Basic English

1) Say the sentences using may or might to express future possibility:

1. Можливо, піде дощ. Візьми парасольку.

2. Вона, можливо, скаже йому про це.

3. Можливо, він прочитає хорошу лекцію.

4. Можливо, вона запізниться на потяг.

5. Можливо, вона отримає цю роботу.

6. Сотні людей можуть втратити роботу, якщо забастовка продовжиться.

7. Можливо, ми закінчимо роботу до вечора.

8. Давай купимо лотерейний квиток. Можливо, ми виграємо.

9. Він, можливо, приїде завтра.

10. Потяг, можливо, запізниться.

2) Say the sentences using must to express obligation. Look up the words in the dictionary if necessary:

1. You … to live in stress. (навчитися)

2. All passengers … seatbelts. (пристебнутися)

3. I … my homework. (піти і зробити)

4. …we … our passports with us? (взяти)

5. Accidents … to the safety officer. (докладати)

6. … you … so soon? (піти)

7. I … a letter to my mother. (написати)

8. You … if you don't want to. (іти)

9. I … back to Anny and tell her about the news. (написати)

10. Passengers in the airport … their luggage unattended at any time. (залишати)

11. Employees … the office phones to make personal calls. (користуватися)

12. You … a file before you turn the computer off. (зберігати)

13. You … this information with anybody. It's highly confidential. (обговорювати)

14. Drivers wishing to hire a car … over 21 and have a driving license. (бути)

15. You … to customers like that. (розмовляти)

16. You … a receipt. (мати)

17. I really … to stop smoking. (намагатися)

18. You … library books on time. (повертати)

19. Remember, you … to Pat about this. (розмовляти)

20. All drivers … insurance. (мати)

Lesson 9

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian

Computerizing a Database

As you have seen, you can set up a useful data base manually-and you do, whenever you create any kind of list or record or organize Information. But what happens when your collection of data gets really big? You start out with notes on a single index card. Gradually you accumulate a pile of index cards. You set up an organizational system and file the cards in a box. Before long there's a second box, and then a third. Soon you need an index to your index cards in order to find information.

That's where a computer and a database management system come in handy. A computer, as you know, is an ideal tool for collecting and manipulating data. A data-base management system, or DBMS, is a special program designed to enable you to manage data on a computer in a useful way. With a database management system, you can transfer the contents of your cards, notebooks, and file cabinets onto disks. Then you can use the computer to retrieve the data, organize it, update it, and even sort through it for specific information. Need an alphabetical list o all the players in your baseball card collection? A list of those players born in 1987? A list of shortstops? Tell the computer what you want. In seconds t pulls the information out of your data base and displays it on the screen.

The Advantages of Using Electronic Files

The larger and more complex your collection of data is, the more likely it is that you should set up electronic files. Sing them, you can store data more efficiently in much less space. You can retrieve information in much less time with much less trouble.

To get a better idea of the advantages of using electronic files, compare what happens when you try to find a book using a familiar data base-a library card catalogue-and a computerized data base-a computerized catalogue.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Useful data base; organize Information; single index card; accumulate; management system; manipulating data; in a useful way; transfer the contents; to retrieve the data; an alphabetical list.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct in the following sentences:

1. Hi, Jane. Welcome to the party. (You, ever, meet) my cousin? 2. Hi, Jane. Welcome to the party. (You, visit)? 3. -(You, go out) last night? - Yes, I (go) to the cinema but I (not, enjoy) the film much. 4. -When (Mr. Clark die)? -About ten years ago. 5. They (not, invite) her to the restaurants, so she (not, go). 6. -(You, have) time to write the letter? - No, I (do). 7. -What (you, do) at the weekend? -I (not, do) anything. 8. I (see) Tom yesterday but I haven't (see) him today.

4. Translate into English:

1. Він був репортером до того, як став письменником. 2. Вони повернулися додому пізно. Діти вже заснули. 3. Учора вона ходила до зубного лікаря. 4. Томаса не було вчора на вечірці. Він домовився із Джин піти в кіно. 5. Минулого року ми їздили до Німеччини. До цього ми ніколи там не були. 6. Джек не хотів іти в кіно, тому що він уже подивився цей фільм. 7. Вони не були голодними. Вони тільки-но пообідали. 8. Учора я бачив Енн. Я не бачив її 5 років. 9. Перепрошую, я запізнився. Моя машина зламалася по дорозі сюди.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

At the Doctor's

Patient: How do you do, doc.!

Doctor: How do you do! Take the seat, please… Well, have you got the results o your stomach test on hand?

P: Yes, I have. Here you are.

D: Ah… Well, they are not quite good, rather, they are warning.

P: What do you mean? Warning about what?

D: I must say you'll have ulcer very soon if you don't change your way of life.

P: Is it so serious? What am I to do?

D: First of all, you should remain quiet in all situations of our daily life. You shouldn't respond to its challenges, but you must respond to treatment.

