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. . . . .

10.11.2014
1,7 M

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, , , , .

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.246 ..

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2004

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1. : , _______ _______

2. _________

3.

1) - 9

2) - 1

4. :

1)

.

.

2)

5. :

1: :

1)

2)

3)

2: ;

3: :

1)

2)

3)

6. :

7. :

..

():____________________________

74 ., 15 , 5 , 1 .

, , , , , , , ,

, , .

.

.

1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.

2.1

2.2

2.3

3.

3.1

3.2

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.4

3.4.1

3.4.1.1

3.4.1.2

3.4.2

3.4.3

3.4.4

3.4.5

3.5

3.6

3.7

.

.

.

.

.

.

, , , ( ) ( ). . , , , 1. - , -- . - - - .

- . - , . .

1 - ,

2 ) - . 1 2, - ( ). 3. 1 2 ) 2, 3. 4 5 6.

() 4 2 ), 5 ( ). , - .

- 2 -

. 5 . 6. , . , , 7 . 3.

- 3, 3 1 2. . 4 5, 6. 7, 8 . . . - . 8 , 9 -- . , 8, , 9 -- .

- 3 -

1.

1.1

- 4

1.2

1 - , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 -

- 5

1.3

, .

W=3n - 2p5 - p4 (1)`

W=15-14=1 - 1 .

1.4

1=0,001 /. , . DC, . DC, 0, . . , 25 DC - .

1.5

:

v=(2l)/2 (1)

2=(n2)/300=36,861 c - 1, (2)

2 - ;

v=(2l)/2=0,0184 (3)

.

B=A+BA=2l (4)

2 .

(b)=2 (b )

D :

=+(5)

=D+D

D . , D .

4

(/4)= (lD/lD) (6)

5,6 D:

5,6=+5,6 (7)

5,6=D+D5,6 (8)

, D .

F 0.

1.6

, , .

:

=v/1 (9)

, 0.

, , , .

:

=+n+ - (10)

=D+nD+D - (11)

D :

n⁨(b1 - nCB)=(cb)/CB (12)

nD(d1 - nCD)=(cd)/CD (13)

D .

4, D :

4=+n4+4 (14)

4=D+n4D+D4 (15)

4 D :

n4с(1 - n4)=(c4)/C4 (16)

n4D(d1 - n4D)=(d4)/D4 (17)

.

4 D4 4.

:

54(1 - 54)=(24/2DE4)(4 - 5) (18)

54 - 15,6.

1.7

S(), - .

:

=2/120=0,523 (19)

: , , , 12 . . = 0 , = ,

?. .

1.8

, . . =12 .

. , .

1.9

. , . .

2.

2.1

6 . SE6 . :

=P/Y max (20)

=2400/100=24 /

E6(SE6). 61, 62,, 6n .

N6 .

N(i)= P(i) E6(i) (21)

:

N(i)= y 6(i) (22)

Nmax=1902090,50,0184=6330,8

N(SE6). N(max). N , :

N= Nmax /Ynmax (23)

N=6330,8/190=33,32 /

N = Nmax / (24)

N = 6330,8/0,75=8441,07

N. = N. 1,1 (25)

N.=8441,071,1=9285,17

2.2

1324.

1324:

- 11 , - 1447 /, - 1500 /, - 22,2 , - 88,5 %, - 0,85, - 83,5 , (0,55 - 11,0 ) - 220 , 380 , 660 .

2.3

:

Up=n/n2 (26)

Up=1447/352=4,1

Up=3..5, .

:

.. =9950N. /n (27)

.. =9950N. / n=995011/1447=72,63 ͷ

:

=.. (28)

= 72,630,98=71,177 ͷ

:

.. = Up (29)

:

=1 - [m(+)+n()], (30)

m=1 - ;

n=2 - ;

(+)=0.02 - ;

()= 0.005 - .

=1 - (10.02 + 20,005) = 0,97

,

.. =71,177 4,10,97=283,07 ͷ

3.

3.1

, .

, - 45 (, , - 1050 - 88, 0,8 %, 0,45 %).

.

.. - , 235262 ; .. - , 269302 . , . - .

2.1 /2, .12/. ; - , 235 - 262 , 235 - 262 , =540 ̷.

