental impacts, particularly in the most vulnerable and dangerous areas (national parks and national parks, the migration places of animals, spawning fish of valuable species, coastal sea areas, rivers, permafrost, mountain terrain with scree and stone-fall events, etc.), in the construction of outside plant communication shall be provided environmental measures or means to compensate for the damage caused.

In the absence of local road communications cable line runs should, if possible, be placed on non-agricultural land or unsuitable for agriculture, as well as on forest land due to uncovered areas of forest plantations occupied little value, with the maximum use of existing firebreaks. For the construction of cable lines is permitted to provide a higher quality of land. In cases where the cabling is provided internally on arable land, the construction project should take into account the time limit production work for the period required for harvesting.

In the development of trenches and pits for installation on agricultural land (arable land, pastures, etc..) And forestry land by agreement with land users should be provided remediation activities temporarily allocated land for the construction period and the funds for the restoration of topsoil. In the projects construction of cable crossings over water barriers must be provided by measures which exclude the possibility of environmental pollution, as well as ensuring the preservation of fish stocks.

In the design of telecommunication and communication facilities should provide for economical land use and effective means of protecting the environment from pollution. Technical solutions should include the reduction of contamination to an acceptable level or eliminate harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The highest concentration of each harmful substance emissiruemogo now, should not exceed the maximum allowable concentration, to set standards [22].

In addition, in the construction business and communication facilities must be included issues related to recovery (reclamation) of land and bringing it to a condition suitable for further use.

Enterprises and communications facilities are a source of intense radiation fields of radio frequencies, so should be separated from the residential area of ??sanitary - protective zones whose size is determined by the degree of adverse effects on health and sanitary - hygienic living conditions.

Thus, to address the issues in the design and construction of communication facilities for environmental protection should include technological processes and production equipment, in which there should be no or not exceed the permissible values:

- Selection in the indoor air, the atmosphere and waste water;

- Harmful substances as well as the heat and humidity in the operating room;

- Noise, vibration, ultrasound;

- Electromagnetic fields, optical and ionizing radiation and static electricity.

should be allowed in the development of industrial and technological projects:

- Replacement and production of harmful substances harmless;

- Replacement of processes and process steps associated with the occurrence of noise, vibration and other hazards processes or operations for which there is no, or reduced the intensity of these factors;

- Replacement of the solid and liquid gaseous fuel.

Solution of environmental problems requires careful analysis, a systematic approach to solving the problem, that is, the study of all aspects of their environment, but also the influence of the environment on human society.

In addition to general issues of compliance Safety (rules for the operation of electrical, maintenance, loading and unloading, fire and so on. D.) The construction and operation of fiber-optic transmission systems need to comply with the specific safety requirements, which will be discussed in this chapter.



6. Feasibility study of the project

6.1 General

First of all, you need to clearly distinguish between the economic benefits and cost-effectiveness of new techniques and technologies.

The economic impact - is the end result of the application of technology noveshestva measured absolute values. They can be gains, reduce material and labor costs, the growth in production volumes and product quality, expressed in value and other indicators.

Economic efficiency - a measure defined by the ratio of economic benefit and cost gave rise to this effect, that is, or is associated with the size of the resulting profits, or gains in national income or gross domestic product (at the level of the country) with capital investments for the implementation of technical measures.

The effectiveness of the introduction of new technology should be to increase the number of products required for the company; improvement of its quality; increase in speed, the reliability of the transmitted information; the reliability of communication; improving the quality of customer service; increase in profits; increase profitability.

Calculations of economic efficiency of introduction of new technology designed to select the economic effect at low cost.

Economic efficiency of introduction of new technology is called the economic results of its applied.

The concept of new equipment includes new means of communication, means of mechanization and automation of production processes and networks, new and modernizirivannye mechanisms, instruments, structures, new and improved types of materials, new and more effective in comparison with the applicable both home and abroad, production processes and methods of production.

Therefore, baseline effectiveness of the implementation of new technology in the common system should be: performance increase of transmitted information; the efficiency of productive assets; indicators of quality products; quality of service indicators.

In all cases, these figures should be obligatory optimality criterion chooses new technology.

For one-time costs and ongoing include: capital costs; the cost of production; payback of capital costs.

6.2 Investments

Capital costs are determined by a one-time:

C = P + C_TR + C_INS + C_LS (6.1)

Where P - price of the equipment; C_TR - the cost of transporting the equipment to the place of use; C_INS - the cost of installation of the system hardware; C_LS - the cost of linear structures and transmission system.