P: You mean I should never be nervous on any occasion, don't you?

D: That's it. Then, your diet should be sparing.

P: Well, you know that I am a frugal eater.

D: I know that, but remember you mustn't eat pork, fat, salt fish o any kind. You must exclude everything fried from your diet - potatoes, meat, fish, and eggs. But if you boil these foodstuff, you may eat them safely.

P: What about vegetables and fruit?

D: You may eat vegetables if they are fresh. But you mustn't eat pickled vegetables. Besides, you may eat fresh apples for the time being, and other fresh fruit except bananas.

P: May I eat lemons?

D: Only in the tea if you like to drink tea with lemon.

P: Hoe about drinks?

D: If you mean soft drinks, take only mineral water after degassing it. As for strong drinks, you shouldn't take beer or wine of any brand. You may have sometimes a small drink of whisky.

P: Well, I am in for a dull life, doc. What can I do to make it acceptable?

D: Observe my prescriptions and you'll be in good health in the long run.

6. Language work:

1) Say the sentences using have to \ be to in the correct form to express obligation. Look up the words in the dictionary if necessary:

1. At our last lesson we … about the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city. (написати)

2. At what time … I … there? ( бути)

3. She … early because she wasn't feeling well. (піти)

4. If you fail the test, you … it again. (здавати)

5. She … at the age of 50 because of health problems. (піти на пенсію)

6. The man was armed and the police … him. (застрелити)

7. He had …. (піти у відставку)

8. Paola came from a wealthy family and she … not. (працювати)

9. … you … military service? (проходити)

10. I … to avoid the truck. (звернути в сторону)

11. We … all our files into floppy disks. (переписати)

12. They … in June. (одружитися)

13. I used my student card, so I … the full price. (платити)

14. She spilled some coffee on the application form and I … it all again. (переписати)

15. The computer crashed and deleted all my work. I … the essay all again. (почати)

2) Say the sentences using shall or need where necessary.

1. … go to the cinema together?

2. You …\not\go there at once.

3. You … \not\to do the washing-up today.

4. … we dine out together?

5. … we get ready for classes together?

6. What document … we … to rent a flat in your country?

7. She … to work harder.

8. You … \not\to take a lot of things when you go on holidays.

9. …. I open the window?

10. You …\not\to do any homework for Monday.

11. I … stop a minute, just to get my breath back.

12. … I make a copy for you?

13. You … to be on your guard at the airport. There are a lot of pickpockets around.

14. The cat looks as if it … goes to the vet.

15. … the boy wait?

Lesson 10

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Setting Up a DBMS (Data-Base-Management-System)

Now that you know the advantages of electronic files, let's set up a database management system in order to learn how one works. Assume that you are in charge of your school's video library. You have access to a microcomputer and are interested in computerizing your ever-expanding catalogue. Since you already have a data base -a title and a subject card catalogue-you have a good idea of the information that people want and how they can best find it. After consulting with the computer lab instructor, you buy a DBMS. You're ready to begin.

Before turning to the computer, you review the documentation that accompanies the program and become familiar with the terminology, or jargon, of a DBMS. You learn three important words: field, record, and file.

Field. A field is a single category of information in your data base. It can be made up of numbers, letters, or a combination of numbers and letters. You look at a catalogue card in your current data base and identify 11 fields, including type of movie, movie title, and call number.

Record. A record is a collection of fields. Each catalogue card with all its entries about a single movie is a record. Since your catalogue currently consists of title and subject cards, you have two records for each movie listed in your data base.

File. A file is a collection of related records. Your subject catalogue is one file; your title catalogue is another. Your DBMS will eliminate duplicate records and combine the two files.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Advantages; electronic files; assume; interested in computerizing; consulting with the computer; terminology; your current data base; entries; related records; eliminate duplicate records.

3. Find out which form-Past Simple or Present Perfect are correct in the following sentences:

1. Where's your key? I don't know. I (lose) it. 2. He (tell) me his name yesterday but I (forget) it. 3. Is Kathy here? No, she (go out). 4. I can't find my bag. (You, see) it? 5. Ow! I (cut) my finger. It's bleeding. 6. The road is closed. There( be) an accident. 7. The police (arrest) two men in connection with the robbery. 8. It was warm, so I (take off) my coat. 9. The food wasn't very good. I (not, enjoy) it very much. 10. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I (not, disturb) her.

4. Translate into English:

1. До того часу, як ми дісталися Бена, вечірка вже скінчилася. 2. Коли я вийшов з кіно, то виявив, що злодій украв мій радіоприймач у машині. 3. Коли кінозірка увійшла до ресторану, я її не впізнав, тому що не бачив фільмів з її участю. 4. Я не був голодний, тому що добре поснідав. 5. Після того як ми оглянули багато визначних місць, ми відчули себе трохи стомленими. 6. До того часу, як я дістався додому, мої батьки вже повечеряли.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

English-speaking countries

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:

Location: The British Isles; area: 244,100 sq. km.; population: over 55 mln.; capital: London; largest cities: London, Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester , Glasgow; Highest point: Ben Nevis 1, 343 m.; longest river: The Severn 350 km.; main languages: English; government: Parliamentary Monarchy.

