- Putty;

- Corrosion mastics;

- Protective, mastics;

- Compressed air;

- Metal work piece;

- Glue, etc.

Tools used in the process of bodywork:

- Hammers;

- Support;

- Hydraulic pump;

- Hydraulic wedges;

- Rack;

- Wrenches;

- Brackets;

- Straightening hammer;

-adaptation to insert locks, glass, rubber;

- Cylindrical clamp.

3.3 Flow chart for bus body repair ISUZU SAZ NP-37

Table 3.2 shows a flow chart on the bus body repair ISUZU» SAZ NP-37.

Table 3.2

Flow chart for bus body repair

№	Name and content of work	place of performance	Seats impact	Labour capacity (person-minutes)	Appliances, tools, devices	Technical requirements
Disassembly body
1	Removing upholstery	inside the body	1	0,8	manually
2	Removing the fuel tank	from above	2	0,6	manually
3	Washing and drying body	From above, from below, inside	1	1,2	Elevator	body should be washed with shampoo and blow dry. Residual moisture around the bumpers and door mirrors dry warm air from the vacuum cleaner.
4	Disassembly of the car body	From above, from below	1	0,9	load-carrying conveyor	On a conveyor belt from the body remove the door boot lid, grille, electric buffer, glazing, fittings and other components and spare parts. To remove the units chassis with a body mounted on a car lift
5	Removing the door from the body	laterally	2	0,5	manually	To remove the door, open it to the maximum possible angle and lock into position suitable fence or slings lifting mechanism. Disconnect lever limited door at the front of the bracket body and pull axis. Remove the door.
6	Removing glass lifting nickname	from above	2	0,3	12х13, key, wedge, screwdriver	Loosen the screws securing the top scenes; disconnect the rocker from the glass; raise your glass up; inhibit it in this position by means of a click timber interposed between the glass and the inner door panel flange; remove the two screws that secure; Unscrew the fixing screws and remove the window from the door windows.
7	Removing the sliding window on the door zadays	from above	1	0,3	manually	lower glass (broken glass at lower glass holder); Remove door trim; unscrew the screws that secure the cage to the wings; remove the upper guide groove detach the stand sliding window from above and from below; remove the rack on the door; remove dull glass with gasket; picking up the glass, remove it
8	Removal and dismantling door hinges	laterally	2	0,5	manually	In the event of a large backlash in the hinge loop to remove the door from the body, then disconnect from the door hinges and dismantle them.
9	Removing the front fender	from above	1	0,2	12х13, key, screwdriver	unscrew the screws on the right and left; unscrew the two nuts; forwards to remove buffer
10	Removing the hood and hood lock	from above	2	0,2	key 12х13	open the hood; unscrew the four bolts fastening the hood to the hinges; remove hood
11	Removing the front wing	from above	1	0,3		remove the front buffer; lift the hood; Unscrew and remove the 5 screws along the top flange of the wing; unscrew one nut in the bottom of the rear wing; remove the grommet nut and washer; doors open at unscrew one bolt in the wing bolt and remove the gasket remote; Unscrew and remove the three bolts in the front, connecting flanges of the wings; remove the wing
12	Removing the grille mudguards	from above	2	0,3	key 12х13	remove the front buffer; Unscrew the two screws and mudguard part to the sub-spars to unscrew the three screws securing the left and right front fenders with mudguard; open the hood and remove the two screws on the top panel mudguard to mudguard remove radiator grille
13	Removal and adjustment of the boot lid and the torsion bars	from above	1	0,4	Adjustable wrench assembly shovel	Dismantling torsion perform when fortified in the open position the trunk lid (this can be done with wooden slats, struts) remove the torsion bars on the support; mounting a shovel (or use a wrench) gently bring the movable end of the torsion bar out of engagement with the movable member and the loop is gradually moving blade, enable to take torsion free position; also release the second torsion bar. After this operation, if necessary, remove the lid of the trunk. Check condition of plugs torsion (by visual inspection) and the presence in them abundant lubrication. If necessary, a sleeve or is replaced by a new refill or grease.
14	Removing the instrument panel	from above	1	0,2	wrench	To remove the instrument panel must first dismantle the parts and components: 1. Strip inclined racks wind window by removing 3 screws. 2. Facing blowing wind window right and left, held spring holders, remove from the slots dashboard. 3. Remove the bottom casing, taxiing column by removing the screws. 4. Remove the 2 screws on the steering column and disconnect the steering column from the instrument panel. 5. Remove the 2 screws on the instrument panel in the area of ??the steering column from the steering column bracket. 6. Remove trim gear lever on the dashboard console. 7. Remove the 4 screws from the front ashtray and remove it. 8. Remove the 2 nuts to the dashboard console. 9. Unscrew 4 screws pos. 10 panel mounting in the top of the zone facing blowing wind window. 10. Unscrew 2 screws pos. 13, a bottom panel fastening the right and left corners of the side uprights. 11. 2 Remove the heater control knob, unscrew the two screws securing the trim panel and remove it. 12. Remove the lower left side of the front rack by removing 3 screws. 13. Remove bolt bracket relay block and remove the unit from the frets. 14. Unscrew all the screws that secure the wire bundle to the units and devices, disconnect all the connectors in the engine compartment. 15. Loosen sleeve fixing the wiring harness from the engine compartment. 16. Detach the instrument panel of the bulkhead, and disconnect hoses corrugated two lateral and one central nozzle blowing. 17. Remove the instrument panel along with a bundle of wires from the car.
