For example:

I studied hard because I wanted to pass the test.

Conditional clause is a type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined.

A conditional clause may be introduced by the subordinating conjunction if or another conjunction, such as unless, provided that, or in case of.

If you want a friend in Washington, get a dog.

If I find her address, I'll send her an invitation.

If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

If he talked to her yesterday, he told her about our plan.

I would be very grateful if you would send me your catalogue.

If you go on smoking so much, you will ruin your health. - If you will go on smoking so much, you will ruin your health.

I can make your favorite cherry pie for you if you buy sugar on your way home. - I can make your favorite cherry pie for you if it will make you feel better.

If Mike doesn't help her, Tom will help her. - If Mike won't help her, Tom will.

If I found a thousand dollars on the street, I would buy presents and sweets for all the children in our apartment house.

If he repaired his car tomorrow, he would go to the summer house on Friday.

If you had told me about it at that time, I would not have believed you.

If he hadn't been sick last week, he would have gone to the lake with his friends.

We would have gone to the park yesterday if it had not been raining so heavily.

If he were a good specialist, he would have found the problem with my computer quickly enough yesterday.

If he had sold some of his paintings when he had good offers, he could buy a house for his family now.

Suppose that he had told her about his past before their wedding five years ago. Do you think she would have married him?

Supposing it rained tomorrow. - In that case, we would stay home.

If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

If people eat too much they get fat.

If I had more time I would travel the world.

If I had had time I would have gone to the football match.

If we had no winter, the spring would not be so pleasant; if we did not sometimes taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.

Romans park their cars the way I would park if I had just spilled a beaker of hydrochloric acid on my lap.

If I had only known, I would have been a locksmith.

Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. The speaker/writer imagines that something can or cannot happen or have happened, and then compares that situation with possible consequences or outcomes, or offers further logical conclusions about the situation.»

There are six main types of conditional sentence:

For example, the equilibrium between liquid and vapor is upset if the temperature is increased.

(General rule, or law of nature: it always happens.)

If you start thinking about this game, it will drive you crazy.

(Open future condition: it may or may not happen.)

But if you really wanted to be on Malibu Beach, you'd be there.

(Unlikely future condition: it probably won't happen.)

If I were you, I would go to the conference center itself and ask to see someone in security.

(Impossible future condition: it could never happen.)

«I would have resigned if they had made the decision themselves,» she said.

(Impossible past condition: it didn't happen.)

If he had been working for three days and three nights then it was in the suit he was wearing now.

(Unknown past condition: we don't know the facts.)

Special attention should be also paid to comparative subordinate clauses.

This is a lot more difficult than I expected.

She earns as much money as I do.

I think London is less crowded than it used to be.

Rodney Huddleston also determines content clauses.

These usually function as Subject or else Complement of a verb, noun, adjective or preposition:

i. That they accepted the offer is very fortunate. [Subject]

ii. I KNOW she likes it. [Complement of verb]

iii. The FACT that it's so cheap makes me suspicious. [Complement of noun]

iv. We stayed in BECAUSE it was raining. [Complement of preposition]

Like main clauses they select for clause type, except that there are no subordinate imperatives:

i. Declarative He didn't know that everybody supported the proposal.

ii. Closed interrogative He didn't know whether everybody supported the proposal.

iii. Open interrogative He didn't know which proposal everybody supported.

iv. Exclamative He didn't know what a lot of them supported the proposal.

Declaratives are often marked by the subordinator that; and since that occurs in both the tensed clause and the subjunctive we include both in the declarative class.

Closed interrogatives have whether or if instead of the Subject-auxiliary inversion found in main clauses (compare the main clause counterpart of the subordinate clause in [ii]: Did everybody support the proposal?).

Open interrogatives have the interrogative phrase in initial position and normally no Subject-auxiliary inversion (again compare the main clause counterpart of that in [iii]: Which proposal did everybody support?).

Exclamatives mostly have the same form as their main clause counterparts, as with [iv].

It should be mentioned that Participles can function as Adjectives and Participles can operate as Adverbials.

Let's consider these sets of made-up examples:

1a. The noise made by the car suggested an engine problem.

1b. Tired from the trip, we went to bed right after dinner.

2a. The tall women standing in the corner are from Brazil.

2b. Standing in the corner, the tall women watched the other people in the classroom closely.

1a and 2a show participle clauses that have adjectival function; they come after the noun and are attached to it and have become part of it. They can be analyzed as reduced relative clauses:

1a. The noise that was made by the car suggested an engine problem.

2a. The tall women who are standing in the corner are from Brazil.

While the other clauses have the same types of words and the same organization, they have different functions-and are analyzed as coming from different sourses. 1b and 2b are actually adverbial in function and meaning.

1b. Because we were tired from the trip, we went to bed right after dinner.

2b. While they were standing in the corner, the tall women watched the other people in the classroom closely.

Here's are authentic sentences from the sociology source. They're from a chapter opener that tells the story of an anthropologist's encounters with another culture.

Anthropologist Napolean Chagnon was nearing the end of a three-day journey to the home territory of the Yanomamo, one of the most technologically primitive societies remaining on earth.

The anthropologist's clothes were soaked with perspiration, and his face and hands were swollenfrom the bites of innumerable gnats swarming around him.

He and his guide climbed from the boat and walked toward the village, stooping as they pushed their way through the dense undergrowth.

Entering the world of Yanomamo, Chagnon experienced a severe case of culture shock, personal disorientation that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life.

Some twelve thousand Yanomamo live in villages scattered along the border of Venezuala and Brazil.

Reassured that he would survive at least the afternoon, he was still horrified by his inablility to make any sense of the people surrounding him.



Conclusion

Writers use different types of subordinate clauses to give their language complexity and stylistic variety. A clause, in general, is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, while a subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence. Instead, it takes the place of a single noun or acts as a modifier for the sentence. Subordinate clauses are also called dependent clauses, because they are dependent on the rest of the sentence.

The study focuses on the occurrence of grammatical subordination strategies and patterns of inter-clausal relations as they are used in interactional language within the mentioned differing text types of written and spoken English. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of different types of subordinate clauses as well as the form-function dichotomy in the syntax of four text types. As D. Hudson-Ettle assumes, variation in linguistic performance is determined by the choices made by the speakers/writers of the discourse and that these choices may be the result of a variety of influencing factors.

Choices of syntactic strategy may differ in each of the examined text type, which can be only investigated if grammatical descriptions of a large amount of comparable language data are available.

Subordinate Clause:

· Contains both a subject and a verb

· Incomplete thought-cannot stand alone as a sentence

· Connected to the independent clause with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun.

Subordinating Conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, provided that, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, while

Relative Pronouns: that, how, what, who, whom, which, whichever, whoever, whomever, whose, whether, why

1) Adverb Subordinate Clause

· Modifies verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

· Begins with a subordinating conjunction.

· Location-anywhere, usually before or after independent clause.

· Punctuation Rules: If it opens sentence, use a comma; if inside sentence, a comma is usually unnecessary.

2) Adjective Subordinate Clause

· Modifies nouns or pronouns.

· Begins with a relative pronoun.

· Location-always follows the noun it modifies

· Punctuation Rules: If essential (noun is general), do not use commas; if inessential (noun is specific), use commas.

3) Noun Subordinate Clause

· Functions as a noun.

· Begins with a relative pronoun.

· Punctuation Rules: No comma unless it is an appositive.

Thus, we have analyzed main aspects of different types of subordinate clauses and their functioning in Modern English.



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