The United States of America:

Location: the central North America; area: 9,364,000 sq. km.; population: over 260 mln.; capital: Washington; largest cities: New York, Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago, Boston.; highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m.; longest river: the Mississippi 5,900 km.; main languages: English; government: Federal Republic of 50 states.

Canada:

Location: North America; area: 9,922,230 sq. km.; population: over 27 mln.; capital: Ottawa; largest cities: Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver; highest point: Mount Logan 6, 050 m.; longest river: the Mackenzie 3,800 km; main languages: English, French; government: Federal Union of 10 provinces and 2 territories.

Australia:

Location: the Island continent of Australia; area: 7,688,884 sq. km; population: over 20 mln; capital: Canberra; largest cities: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane; highest point: Mount Kosciusko 2,280 m; longest river: the Murray (with the Darling 3, 750) km; main languages: English; government: Federal Union of 6 states and 2 territories.

6. Language work:

1) Giving or asking for advice say what people should or shouldn't do. Use the words given bellow. Translate the sentences:

Take impose be visit be reported do avoid take worry leave do go work try be be late be neat tell come stay

1. You …in bed too late.

2. You … always on time.

3. You … for classes.

4. You … a taxi if you're late.

5. You … clean and tidy.

6. You … tactful.

7. You … stupid things.

8. You … lies.

9. You … to bed early if you're feeling tired.

10. You … so much. Everything will be alright.

11. You … as hard as possible.

12. You … to do your best t become a good specialist.

13. You … a chance to travel while you're still young.

14. You … making up your mind before you know all the facts.

15. You … your children alone at home.

16. He … his parents more often.

17. All accidents … to the health and Safety officers.

18. The drug … during pregnancy.

19. What … I … if the baby starts crying?

20. The courts … tougher punishment on offenders.

2) Say the sentences using ought to for moral obligation:

1. If your friend is in trouble, you … help her.

2. If your friend is ill, you … visit her very often.

3. If you see a beggar, you … give him some coins.

4. If the child is asleep, you…\not\ make a noise.

5. It's too late. The children … be in bed.

6. It's your sister's birthday. We … send her a present.

7. You … not \ speak too loudly in public.

8. You … not \ be lazy when everybody is working hard.

9. You … not \ smoke in the room when somebody is in.

10. I think you were very rude and you … apologize.

11. Do you think we … get permission before we do it?

12. The government … spend more money on education.

13. We … not \ use animals for experiments.

14. The doctor told Dan he … exercise more.

15. She … not \ drive if she's been drinking.

Lesson 11

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Using Databases

Imagine getting the information you need by simply entering command or type on your computer keyboard. Many people do this. They use data-base management system-special software developed for record keeping-to create electronic files. Then the computer does all the work of sorting through the files to retrieve specific information. Data are facts or figures. A data base is a source of facts and figures-it is a collection of related information. A telephone directory is a data base. So is a dictionary… and a television program guide. These collection all differ from one another in both content and format.

Characteristics of a good data base:

A useful data base has four important characteristics.

The more complete a data base is, the more likely it is to have the information that you need. For example you'll find Dave Winfield's batting average only if you have his baseball card. You'll be able to check your friend Jan's telephone number only if you've listed it in your address book.

You might organize facts alphabetically, chronologically, or by topic. How you organize your data base depends on both its content and its intended use. The more structured your data base is the easier it is to find information.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Getting the information; simply entering command; keyboard; record keeping; sorting through the files; retrieve specific information; a source of facts; related information; content; format.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct in the following sentences:

1. I was very tired, so I (go) to bed early. 2. The bed was very uncomfortable. I (not, sleep) very well. 3. Sue wasn't very hungry, so she (not, eat) anything. 4. We went to Kate's house but she (not, be) at home. 5. -Would you like something to eat? -No, thanks. I (just, have) lunch. 6. Hello! (You, just arrive)? 7. -Don't forget to post the letter, will you? -I (already, post) it. 8. -What time is Mark leaving? - He (already go). 9. (It, stop) raining yet? 10. I (write) the letter but I (not, post) it yet.

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following sentences:

1. Sue (graduate) soon. After that she (begin) to work at an electronics company. 2. Fred (be) at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) too. 3. - Can you give John a message for me? - Sure. I (see, probably) him at the meeting this evening. 4. The damage we do to our environment today (affect) the quality of life of future generations. 5. - Mr. Andrews (not, be) here next term. He has resigned. - Who (be) the new teacher? Do you know? - Yes. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach) the same courses Mr. Andrews taught German, physics, and geometry. 6. I (be) in her geometry class. Do you know which algebra class you (be) in next term? 7. This letter is in French, and I don't speak a word in French. Can you help me? - Sure. I (translate) it for you. 8. Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) to the shopping center. 9. - his light doesn't work. The bulb s probably burned out. Where are the new light bulbs? 10. It's really cold in here. My nose is cold and my fingers are cold too. I (make) a hot cup of tea.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Great Britain

Great Britain is the heart of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Great Britain has ranked among the leading nations of the world for more than 500 years. The British people have been leaders in many fields - in science, exploration, government, and arts. The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The island of Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales. Northern Ireland, which covers about one fifth of Ireland also is a part of the United kingdom. London is the capital and largest city.