15	Dismantling of the dashboard console	from above	1	0,2	wrench, key 9х12	1. Remove trim gear lever. 2. Unscrew 4 screws front ashtray and remove it. 3. Unscrew Peridium bolt to the floor console. 4. Remove the 2 nuts to the dashboard console under the ashtray. 5. Open the armrest and remove the cassette holder together with a rug. 6. Remove the 2 screws that secure the rear of the console to the floor inside the compartment armrest. 7. 2 Remove the pipe blowing the rear of the console. 8. Raise the parking brake lever to the top position. 9. Raise the rear of the console to remove the console from the studs instrument panel in the front. 10. Remove the console of the car.
16	Removing the motor heater	from above	1	0,5	wrench	Remove the lower right instrument extensions; disconnect the connector from the motor; unscrew the three screws; remove the motor rotor downwards; loosen the locking screw fastening the rotor and remove it from the motor shaft; loosen the two nuts and remove the drive motor and gasket
17	Removing heater	from above	1	0,6	Manually, wrench	move to the far right lever mixer heater and drain the engine cooling system and heat exchanger; Unscrew the locking clamps and disconnect the inlet and outlet hoses from the heat exchanger tubes; remove the rubber seals tubes; loosen the bolt fixing flexible rod holders on tap; remove draft from the tap; Remove the handle and lever actuator; Remove the two screws and remove the trim actuator; Remove the instrument panel; loosen the two nuts heater; disconnect the wires from the motor; and resistance heater and remove heater
Repair bodyshell
18	Removal from the repaired place layers of paint	from above	1	0,9	scraper	Remove from the repaired space-gluing layers of upholstery, sound insulation and corrosion protection with a scraper or knife
19	Deformed metal removal with the damaged area	from above	1	0,6	Scissors, chisel, hacksaw	Observe safety
20	Scraping metal edges	from above	1	1,2	file, emery wheel, skin	Cleaned to bright metal edges on the perimeter of the metal scraps
21	Pattern patch	from above	1	0,8	scissors cutter	Patch and carve out a place fit for a fully replaceable parts.
22	welding	from above	1	1,5	Gas-electric or gas burner with a fine filler	To reduce war page weld metal place near the weld should smear raw asbestos.
Assembling the body
23	heater installation	from above	1	0,6	Manually	Heater installation done in reverse order. After installing the heater and connect all hoses, refill the cooling system and heater.
24	Mounting console dashboard	from above	1	0,8	manually	The mounting bracket to make in reverse order.
25	Installing the instrument panel	from above	1	0,5	manually	Installation of the instrument panel in the reverse order to implement
26	Replacing the headliner	From below, laterally	1	1,2	Glue, scissors, cutter	remove cover lighting, three handrail above openings and right rear doors, decorative edgings doorways, wall-pillars, brackets inside rear-view mirror and sun visors with visors, windshield and rear window, along with seals, tailgate trim shelves; Slightly moisten the edge of the roof lining gasoline in places gluing and 10-15 min gently separate them from the body; remove headliner together with arcs, bringing the ends of the arcs of holes side rails of the cover. Installation headliner start back. Please install back arc, and then pull the upholstery, consistently setting the rear arc, pulling upholstery, consistently setting the following arc. Before gluing upholstery remove the old glue.
27	Replacing windshield and rear window	Laterally, from above	2	1,4	Blade assembly, glue, mastic.	release the seal from the adjacent nodes; to rear disconnect connectors glass. The rest of the order of operations for the windscreen and rear window is the same: to remove the debris of shattered glass seal; carefully wooden click, separate petals seal (around the perimeter of both sides) from the opening of the body and remove the seal; clean and seal the body opening of the old mastic; fill with fresh mastic 51-G-7 slot under glass in the seal; put the seal on the new glass and tuck into a groove seal decorative border; lay in a free slot seal around the perimeter of overlapping mounting cord (solid twisted rope diameter of 4-5mm), leaving the top of the loose ends about 400 mm long; Apply a continuous layer of sealing mastic 3-5 mm vertical opening window ledge; insert glass window opening so that the free ends of the mounting cord were inside the body. Perform this operation together: one person should press on the outside glass consistently in those places, where the skins pulled out, the other pulls the cord inside. Check the tightness of the windscreen, showering glass on the outside and seal water jet. If necessary, additional fluff found gaps with putty.