This section is a table-name, the price and the total cost of equipment (Table 6.1).

Capital expenditures - economic effect of the introduction of new technology. To determine the total capital investment required for the implementation of new equipment and other new technology, you need to know the price of this equipment.

Indicators of capital costs for new equipment and in terms of the current production is compared by means of specific capital investments per unit of output is targeted.

Capital cost is calculated taking into account the general capital investments:

Where Ce - capital investment to purchase equipment; Cins - capital investment of installation of the system on site; Ctr - capital investment in the transport costs (5-10% of the cost of the equipment), Cc - capital investment for construction.

Table 6.1 - Investments

№	Name material, equipment	Unit of measurement	Amount	The cost per unit, tenge	The estimated cost, tenge
1	2	3	4	5	6
	Section A
1	Hardware DTS	block	2	5000,0	10000,0
2	Equipment unattended regeneration points	block	1	120,0	120,0
	Total for Section A				10120,0
	Section B
4	Optical cable	km	251	462,0	115962,0
	Total for Section B				115962,0
	Total Section A + B				126082,0
5	Building installation work (From section B-value of 60%)	%			69577,2
6	Transportation costs (4% of the sections A + B)	%			5043,3
7	Installation and Setup (section A-10%)	%			1000,0
	Total:				201702,5

6.3 Operating costs

Annual operating costs are made up of the following cost items:

1. Wage state operating activities with deductions on social tax;

2. depreciation charges;

3. The cost of materials and spare parts;

4. Costs for electricity for industrial needs;

5. Other industrial and administrative expenses.

For the construction of fiber optic link on a site-KOCshetau Stepnogorsk require staff of 7 people (according to standards) (Table 6.2).

Table 6.2 - State Calculation

№	Job title	Number of units	Discharge	The salary of the job, tenge	The amount for the year, thousand tenge
1	Engineer	1	11	40000	480,0
2	Cable Jointer	2	6	35000	840,0
3	Cable Jointer	4	5	33000	1584,0
	Total:	7			2904,0

2. Social tax:

Z_st = (Z_osn*11%) /(100) (6.4)

Where Zosn - monthly state fee for a year, thousand tenge.

Z_st = 2904,0*11% /100=319,4, thous. tenge

3. Depreciation for the year (7% of the investment):

А = (С_tot*7%)/(100) (6.5)

Where С_tot - investment tenge.

Аline = 126082,0*7% /100 =8825,7, thous. Tenge

Ast=74620,5*10%/100=7462

A=8825,7+7462=16287,7

4. The property tax (1% of the residual value):



Н=(С_tot - А)*1% /100 (6.6)

Н=(126082-8825,7)*1% =1172,56, thous. tenge

5. Other expenses (4% of the above).

Make up 827.34 thous. tenge.

Table 6.3 - Operating costs

№	Name of cost items	Unit measurement	Expenses for the year
	1	2	3
1	Wage fund	thous. tenge	2904,0
2	Allocations for social tax	thous. tenge	319,4
3	Materials	thous. tenge	500,0
4	Depreciation deductions	thous. tenge	16287,7
5	Property tax	thous. tenge	1172,56
6	Other expenses	thous. tenge	827,34
	Total:	thous. tenge	22011

6.4 Operating income

Revenue calculations are made according to the formula:

	(6.7)

Where - the range of services, - outgoing payments by type of exchange, - middle-income rate for the i-th type of communication services.

Calculation of income includes:

- Income from the connection of new subscribers;

- Income from subscription fees;

- Revenues from long-distance and international calls;

- Income from the rental channel, etc.

Then the total income is determined:

D _tot = 12*(D1 +………… Dn)+ Dед. (6.8)

Revenues anticipated in the 1st year of operation are given in Table 6.4. In this project, income is calculated according to the simplified form, ie. E. Will take into account only revenues from leased lines.

Table 6.4 - Revenue

№	Name	Amount	Rates include VAT, thousand tenge	Sum, thousand tenge (in a year)
	1	2	3	4
3	Hire outside organizations channels	10	0,25 (per hour)	21600,0
	Total:			21600,0

6.5 Gain on sale of services

Profit from the sale of the enterprise communication services is defined as the difference between income from operations (or private enterprise) and operating costs, ie:

P = Dc - C

Gains (losses) are not related to the implementation of the main activities and call and bottom line may be a result of the sale of surplus property and other one-time services.