The face of the land varies from one part of the country to another. Great manufacturing cities and thriving farms lie on the green plains of England. Deposits of coal and other valuable minerals are mined in the steep hills and mountains of Wales. The Scottish Lowlands support manufacturing and shipbuilding industries. The low grasslands and mild climate of Northern Ireland provide excellent grazing for livestock.

Great Britain became a world power about 250 years ago, when England was united with Scotland and Wales, but the British people have many traditions that go back thousands of years. They are deeply devoted to the Royal family and their form of government.

6. Language work.

1) Say the sentences using modal verbs in the past actions.

1. He may… not to come. (decide)

2. I might … the keys in the office. (leave)

3. There must … 10 of them in the car. (be)

4. There should … you your money back long ago. (give)

5. I'm sorry, I shouldn't … at you. (shout)

6. They ought … the police when it happened. (call)

7. Yes, I know. I should … more time studying. (spend)

8. We shouldn't … such a big car. (buy)

9. I shouldn't … him of lying. (accuse)

10. He really should … you - though to be fair he's been very busy. (call)

11. The windows needn't … today. (clean)

12. We shouldn't … those shares. (sell)

13. This information should … to the tax authorities two years ago. (give)

14. I shouldn't … such a valuable air ticket.

15. Someone could … mu money. (steal)

2) Translate from Russian into English using modal verbs:

1. Він повинен підготувати рахунок до наступного понеділка?

2. Чи повинна я сидіти в готелі весь час?

3. Це, мабуть, важка задача.

4. Ти мусиш написати їй хорошого листа.

5. Чи дійсно мені погодитися з цією пропозицією?

6. Хіба ти не мусиш інколи навідувати своїх старих батьків?

7. Що ж мені робити? Яким чином я повинна прийняти участь в цій справі?

8. О котрій годині повинен прибути автобус з Ліверпуля?

9. Вам не потрібно йти туди зараз.

10. Я змушений був економити гроші, щоб заплатити за своє навчання.

Lesson 12

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Electronics Helps Men

Our age has been called a variety of things: the Space Age, the Electronic Age, the Atomic Age, etc. One of them, however, is very exact and that is the age of Automation.

Automation is considered to be the highest stage in the development of technology. It has made the development of rocket production and nuclear industry possible. Automation is known to be very effective in continuous cycle production rolled stock production and operation of thermal and hydropower plants. Automation of production processes is impossible without automatic control; the required machines based on electronic computations. Electronic computing techniques find broad application in many spheres and are a basis for the development of modern program-controlled machine tools and the controlling of spaceship flights. The following can be given as examples of how electronics helps man.

The letters at the General Post Office are now handled by electronic automats. Not long ago hundreds of women sorted letters arriving from all the world by hand. Now, one girl sits at a control panel watching a screen which is like that of a television set. The address appears on the screen and the girl having read the number of the post office to which the letter is addressed presses the necessary button and the envelope is conveyed to the mail bag which is then taken to the post office indicated on the envelope.

A number of higher learning establishments are installing electronic data processing systems for the counting of educational data. Automatic translating machines, computer-based teaching devices and other different applications of computer technology are the things which help people in their life, work and study.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

A variety of things; the age of Automation; the highest stage; production processes; automatic control; electronic computations; computing techniques; program-controlled machine; presses the necessary button; educational data.

3. Translate into English:

1. Минулої зими я вперше в житті бачив сніг. 2. Я знаю Джона багато років. 3. Що ви вже вивчили з того часу як приїхали сюди навчатися? 4. Сподіваюся, ви вже познайомилися з багатьма цікавими людьми. 5. Ви багато мандруєте? Які країни ви вже відвідали? 6. Я бачив Тома вчора, а сьогодні я його не бачив. 7. Шляхи закрито. Сталася аварія. 8. Було тепло, тому я зняв пальто. 9. Кейт не була голодна, тому вона нічого не їла. 10. - Привіт! Ви що, тільки-но приїхали? 11. Дощ уже припинився? 12. Я написав листа, але ще не відправив його. 13. З Різдва стоїть гарна погода. 14. Мені завжди хотілося мандрувати різними країнами. 15. Два роки тому я відвідав Південну Африку.