28	Installing windows	from above	2	0,5	Wedge, key 12х13, grease	Carefully place the glass with a holder assembly through the window opening in the door; install guide sliding window and simultaneously make them in glass; raise your glass hands in the uppermost position and hinder it in this position by a wooden wedge; make the door windows and fix it at five points screws; install guide (only for front doors) and fasten bolts top and bottom; fix the rocker bottom screws to the door, whilst ensuring that the slope of the scenes in the vertical plane of the trajectory matched glass; fasten upper connecting link to the glass cage screws; attach the holder to the cage with glass stones. Friction surfaces of both wings and the guide should be lubricated with grease.
29	adjustment window	from above	2	0,4	Key 12х13	loosen the upper bolts holder, press the glass to the rear chute and fasten bolts; if this is not enough, loosen lower bolts guide 6i move forward until skew glass; Tighten bolts and check the operation window; if necessary, repeat the adjustment. Rotating the control window must be lowered and raised smoothly without jerking and jamming and securely held in any intermediate position.
30	Replacement and adjustment of the trunk lock	from above	1	0,3	manually	Release cravings, get it out of engagement with the drive socket, unscrew the bolt lock and remove the locking rod. Use a screwdriver to disconnect the rod with a tip and then snap it on the replacement lock. Lock installation in the reverse order to check operation of the lock from the drive with the trunk lid open. Why Use a screwdriver to move the cam lock in position "closed", and click the drive. If the lock is open, the control rod is correct, if not, then it is necessary to release cravings, unscrew the tip 2 turns, fix and check again. After checking the boot lid can be closed by checking pre-engagement (contact) snap lock. To replace the drive also must be disconnected from the drive rod, to take her to the side, and by removing the 2 screws, remove the actuator. Make install drive in reverse order. Functional test drive conducted in the following order: put the cam lock to "lock off" the dog must securely hold the cam in engagement; put the drive in the "open".
31	Installing torsion bars and covers	from above	2	0,5	Adjustable wrench assembly shovel	Upon cancellation of the drive on the "open" turn key clockwise by 45 degrees, and by pressing the drive, open the lock.
32	Mudguard assembly and installation	from above	2	0,8	Key 12х13	Mudguard grille assembly and install it in the reverse order
33	Installing the wing	from above	2	0,3	manually	Torsions and covers installation and perform the reverse sequence.
34	Mounting the hood and hood lock	from above	1	0,8	manually	Mudguard grille assembly and install it in the reverse order
35	Setting buffer	from above	1	0,3	manually	Installation in the reverse order
36	Adjusting door locks	from above	2	0,6	Pencil, key 12х13	lead castle in working order; note marker pencil clamp position; secure doors and inspected externally; note ceasing or protrusion of the door; its vertical movements; based on the previous decision on the magnitude and direction of displacement of the lock; unscrew 2-3 turns lock bolts and move it in the right direction; if necessary, repeat the above steps.
37		Laterally	2	1,2	Manually, scissors, cutter.	After the necessary repair and adjustment work on the doors and door gaskets installation sites and upholstery in the reverse order verifying the integrity and accuracy of the pre-installation of the seal and sliding window.
38	Installing door trim	From above, laterally	2	0,5	Allen key, screwdriver	Destroyed when removing trim caps replace conditionally, pens with raised glass windows should be installed vertically downwards.
39	Installation of hinges on the pillar	laterally	2	0,8	Allen key	Repaired and greased hinges inserted into slit-like openings in the pillar, combine the previously mentioned risks and tighten bolts and screws.
40	installation of locks	from above	2	0,6	screwdriver	free links loops into the position corresponding to the maximum opening angle of the door; push the door on the links and loops through the mounting socket hatches tighten bolts. Adjusting the door in the doorway: on the one hand if both doors were removed, then the adjustment is recommended to start with door; lock door lock in the "open" or remove a clamp; loosen 2-3 turns bolts top and bottom hinge to the door; the door is in the open position; adjustment is desirable to conduct reviews; at the bottom of the door opening to put two wooden lining 40x70 mm and 7 mm thick (nominal); gently close the door and adjust its position in the doorway.