:

H=v(0,5(2H12H2)) (31)

:

H1=H1limZN1ZR1ZV1/SH1, (32)

H1limb - .

H1limb=2HB+70 (33)

H1limb=2285,5+70=641 ̷

SH1 =1.1 - ;

ZN1 - , H Hlim. NK NHG NHG= NK;

ZN1=6v(NHG/ NK)=1 (34)

ZR1=1 - , ;

ZV1 - , (ZV=11.15).

ZV= 0,850,1 ?1 (35)

:

=2I n1 /6104( Up +1) (36)

:

I =(Up+1)3v( / Up), (37)

- 1 2 . 1 2 ?350 , =10.

I =10(4,1+1)3v( 283,07 / 4,1)=209,22

:

=2I n2 /6104( Up +1)=9,78 /

2.5 /2, . 18/.

ZV= 0,850,1 ?1 ZV=1,059

:

H1=(641111,059)/1,1=640 ̷

:

H2=(H2limZN2ZR2ZV2)/SH2

ZV= 0,850,1 ?1

=2I n1 /6104( Up +1)

I =10(4,1+1)3v( 283,07 / 4,1)=209,22

=2I n2 /6104( Up +1)=9,78

ZV= 0,850,1 ?1 ZV=1,059

H2=(567111,059)/1,1=566 ̷

H=v(0,5(410881321489))=605 ̷

Hmin H2,

605?707,5

.

:

F1=(F1limYN1YR1YA1)/ SF1, (38)

F1lim=1.75HB=1.75285,5= 499,625 ̷ - ;

SF1=1.7 ( ) - ;

YN1=1 - , ;

YR1=1,2 - , ;

YA1=1 - .

F1=499,62511.21/1.7=352,676 ̷

:

F2=434,87511.21/1.7=306,97 (̷)

.

:

aw=Ka(U+1)(K H T/baU H 2), (39)

Ka=410 (̷)1/3 - ;

ba - .

ba=0.2(U+1)/(U - 1) (40)

ba=0.2(4,1+1)/3,1=0.329

- 0,315

:

KH=KHKHKH, (41)

KH=1,19 - .

KH 2.6 /2, .19/. (n=8), . 1643 - 81.

, :

KH=1+( KH0 - 1) KH, (42)

KH= 0.73 - , , 2.8 /2, .21/.

bd=0.5b(U+1) (43)

bd=0,8,

K0=1.07 - . KH0 2.7 /2, .20/ bd.

K=1+(1,07 - 1)0.73=1,051

K - :

K=1+( K0 - 1) K (44)

K0 :

K0=1+(n - 5), 1?K0?1,6, (45)

=0,25 1 2 ?350 .

K0=1+0,25(8 - 5)=1,75

K=1+(1,75 - 1)0,73=1,277

:

K=1,191,0511,277=1,587

aw :

aw= 2091707,958 / 750351,251/3=205,086

2185 - 66

aw=200 /2, . 21/.

:

d2=2 aw /(U+1) (46)

b2= awba (47)

24.1 /2, .452/. 6636 - 69.

d2=22004,1/5,1=321,568

b2= 2000.315=63

:

:

mmax=2aw/17(U+1) (48)

mmax=400/175,1=6,32

:

mmin=( KmKFT(U+1))/( aw b2[]F), (49)

Km=2,810 ;

[]F []F1 []F2.

:

KF= KFVKFKF (50)

KFV , . KFV=1,38 2.9 /2, .22/.

KF - , , :

KF=0,18+0,82 KH0 (51)

KF=0,18+0,821,07=1,057

, , :

KF=K0=1,75 (52)

KF= 1.381.0571.75=2.553

mmin=( 2,8102,5283,07(5,1))/(20063203)=2,73

(mminmmin) m, : 1, 9563 - 60 m=2,5 /2, .22/.

min :

min=arcsin(4m/ b2) (53)

min=arcsin(42,5/63)=9,1

:

zs=2awcosmin/m (54)

zs=2 2000,99/2,5=158

:

min=arccos((zsm)/(2aw)) (55)

min=arccos((1582,5)/(2200))=9

:

z1= zs/(U+1) (56)

z2= zs - z1 (57)

z1= 158/5,1=31

z2=158 - 31=127

:

U= z2 / z1 (58)

3 %.