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following sentences:

1. - Oh! I've spilled coffee on my shirt. - Just a minute. I (get) a damp cloth for you. 2. - What do you want to be when you are grown up? - I (be) an astronaut. 3. Do you mind if turn the TV off? I (have) a long distance call, and it's hard to hear when the TV is on. 4. - Who wants to clean the board? Are there any volunteers?- I (do) it! 5. - Why do you have an eraser in your hand? - I (erase) the mistakes. 6. I think the weather (be) nice later. 7. Look at those black clouds. It (rain). 8. I feel terrible. I think I (be sick).

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Scientific and Technological Progress

The advantages of living in the twentieth century are clear to anyone who spends time in one of the world's highly developed nations. The disadvantages of modern life, however, are sometimes not so quickly seen. Consider the average man today in contrast with man 200 years ago. Without doubt, man's life has been eased considerably. Machines now perform for him many of the services that he previously had to do for himself. They cut his grass, wash his car, open and close his doors, walk for him, climb stairs for him, serve him coffee, and both put him to sleep and wake him up to music. In two major areas - transportation and communications- great progress has been made. Mass publishing practices have spread newspapers, magazines, and paperback book around the globe. Relayed across oceans by Telstar satellites, television informs and entertains people in every hemisphere. Mail moves swiftly and efficiently; telephone cables connect all continents. More than any other single invention, the gasoline engine has revolutionized modern life. City streets, clogged with automobile traffic tell us that. More recent discoveries have led to the surge of jet and supersonic plane travel. Even as man darts throughout the world, he is protected from disease as no man before him has been, and he can look forward to living a longer life than his grandfather did. Man now commands a more plentiful supply of the world's goods. He may own not only a car and a home but also a stove, a refrigerator, a washing machine, books, phonograph records and cameras. Even his old age is better provided for through pension and retirement plans offered by the government and by industry. Thus the advantages of living in the twentieth centuries are many.

6. Language work:

1) Natasha Morozova is having an interview. This is what she is saying about herself. Read the information and say about her using reported speech:

Model: She said that…

1. I live in this city.

2. I came here 3 years ago.

3. I graduated from university 5 years ago.

4. I have a degree in economics.

5. I like to work with people.

6. I'm going to change my present job, because it is not interesting.

7. I don't like when other people tell me what to do.

8. I want more responsibility.

9. I am interested in working with a good team and reliable people.

10. I will consider your offer and let you know about my decision.

2) Report the requests and commands using He asked me… or He told me…

1. `Post this letter immediately.'

2. `Send them the fax as soon as possible.'

3. `Please don't disturb me.'

4. `Please give me that English-Russian dictionary.'

5. `Don't go on the grass.'

6. `Don't prompt her.'

7. `Don't interfere with my work, please.'

8. `Please, do your own business.'

9. `Entertain the guests, please.'

10. `Don't make a mess of the job.'

Lesson 13

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

The Computer as a Communication Tool

Communicating by computer is almost as easy as punching the keys on a keyboard. Information is sent electronically from one computer-microcomputer, minicomputer, or mainframe-to another, either via telephone lines or through special cables and wires. What kinds of information can be sent? You name it: magazine articles, airline reservations, bank transactions, statistics, news reports, job listings, games, movie reviews, business correspondence, football scores, computer programs, personal messages, stock prices, medical records, graphic images, weather reports.

Advantages of computer communication:

Computer communication is playing an increasingly important role not only in offices but also in schools, hospitals, libraries, and homes. People are realizing that sending and receiving information electronically offers several advantages:

1. Fast, accurate, and direct exchange of information. Sending and receiving data electronically takes only a fraction of the time needed to send it by mail or messenger. And since the information goes directly to the receiver, the sender doesn't have to worry about lost packages or incorrectly addressed envelopes.

2. Rapid information processing. Computers can sort or search through huge amounts of information in a flash. Suppose you were a lawyer who needed a history of all court cases involving the theft of government secrets. How could you get the information? Well, you could go to a law library and search through the reference books. That might take you five hours. You could, instead, use a computer that is electronically linked to a special data bank of legal information. Using that method, you could obtain the information in less than an hour- and never even leave your law office.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Communicating by computer; punching the keys; through special cables; personal messages; increasingly important role; receiving data; a fraction of the time; messenger; directly to the receiver; amounts of information.

3. Find out which form-Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect are correct in the following sentences:

1. This house (build) in 1930. 2. A lot of money (steal) in the bank. 3. This room (clean) yesterday. 4. We (woke up) by a loud noise during the night. 5. Did you go to the party? No, I (invite). 6. How much money (steal)? 7. The roof of the building (damage) in a storm a few days ago. 8. (You, invite) to the wedding. Why didn't you go? 9. Originally the book (write) in Spanish and a few years ago (translate) into English. 10. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) only yesterday.

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following sentences:

1. Tom probably (arrive) at about 6 o'clock. 2. I think he (read) that book. 3. I think Ann (like) the present we bought for her. 4. - why are you turning off the TV-set? - I (watch) the news. 5. - Oh, I've just realized. I haven't got any money. - haven't you? Well, don't worry. I (lend) you some. 6. - I've got a headache. - Have you? Wait there and I (get) an aspirin for you. 7. - Why are you filling that bucket with water? - I (wash) the car.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Computers

Student 1: Computers appeared in our country not long ago but today we may say that the age of computers has begun. First of all, computers let you access to a lot of information. And they let you communicate very quickly, by e-mail or using the Internet.