IV. ECONOMIC PART

4.1 Calculation of capital cost

Inlet qualification work provides design lift for body area. Main technical characteristics of the projected lift following:

Rated load, kN .................................... 160

Maximum lifting height not less, mm 1600

Speed, m / s .................................................... 0,006

Total capacity of the drive, no more .......................... 12 kW

Overall dimensions, mm:

-one rack ................................................ 1220x1200x2760

Stand-Coach ................................... 1010x910x1410

Weight, kg:

- Support for buses .................................................. 80

bundle .................................................................. 3313

Implementation of the proposed lift buses will improve the quality of work in the body section, improve the usability of the work, to reduce the volume of work and mechanize the process of car repairs.

Capital investments for the manufacture of lift includes the cost of materials required for the manufacture of the lift installation, and workers' wages, conducting manufacturing; energy costs, etc.

The above types of costs are summarized in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

Capital expenditures for the manufacture of lift

name	Price per unit, sum	Number	Amount, sum
racks	125100	6 pcs	750600
shock absorber	100080	6 pcs	600480
mounting racks	25020	6 pcs	150120
cylinder racks	120375	6 pcs	722250
grounds racks	72225	6 pcs	433350
Boot rack	72225	6 pcs	433350
platform rack	38520	6 pcs	231120
electric wire	19260	20 пог.м.	385200
electric motor	433350	1 pcs	433350
rubber seal	28890	24 pcs	693360
lift lever	36112,5	1 pcs	36112,5
buttons stand	2407,5	5 pcs	12037,5
catch	19260	12 pcs	231120
electronic screen	108337,5	1 pcs	108337,5
control lever	28890	1 pcs	28890
panel stand	144450	1 pcs	144450
cotton waste	9630	0,5 кг	4815
housing	48150	1 pcs	48150
Energy costs			114789,6
Salary installation work			1869287,726
Costs of verification			361125
TOTAL			7792294,826

Wages of workers in the manufacture and installation will be:

where Тизгот - complexity of manufacturing the lift; фchas - hourly wage rate; Nр-- the number of workers involved in the manufacture of lift.