U=127/31=4,096

:

U=((U - U)/U)100 % (59)

U=((2.72 - 2.67)/2.72)100%=0,098 % 3 %

3 %.

:

d1= (z1m)/cos (60)

d1= (312,5)/cos9=78,4?78

:

d2=2 aw - d1 (61)

d2=2200 - 78=322

da1 df1 :

da1=d1+21m (62)

df1=d1 - 21.25m (63)

da2=d2+21m (64)

df2=d2 - 21.25m (65)

da1=78+212,5=83

df1=78 - 21.252,5=71,75

da2=322+212,5=327

df2=322 - 21.252,5=315,75

.

:

H=( z / aw)(KHT1(U + 1)3)/b2U, (66)

z=8400 .

H=4213,134= 551 ̷

H []H 15 - 20 %, , .

.

:

Ft=2000T1/ d1 (67)

Ft=2000283,07/78 =7258,229

:

Fr= (Fttg ())/cos, (68)

=200 tg ()=0,364.

Fr=(7286,2290,364)/0,99=2678,977

F=Fttg (69)

F=7286.2290,142=1024,013

.

:

F2=(KF Ft)/(b2m)YFS2YY?[]F2 (70)

YFS, , z=z/cos YFS=3,59 2.10 /1, .25/.

Y, :

Y=1 - /100 (71)

Y=1 - 9/100=0,91 Y?0,7,

Y - , Y=0,65.

F2=(2,67283,229)/(632,5)3,590,910,65=255,309?306,97 ̷

;

:

F1=F2YFS1/YFS2?[]F1 (72)

F1=201,5233,80/3,59=213,311?352,676 ̷

.

: . =/.

; 24.9 /1, .459/.

Hmax []Hmax;

Hmax=v?[]Hmax,

[]Hmax 2,8, 2.1 /2, .12/.

[]Hmax=2,8540=1512 ̷

Hmax=605v2,2=897,36 ̷

Fmax []Fmax.

Fmax=F?[]Fmax (73)

. :

[]Fmax=(FlimYNmaxkst)/Sst, (74)

Flim - ;

YNmax - , YNmax=4 - ;

kst - , 1,3;

Sst - ( Sst=1,75).

:

[]F1max=(F1limYN1maxkst1)/Sst1

]F1max=(499,62541,3)/1,75=1484,6 ̷

:

[]F2max=(F2limYN2maxkst2)/Sst2

[]F2max=(434,87541,3)/1,75=1292,2 ̷

, Fmax ;

:

Fmax1=213,3112,2=469,285?1484,6 ̷ (75)

;

:

Fmax2=255,3092,2=561,16798?1292,2 ̷

.

3.2

3.2.1

d?8׳vT (76)

d?d+2t (77)

d?d+3r (78)

d=84,144=33,15432

24.1 /2, .452/. t , r f 24.10 - 24.19 /2, .459 - 467/.

d=32+22=36

d=36+32,5=44

3.2.2

d=6׳vT

d?d+2t

d?d+3r

d?66,566=39,396?40

d?32+22=36

d?36+32,5=44

24.27 /2, .475/.

:

- 1 - 1?b2;

- 1=1=1,5d

- :

1=1=1,532=48

- :

1=1=1,540=60

- :

1=1,4d (79)

1=1,447=65,8

- :

1=1,2d (80)

1=1,255=66

:

- :

dp=0,9[d - 0,11] (81)

dp=0,9[32 - 0,148]=28,368

- :

dp=0,9[d - 0,11] (81.1)

dp=0,9[40 - 0,160]=30,6

3.3

3.3.1

. - 45. ( ).

, . S :

S=2,2m+0,05b2 (82)

S=5,5+3,15=8,65

100 . :

?0,5(S+S) (83)

S=0,5(d-d) (84)

S=0,5(68,2-44)=12,1

?0,5(8,65+12,1)=10,37515

3.3.2

:

p=(2)/(d1f), (85)

- , 3;

f - (), f=0,08.

p=(20003283,07)/334111,2981=5,083 ̷

:

=(10pd)/((C1/E1)+(C1/E1)), (86)

C1 C2 - .