Student 2: They're a great help at offices because they can do jobs very quickly, for example sending out large numbers of letters or bills. You can access any information you need from the office using a modem. Large amounts of information can be stored on computer in a database.

Student 1: Do you know any other advantages of using computers?

Student 2: Yes. The best one, to my mind, is that computers make it possible to work from home. So they save us a lot of time.

Student 1: Really, computers are great thing. But what about disadvantages?

Student 2: First and foremost, computers can get viruses that can destroy the information stored in it.

Student 1: Software often has bugs, and sometimes computers crash. What is more, anyone can put information or images on the Internet, so it can be easily used by criminals to communicate with each other, or t send pornography (pictures, film, or writing that show sexual acts). There are no laws to stop this yet, and it is extremely difficult to police the Internet.

Student 2: I suppose, students shouldn't spent too much time working or playing on computers.

Student 1: Quite agree with you. Some children spend too much time playing computer games, which can be very dangerous.

Student 2: Thanks a lot. I think that despite some disadvantages computers are really the wonders of the world.

6. Language work:

1) Say in English the sentences using reported speech:

1. Він запитав мене, скільки мені років.

2. Він запитав мене, чи є в мене телефон.

3. Він запитав мене, чи живу я зі своїми батьками.

4. Він запитав мене, де я працюю.

5. Він запитав мене, скільки часу я працюю на цій фірмі.

6. Вона сказала, що раніше багато подорожувала.

7. Вона сказала, що хворіє вже 2 неділі.

8. Мама сказала, що Аня приїжджає о 3 годині.

9. Вона запитала мене, о я робила в той час.

10. Я сказала, що в той час я зайнята. Я роблю домашнє завдання.

2) Say the sentences in English using embedded questions:

1. Чи не скажете, котра година?

2. Цікаво, де він був вчора.

3. Ви не знаєте, відмінили збори?

4. Скажіть, будь ласка, о котрій годині відправляється наступний потяг.

5. Цікаво, банк відчинений у неділю?

6. Ви не знаєте, він прийде на збори?

7. Чи не можете ви сказати, які питання будуть обговорюватися на зборах?

8. Цікаво, як ви отримали цю інформацію.

9. Цікаво, як вона проживає в цій країні?

10. Вибачте,я не знаю де знаходиться ця вулиця.

Lesson 14

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Electronic Mail

Did you ever have to go out in the rain to mail a letter that couldn't wait? Have you ever received a letter weeks late because it had been mysteriously `lost' in the mail? If so, you will be very happy to know that electronic mail is here.

What exactly is electronic mail? It's just what you'd imagine: the sending of messages electronically by computer. Here's how it works.

Suppose that you are a subscriber to the Source of CompuServe. You have ten friends who subscribe as well. A few months ago, you lent one of these friends a record. You want the record back, but you can't remember who has it. Using a microcomputer and a modem, you plug into the information service's network of subscribers. Once you are on-line, you send the same message to all ten of your friends.

Your message is stored in your friends' `electronic mailboxes'. These mailboxes are nothing like those that are used by the U.S. Postal Service. They are simply storage locations in the information service's computer system. When your friends come on-line, they will check to see if they have any mail. When they do, your message will appear on the screen.

Not all electronic mail delivery is tied to an information service like The Source or CompuServe. In fact, organizations already exist that specialize in delivering electronic mail. MCI Mail and EasyLink are two examples. Subscribers to these electronic-mail services can send messages around the world on their computer. In addition, the addressee doesn't even need a computer to receive mail through one of these services. Both will transmit a letter most of the distance electronically, then print and send it the rest of the distance either by mail or by courier.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Electronic mail; sending of messages electronically; subscriber; the record back; a modem; network of subscribers; electronic mailboxes; storage locations; come on-line; transmit a letter.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct in the following sentences:

1. When he was young, Ron (bring) up by his grandparents. 2. While I was on holiday, my camera (steal). 3. Where (these photographs, take)? 4.All fights (cancel) because of fog. 5. I (accused) of stealing money. 6. I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation. I didn't realize our conversation (record). 7. When we entered the classroom the test (write) by the students. 8. When we got to the stadium, we found that the game (cancel).

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following sentences:

1. I (go) to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 2. I think Jane (get) the job. She has a lot of experience. 3. I can't meet you this evening. A friend of mine (come) to see me. 4. - Have you decided where to go for your holiday? - Yes, we (visit) Italy. 5. There's no need to be afraid of the dog. It (hurt) you. 6. Don't worry about your exam. I'm sure you (pass) it. 7. Why don't you try on this jacket? It (look) nice on you. 8. You must meet Ann sometimes. I think you (like) her. 9. It's raining. Don't go out. You (get) wet. 10. I wonder what (happen).