Social tax is calculated by the formula:

СН=7%*(ЗП-ПФ)=0,07*(1700898,75 - 170089,875)= 107156,62125 sum

where ПФ - pension fund, 10% of the wages;

ПФ=0,1*ЗП=0,1*1700898,75=170089,875 sum

Social contributions account:

СО=4%*(ЗП-ПФ)=0,04*(1700898,75 - 170089,875)= 61232,355 sum

Total costs ACM wages in manufacturing lift:

ЗП=1700898,75+107156,62125+61232,355 = 1869287,72625 sum

Energy costs in the manufacture of lift:

where Руст -- total installed capacity of the equipment (welding equipment, power tools, air compressor), kWt;

Рэф - Fund effective operating time of equipment, hour;

К3 - equipment load factor for change;

Ксм - shift factor;

ф - tariff for e / energy, sum / kWt h;

з- efficiency of the service (з=0,7 ч 0,9).

After making the lift, according to the safety requirements necessary to check the new equipment. Fees for inspection, according to the current pricelist is 361125 sum.

4.2 Payment of current expenses

Wages repair workers. Repair workers work on time-bonus pay system, but hourly rate earners. From the current practices of companies works for middle grade M and CR is - 3.5 digit. Hourly wage rate фchas = 8426,25-12037,5 sum, accept фchas = 8426,25 sum.The basic wage maintenance workers when working with the lift in the Touring Car division was:

where ТТО -- volume of work bodywork section, person-hour;

фчас - hourly wage rate, sum/hour;

The basic wage workers to lift introduction:

Additional wages - 10%:

СН=0,07*(68215549,5 - 6821554,95)= 4297579,6185 sum

СО=0,04*(68215549,5 - 6821554,95)= 2455759,782 sum

Payroll maintenance workers with charges:

where К1- rate premiums, К1 = 1,3;

In connection with the introduction of new equipment in the body section - rack lift, increased level of mechanization on average by 20% and, therefore, decreases the volume of work in a body section 8095.6 person-hour to 6746.3 person-hour.

The basic wage of workers after the introduction of the lift:

Additional wages - 10%:

СН=7%*(ЗП-ПФ)=0,07*(56846010,375-5684601,0375)= 3581298,65 sum

СО=4%*(ЗП-ПФ)=0,04*(56846010,375-5684601,0375)= 2046456,37 sum

Payroll maintenance workers with charges:

Calculating the cost of electricity. Drive hoist - electric, so the cost of electricity per year calculated by the formula:

Depreciation charges following the introduction of the lift. Depreciation charges are determined:

where СОБ -- the cost of equipment, sum;

ТСЛ - service life, year.

Calculating the cost of equipment M and CR. Bandwidth costs and TS equipment shall be equal to:



The costs of materials. Costs of materials make:

Current costs. Current costs when working with lift amount:

Table 4.2

Payment of current expenses before and after the introduction of the lift in Body section

Name	Unit	Value
		Before the introduction of	After the introduction of	+/-
labor content	person-hour	8095,6	6746,3	1349,3
The number of workers on the shop floor	person	4	3	1
The basic wage	sum	68215549,5	56846010,375	11369539,125
Additional wages	sum	6821554,95	5684601	1136953,9
Wage bill	sum	104301575,2	86917549,8	17384025,4
Average monthly wage	sum	2172949,48	2414376,38	-241426,9
Energy costs	sum	0	114789,6	-114789,6
depreciation deductions	sum	0	519486,32	-519486,32
Costs and TS	sum	0	194807,37	-194807,37
Costs of materials	sum	0	77922,95	-77922,95
current expenses	sum	104301575,2	87824556,04	16477019,16

4.3 Calculation of economic efficiency

Calculate the annual saving running costs of the event due to MC:



where С1 -- amount of costs to implementation activities, sum;

С2 -- amount of costs after the introduction of measures, sum.

Э =104301575,2--87824556,04= 16477019,16 sum

Payback period is calculated as the lift:

where КВ - capital investments (КВ = 7792294,826 sum - according to table 4.1);

Э - total savings, sum.