1=2=2,1105 (/2) - const, .

C1=((1+(d1/d)))/((1 - (d1/d))) - 1 (87)

C2=((1+(d/d2)))/((1 - (d/d2))) - 2 ,

d1 , . . ;

d - ;

d2 - ;

1=1=0,3 - .

C1=1 - 0,3=0,7

C2=1,026/0,973 - 0,3=1,354

=(105,08352)/((0,7/2,1105)+(1,354/2,1105))=2,584

:

U=5.5(Ra1+Ra2), (88)

Ra1 Ra2 - , 22.2 /1, .387/.;

Ra1 - 3,2;

Ra2 - - 1,6.

U=5.5(3,2+1,6)=26,4

:

[N]min= +U (89)

[N]min= 2.584+26.4=28.984

:

[N]max= []max+U, (90)

[]max - , .

[]max=([P]max)/p, (91)

[P]max - .

[P]max=0,51[1 - (d/d2)]

[P]max=0,52[1 - (d/d2)],

1 2 - .

1=2=540 ̷

[P]max=0,55401=262,959

[P]max=0,55400,974=270

[]max=(262,9592,584)/5,083=133,678

[N]max= 133.678+26.4=160.078

6.2 /2, .86/. H7/U7.

:

F=d1pmaxfn (93)

pmax=([N]max - U)p/, (94)

fn - () , - 0,20.

pmax=(160,78 - 26,4)5,083/2,584=160,516

F=3,145249160,5160,2=257,342

3.3.3

- :

=210/d(h - t1)lp (95)

=(2283,07/35,9(8 - 5)78)1000=67,39 ̷<140 ̷

:

=(2283,07/52,1458)1000=46,838 ̷<140 ̷

- :

=(271,177/29,1350)1000=32,6 ̷<140 ̷

3.4

3.4.1

3.4.1.1

:

- , 24.16 /2, .465/. 7307 27365 - 87

6, 7.

6 -

7 -

- ( y 21424 - 75). :

Fm=50( T)1/2 (96)

Fm=508,426=421,832

:

) YOZ

?M=0 (97)

Ft11 - R12=0 (98)

R=( Ft11)/12 (99)

R=( 7286,22941,8)/83,6=3643,1145

?M=0 (100)

- Ft(12 - 11)+ R12=0 (101)

R=Ft(12 - 11)/12 (102)

R=7286,229(41,8)/83,6=3643,1145

:

?Y=R - Ft+R (103)

?Y=3643,1145 - 7286,229+3643,1145=0 - ;

) XOZ

?M=0 (104)

Fr11+(Fad1/2) - R12=0 (105)

R=( Fr11+(Fad1/2))/12 (106)

R=(111981,2386+(1024,01336/2))/83.6=1559,97

?M=0 (107)

(R12 - Fr(12 - 11))+(Fad1/2)=0 (108)

R=(F(12 - 11) - (Fad1/2))/12 (109)

R=2678,97741,8 - 18432,234/83,6=1119,007

:

?X= - R+Fr - R (110)

?X= - 1119,007+2678,977 - 1559,97=0 - ;

:

R=(R+ R) 1/2 (111)

R=(R+ R) 1/2 (112)

R=3811,097

R=3963,053

R:

?M=0 (113)

- Fm13+R12=0 (114)

R=Fm13/12, (115)

13 - Fm.

13= - +1+0,15d+12/2, (116)

- .

=0,5[+(d+D/3)e], (117)

D, T, e - (. ).

=0,5[23+(36+80/3)0,31]=17,493

13=23 - 17,493+65,8+5,4+29=105,707

R=105,707421,832/83,6=533,381

?M=0 (118)

- Fm(12+13)+R12=0 (119)

R=Fm(12+13)/12 (120)

R=421,832(83,6+105,707)/83,6=955,213

:

-Fm+RAM - RM=0 (121)

-421,832+955,213 - 533,381=0 - ;

:

RrA=RA+RAM (122)

Rr=R+RM (123)

RrA=3811,097+955,213=4766,31

Rr=3963,053+533,381=4496,4337

3.4.1.2

8, 9.

9 -

10 -

( y 21424 - 75).