Other income may include: interest, dividends on securities owned by the company, the income from the lease of property and others.

The profit remaining after payments to the budget in the form of tax, will be the net income of the enterprise.

Profit is defined as:

P = Dod - Stot (6.9)

P = 21600,0- 4723,65 = 16876,35, thous. tenge

P = 16,876.35, thous.tenge including the VAT 2295.18 thous.tenge

Pcl = P - corporate tax (6.10)

The income tax is 20% (1st year), then:

Pcl = 14581,17 - 2916,23 = 11664,94, thous. tenge

6.6 Payback period

For the calculation of the economic efficiency of capital investments following expression may be used that through absolute payback:

Т = (C + C_awc) / (D_од - S) (6.11)

or

Т = C_ci / Eine Т< Т_n (6.12)

Where C, Cci - capital investment in fixed assets; Cawc - the amount of working capital (5% C); T - period of payback, years; Tn - standard payback period (Tn = 20 years).

As a rule, capital expenditure on the acquisition and implementation of new equipment, pay off the additional profit received from the sale of goods produced by this new technique, by increasing their prices while improving the quality of the goods, either by reducing production costs, the cost of these products, which provides a new more cost-effective equipment. Thus, the effect can be calculated as the difference in price:

Eine = (Pn - Po) Q (6.13)

Where Pn - a new unit price of higher quality; Po - old unit price; Q - volume of sales for the year; Eine - year of the introduction of new equipment, tenge.

Comparison of C_ci and Eine allows you to calculate the payback period of the new equipment and return on each ruble money spent now on new equipment.

The coefficient of efficiency of the new equipment cost (index, reverse payback period):

Е = Eine / C_ci = 1/Т (6.14)

The last indicator is often called the coefficient of return on capital investments in new equipment.

Payback is determined by:

Т_kp =C/ P_cl (6.15)

Т_kp = 11621,08/ 11664,94 = 0,99 =1, year

6.7 Profitability

In general, the effectiveness of any enterprise can be evaluated with the help of absolute and relative performance. Thus, an absolute measure is profit. However, this figure does not represent the full production efficiency. It reflects the utilization of resources, by which this profit obtained. Therefore, as the criterion of economic efficiency of production and the degree of profitability used by the relative size of profits, called the level of profitability.

Profitability is defined as the ratio of profit to the cost of fixed assets according to the formula:

Р = (D_од - S)/(C + C_awc)*100% (6.16)

Where on 01.03.09, the company C_awc up - 208,539.39 thous.tenge.

Р = 16876,35 /(11621,08+ 208539,39)=0,07

Profitability services (products) can be defined as the ratio of profit from the sale of (Preal) to operational expenditure E (cost of services).

Pe = Preal * 100/E (6.17)

Рe =11664,94 * 100/4723,65= 246,94

6.5 - Technical and economic indicators

№	Indicators	Unit measurement	Sum
1	Investments	thous.tenge	11621,08
2	Operating costs	thous.tenge	4723,65
3	Earnings	thous.tenge	21600,0
4	Net profit	thous.tenge	11664,94
5	Payback	yaer	1



Conclusion

Due to its high technical and economic indicators, digital fiber optic transmission systems are becoming more widespread.

In this thesis project the issues of construction of fiber optic portion of Stepnogorsk - KOCshetau The draft also proposed to build a network using the SDM-1 ECI Telecom's line equipment (Israel), which ensures reliability and high quality fiber optic performance.

The design calculations were made of the communication channels, and a portion of the length of the main parameters of regeneration of the optical fiber. It is the choice of fiber optic cable and the calculation of its most important characteristics.

Is a fiber optic pad description, technical characteristics of the proposed equipment SDH.

The project addressed issues of occupational health and safety as well as environmental issues.

Composed of a feasibility study of the project, which characterizes the economic feasibility of the project.

As a result, the project is expected to increase capacity and improve the quality of communication in this area. As a result, we should expect the growth in revenues from providing telecommunications services in the Akmola region.



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Application A

Additional information K-60

- Nominal attenuation at frequency amplifying section 252 kHz at a maximum temperature of soil dB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

- The difference between the attenuation constant slope circuit in a chain of environmental protection on the frequencies 247 kHz and 17 dB. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13