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

The United States of America

The USA is the name of the country composed of 50 states joined in a federal republic. It is one of the world's largest countries (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the area over 9 mln square km and has a population of about 260 mln people. Representatives of different nationalities live there. English is the official language of the country.

The flag of the USA has 13 red and white stripes-representing the original 13 states - and 50 stars - for each of the 50 states of the country in our days. The capital of the country is Washington, named after the first president of the USA. The other largest cities are New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Los Angeles.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, computer techniques - hardware and software, cars, television sets, furniture. Electronic and electric engineering, transport, communication can be found almost in all large cities of the USA.

The United States is a democracy. It means that the Constitution, laws and traditions of the USA give the people the right to decide who will be the leader of the nation, who will make the laws and what the laws will be. The Constitution guarantees individual freedom to all.

6. Language work:

1) Read the sentences and report what someone says using the necessary reporting verb: order, advise, encourage, remind, persuade, promise, apologize, refuse, deny, admit.

1. `It's really a very good job for you. a) They offered her a very good job.

Will you accept it?'

2. `We'll fix your computer in two days.' b) They … to fix my computer in two days.

3. `I'll do it by all means.' c) She … to do it by all means.

4. `I'm sorry. I've been rude to you.' d) She … … … to me.

5. `I think you ought to go to the doctor.' e) She … me to go to the doctor.

6. `You shouldn't be afraid to speak English.' f) She … me to speak English.

7. `If you work hard, you will be a success.' g) She … to work hard.

8. `I won't pay anymore.' h) She … to pay me anymore.

9. `I will give you the sum of money.' i) He … to give me the money.

10. `I didn't steal the money.' j) He … … the money.

11. `I think I'm wrong.' k) He … … wrong.

12. `Your warranty is out of date. We can't l) They … to repair it free.

Repair it free.'

Lesson 15

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Computers in Business, Industry and Agriculture

Computers have revolutionized the business world. As the cost of computer technology has decreased, more and more businesses have `gone computer'. Computers are no longer limited to factories, banks, and big corporations. Small companies, retail stores, law firms, employment agencies, supermarkets, and even many farms now use computers. In fact, according to a recent study, now four out of every five workers use a computer as part of their job.

Computers in the office.

In large and small offices alike secretaries use word-processing to write letters and reports. Managers switch on their desktop computer to help them prepare spreadsheets and graphic displays. Accountants and bookkeepers use computer power to help them manage company finances.

Computer systems are used to manage company records, to send electronic mail, and to tie into data banks. Electronic networks link computer users who are located in the same building or across the country.

Computers serve a broad range of manufacturing purposes. For example, if you were a supervisor in a large factory, you might have a computerized control system to help you keep track of continuously running machinery.

Computers are also used to monitor the temperature and pressure of production processes. For example, in a chemical plant or power-generating station, computers may be connected to regulating devices. If the temperature or pressure rises or falls too much, the computer instantly signals the regulating device. The device then makes the needed adjustment-automatically.

2. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

Revolutionize; computer technology; computers are no longer limited; according to a recent study; desktop computer; prepare spreadsheets; graphic displays; manage company records; electronic networks; control system.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct in the following sentences:

1. I (bear) in Chicago. Where (you, bear)? 2. The police (give) the information after the accident (happen). 3. I (offer) the job but I refused it. 4. The men (pay) 1.000 to do the work. 5. Mrs. Johnson is very proud of her new grandson who (bear) last week. 6. My family live in Scotland but I (educate) in France. 7. The bridge (destroy) during the flood.

4. Translate into English:

1. Ти можеш мені допомогти з французьким перекладом? - Звичайно, я допоможу тобі. 2. Ти хочеш піти зі мною за покупками, я йду до торгового центру. 3. - Ким ти хочеш стати, коли виростеш? - Космонавтом. 4. - Хто хоче стерти з дошки? - Я зроблю це. 5. Подивись на ці чорні хмари. Буде дощ. 6. Мабуть, Том прийде о шостій вечора. 7. Я гадаю, Енн сподобається подарунок, який ми їй купили.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

English as a means of international communication

One of the reasons why a lot of people all over the world learn English is that English has taken the positions of the world language. It means that:

-750 million people all over the world use it;

-it has become the language of the planet;

-it's the first truly global language;

-it's the main language of business, sports, science;

-it's one of the richest languages;

-there are many borrowings from English in other languages;

-three quarters of the world's mail are in English;

-English is the world's computer language.

6. Language work:

1) Translate into Ukrainian and pay attention at the infinitive used in the sentences:

1. To prolong doubt was to prolong hope.

2. To wash in icy water was awfully unpleasant.

3. To bring the experiment to an end they had to work the night through.

4. Tom opened the window to let the spring air in.

5. In order to see the performance better we will take opera glasses.

6. This Texan is difficult to understand.

7. Our house is easy to find.

8. This water isn't safe to drink.

9. He wasn't an interesting person to talk to.

10. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.