Fm=50( T)1/

Fm=5016,825=841,234

:

) YOZ

?M=0

Ft11 - R14=0

R=( Ft11)/15

R=( 7286,22941,8)/83,6=3643,1145

?M=0

Ft(15 - 14)+ R15=0

R= - Ft(15 - 14)/15

R= - 7286,229(41,8)/83,6= - 3643,1145

:

?Y=R+Ft - R

?Y= - 3643,1145+7286,229 - 3643,1145=0 - ;

) XOZ

?M=0

- Fr14+(Fad2/2) - R15=0

R=( - Fr11+(Fad2/2))/15

R= - 111981,239/83.6= - 1066,337

?M=0

( - R15+Fr(15 - 14))+(Fad2/2)=0

R=(F(12 - 11) - (Fad1/2))/12

R=111981,239+22835,49/83,6=1612,64

:

?X=R - Fr - R

?X=1612,64 - 2678,977 - 1066,337=0 - ;

:

R=(R+ R) 1/2

R=(R+ R) 1/2

R=3984,079

R=3795,966

R:

?M=0

- Fm16+R15=0

R=Fm16/15

16= - +1+0,15d+12/2

=0,5[+(d+D/3)e]

=0,5[27,5+(44,6+100)/30,35]=22,185

16=27,5 - 22,185+66+6+41=118,315

R=841,234118,315/83,6=1190,557

?M=0

- Fm(15+16)+R15=0

R=Fm(15+16)/15

R=841,234201,915/83,6=2031,791

:

- Fm+RM - RM=0

- 841,234+2031,791 - 1190,557=0 - ;

:

Rr=R+RM

Rr=R+RM

Rr=6015,87

Rr=4986,523

3.4.2

- :

L?10ah=20000 .

:

Rr1=Rr (124)

Rr2=Rr (125)

Rr1=4766,31

Rr2=4496,434

RS1=0,83eRr1 (126)

RS2=0,83eRr2 (127)

RS1=0,830,314766,31=1226,372

RS2=0,830,314496,434=1156,932

.. RS1>RS2 F>0 :

R1=RS1 (128)

R2=R1+F (129)

R1=1226,372

R2=1226,372+1024,013

:

R1/(VRr1) (130)

V=1

R1/(VRr2)=0,26<=0,31

, 1: =1, Y=0.

:

R2/(VRr2)=0,5>=0,31

, 2: =0,4, Y=1,5.

=1,3 =0,75 :

R1=VXRr1T (131)

R2=(VXRr2+YRa2)T (132)

R1=114766,311,31=6196,203

R2=5174,1501.31=6376,389

2 ( )

23=0,65 :

L?10ah=23((r/R2)3,33)(106/(60n)), (133)

r - ;

n - ;

23 - .

L?10ah=0,65((68200/6376,389)3,33)(106/(601447))=20024,489

,

-

L?10ah=20000 .

:

Rr1=Rr

Rr2=Rr

Rr1=6015,87

Rr2=4986,523

RS1=0,83eRr1

RS2=0,83eRr2

RS1=0,830,356015,87=1747,661

RS2=0,830,354986,523=1448,585

.. RS1<RS2 F>RS1 - RS2 :

R1=RS1

R2=R1+F

R1=1744,661

R2=1744,661+1024,013=2774,674

:

R1/(VRr1)

V=1

R1/(VRr2)=0,349<=0,35

, 1: =1, Y=0.

:

R2/(VRr2)=0,556>=0,35

, 2: =1, Y=1,6.

=1,4 =0,75 :

R1=VXRr1T

R2=(VXRr2+YRa2)T

R1=6015,871,41=8422,218

R2=2493,266+4434,6781.41=9699,389

2 ( )

23=0,65 :

L?10ah=23((r/R2)3,33)(106/(60n))

L?10ah=0,65((101000/9699,389)3,33)(106/(60352))=75292,348

, .

.

. , . :

R2/r=0,935

, 7.6 /2, .265/. n6, 7.7 /2, .265/ 7.

. :

R2/r=0,09

n6, N7.

3.4.3

.

.

(YOZ) 10.

:

x=0 (134)

:

x=RABl1 (135)

x=152,282 ͷ

:

x=0 (136)

(XOZ) 11.

:

y=0 (137)

:

y=RAl1 (138)

y=46,774 ͷ

:

y=RAl1+( Fad1)/2 (139)

y=65,3 ͷ

:

y=0 (140)

.

:

=0 (141)

:

=Rl1 (142)

=44,59 ͷ

:

=0 (143)

:

= (144)

=71,177 ͷ

12.

.

(YOZ) 13.

:

x=0

:

x=RBl4

x=152,281 ͷ

:

x=0

(XOZ) 14.

:

y=0

:

y=Rl4

y=46,774 ͷ

:

y=Rl4+( Fad2)/2

y=90,244 ͷ

:

y=0

:

:

=0

:

=Rl6

=99,531 ͷ

:

=0

:

=

=283,07 ͷ

15.

10 -

11 -

12 - ,

13 -

14 -

15 - ,

- .

:

=() (145)

=177,01310

:

W=(d)/32 (146)

W=13876,916

:

=()/W (147)

=13,688 /

ST=T/(K) (148)

ST=640/27,914=23>[ST]=1,6

.

:

==/W (149)

==177013/13876,912=12,756 /

=/2=/2WK (150)

WK=d/16 (151)

WK=27753,824

=(283,0710)/55507,649=5,1 /

:

()D=((K/Kd+KF - 1)1/KV) (152)

()D=((Kr/Kd+KF - 1)1/KV), (153)

KV=1 - .

()D=((2/0,81+1/0,95 - 1)1/1)=2,52

()D=((1,65/0,81+1/0,97 - 1)1/1)=2,068

:

( - 1)D=( - 1/K)D (154)

( - 1)D=( - 1/K)D (155)

( - 1)D=(370/2,52)=146,825 /

( - 1)D=(210/2,068)=101,55 /

:

S=( - 1)D/a (156)

S=( - 1)D/a (157)

S=146,825/12,756

S=101,55/5,1=19,912

:

S=SS/(S+S) (158)

S=229,187/(132,48+396,488)=9,2>[S]=2,5

.

3.4.4

15. : .

.

:

1= 1,28, (159)

- .

1=61,28=7,68

:

D=D+4d, (160)

D - ;

d=9 - .

D=80+32=112

:

1= 1,28

-

1=61,28=7,68

:

D=D+4d

D=100+40 =140

, , 4 7808 - 79 815. 8752 - 79, - d9. 6 7808 - 79 840.

3.4.5

8752 - 79.

3.5

- 15. . . 0.05 . 20 . . .

:

=1,2(T)1/4 6 (161)

=1,2(283,07)1/4=8

:

d=1.25(T)1/3 (162)

d=1.25(283,07)1/310

10. 7808 - 70 10 40 . 6402 - 70 d=12 .

:

d=1.25d (163)

d=1.2510=12

12 .

:

b=3d (164)

b=312=36

:

a (L)1/3+3 (165)

a(343)1/3+3=10,3

:

b03a (166)

b0310=30

:

=1.4d (167)

=1.012=12

aw 250 , Z= 4

3.6

. H=605 ̷, =9 /. - - - - 22.

. . 161.5. . . 121.75.

. , .

:

hm(2m0,25d2T) (168)

hm?40

3.7

- ( 21424 - 75)

D = 140,

d = 81

L = 121

20 ( 412 - 85);

- 45 ( 1050 - 74); - 8 /.

3 ( 380 - 71); - 10 /.

, : , ; , .

, , . , , , .

1 .. . / .. , .. , .. . - .: , 1975.- 572 .

2 .. / .. ... - .: , 2001. - 447 .

3 .. / . . , .. . - .: , 1985. - 320 .

4 : . / .. , .. , .. , .. . - ., - , 1972. - 464 .

5 .. / .. , .. . .: , 1991.- 384 .

16 - 4

17 - 4

18 - 4

1 -

i

0

190

3800

0

0

0

1

190

3800

47,5

0,874

3321,2

2

190

3800

77

1,417

5384,6

3

190

3800

90,5

1,666

6330,8

4

153

3060

84,5

1,555

4758,3

5

44

880

50

0,92

809,6

6

0

0

0

0

0

l=0,001 /, N=0,0184 B/

l=0,0184 /, Nmax=6330,8 B

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