2) Translate from Ukrainian into English using infinitive:

1. Здається, Джулія дуже зайнята сьогодні.

2. Сталося так, що у мене з собою недостатньо грошей.

3. Виявилось, ніхто не знає останніх новин.

4. Робота виявилась важчою, ніж ми очікували.

5. Здається, він втратив смак до життя.

6. Здається, Джек безробітний вже кілька місяців.

7. Виявилось, що містер Джонсон чесна людина.

8. Він точно намагатиметься уникнути розмови.

9. Дженіт, напевно, перекладе вину на когось іншого.

10. Навряд чи йому дали шанс.

Lesson 16

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Mainframes

Mainframes are the fastest computers, and use the largest storage system. As a result, they can solve more complex problems and handle more information than can any other category of computer. Mainframes are also the largest computers. Most of them are housed in several large cabinets.

Some mainframes do a single job, such as copying and storing the information generated by a laboratory experiment. Others perform many different tasks.

Hundreds of people may be logged on a large mainframe at the same time. Such users are said to be timesharing. In this situation, the mainframe appears to be processing information for all the users every instant. However, the computer is actually switching rapidly from program to program, doing a small amount of work on one, and then hurrying to another.

The fastest mainframes are called supercomputers. These machines are used for major projects, such as the design of aircraft, the study of weather system, and the design and analysis of drug molecules. Supercomputers are few in number because they are extremely expensive. Supercomputer users-mostly scientists and engineers at large scientific installations-sometimes run programs by means of long-distance telephone networks. The fastest supercomputers are parallel computers. They are fast because they have dozens or even hundreds of microprocessors that operate at the same time. Each processor works on a separate piece of a program. Minicomputers and super minis have many of the capabilities of mainframes, but they are smaller, less expensive, and less powerful.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Mainframes; the fastest computers; the largest storage system; handle more information; perform many different tasks; processing information; supercomputers; major projects; extremely expensive; parallel computers.

3. Translate into English:

1. Цей будинок збудовано в 1980 році. 2. У цій кімнаті вчора прибирали. 3. - Ти ходив на вечірку? - Ні, мене не запросили. 4. Спочатку книгу було написано французькою мовою, а потім перекладено іспанською. 5. Коли Рон був маленький, його виховували дідусь і бабуся. 6. Де було зроблено ці фотознімки. 7. Усі польоти відмінили через туман. 8. Я гадав, що наша розмова записується. 9. Я народився в Чикаго. А де народився ти? 10. Мені запропонували роботу, але я відмовився. 11. Їм заплатили за роботу 100 доларів. 12. Міст було зруйновано під час грози. 13. Скільки запитань тобі поставили під час іспиту? 14. Шлях закрили кілька днів тому. 15. Новий будинок купили за 100 тисяч доларів.

4. Translate into English:

1. - ти йдеш за покупками? - Так, я збираюся купити щось на вечерю. 2. - Алло! Можна поговорити із Джимом? - Я покличу його. 3. Не хвилюйся за лист, який ми загубили. Я впевнений, що ти знайдеш його. 4. Сьогодні ввечері я йду на вечірку. Підеш зі мною? 5. - Ви вже вирішили, куди поїдете у відпустку? - Так, ми збираємося поїхати до Англії. 6. Не хвилюйся за результати іспиту. Я впевнена, що ти його складеш. 7. Іде дощ. Не виходь, бо промокнеш.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Environmental protection

Abilities and powers of man are increasing now. Technological progress allowed to use nuclear, chemical, laser, biological, and other machines and technologies instead of hand-operated and mechanical techniques. However, scientific and technological progress, as a rule, was separated from social progress. Such approach has let a man use the means negative consequences of which are globally destructive. 100 billion tons of minerals are mined annually, and more than 90% of them go in waste. Amount of oxygen, consumed by certain countries, already exceeds its manufacture by the plants of these countries. Tropical forests-main `lungs' of the Earth-is more than 40% felled. The speed of its felling is more than 20 hectares per minute. Almost one thousand of species of animals and 25 thousand species of plants are now under the threat of extinction. Recently medicine has aced the problems of worsening natural ecological conditions, chronic stresses, reduction of immunity, change of nutrition ration, and many other factors, unknown by now. Felling forests, pollution of environment by industrial waste and automobiles have already caused global warmth on the planet. Misuse of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, water pollution, impact of Chernobyl accident on the people-this is not a complete list of the factors determining dangerous changes in human organism and growth of diseases and death rate. Man is now using permissive principle and its trying to take everything from his life today. Mankind has driven itself into a dead-end… However, we still have an exit from it. The quality of man's life is impossible without solving ecological problems: preservation of genetic fund of flora and fauna, preservation of clean and productive natural environments (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils, and forests), preservation of ozone. Only having realized that the reason of the ecological crisis which burst in the 20 century was lack of unity of Man and Nature, civilization can achieve progress.