Payback period lift for buses:

Calculated coefficient of effectiveness of capital investments

Thus, the introduction of rack lift for buses to reduce the volume of work by 20% (from 8095.6 man-hour to 6746.3 man-hour) and free one working. By reducing the complexity of work, an additional profit from the difference of current costs to implementation and post-implementation lift in 16477019,16 sum.



V. HEALTH AND SAFETY

5.1 security master plan and production building in body section

Territory LLC "Zhizzahavtotransservis" in accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological rules and norms have a smooth surface. For stormwater it is equipped with drainage, guttering and drains. Groundwater level below the depth ditches.

Territory LLC "Zhizzahavtotransservis" has two entrance gates. Entrance to the production building is possible with one hand. The area around the production building has concrete cover is kept clean, oiled cotton waste and industrial waste collected in specially designated areas and at the end of work shifts are removed.

Used as an escape gate with gate and swing gates with manual opening and having a gate.

Water and power supply of the bus fleet is carried out from the main lines of urban communications by retracting energy on a separate terminal with centralized.

The territory covered sources of artificial light at night.

Territory LLC "Zhizzahavtotransservis" located within an industrial zone outside the city.

The territory of the bus fleet landscaped. Green spaces reduce dust and fumes in the environment and reduce the noise level.

Driveways, walkways for people in the territory are paved. Walkways and driveways are watered in summer and winter are cleared of snow.

Productivity and well-being fitter during repair defined conditions, which are characterized by the parameters of the microclimate in the workroom, state industrial lighting, noise and vibration in the workplace, the presence in the working area of dust and toxic impurities

Working conditions are largely determined by the organization of the workplace, working posture, physical and neuropsychological loads (monotony of labor, mental and emotional stress, etc.), psychological climate in the team, the degree of aesthetic production.

Operations Maintenance and repair of vehicles are performed only in designated, equipped, fenced and marked places (positions). Jobs and positions in the rooms provide a safe working environment for employees and appropriately protected. Per worker is given not less than 4.5 m2 area and the amount of space not less than 15 m3. Gates open outside working rooms have locks, curtains and vestibules. Entrances to the production facilities run with a slope of not more than 5%. They do not have thresholds, stairs, ledges. Floors in rooms steady and level, are coated with a smooth, non-slip surface, easy to clean.

To revive the ambient air space for car repairs and general exchange organized by local supply and exhaust ventilation. Exhaust system for vehicles using local pumps.

In repair shops use of natural, artificial and combined lighting. The lighting in the repair shops satisfies requirements and meets the specifics of the work.

Permissible sound pressure levels at the workplace locksmiths repair vehicles comply with the requirements, to reduce noise and vibration using various devices (fencing, hanging sound absorbers, silencers, soundproof booths and screens, etc.).

Facilities for car repairs are very dangerous to fire on, so they are isolated from the parking lot. The premises are provided fire stands. On the stands are the main means of fire (fire extinguishers and tools). Placed boxes with sand or soil.

In Body section to ensure safe and harmless working maintenance workers, reducing the complexity, improve the quality of implementation of the bodywork of buses conducted in specially equipped positions equipped with electro-mechanical lifts that after lifting the vehicle mounted with special stoppers, various devices, devices, instruments and equipment. Car on the lift to be installed at an angle.

To prevent electric shock defeat working lifts grounded. Maintenance workers to work "from below" used car individual lighting 220, which are equipped with the necessary safety features. Removing units and parts associated with significant physical stresses inconveniences produced using pullers. Units filled with liquids, previously freed from them, and only after that is removed from the vehicle. Lightweight parts and aggregates are transferred manually, heavy machines weighing more than 20 kg removed from devices and transported on mobile carts.

Carburetor, fuel pump, remove the exhaust pipe when the engine is cold. Maintenance workers should enjoy a serviceable tool and equipment, as cars drive the positions of body work its course, body section is provided with a mechanical exhaust ventilation.

All jobs in body site kept clean, not cluttered with items, equipment, fixtures. In the workplace, car repair mechanic has the necessary equipment, fixtures and tools. All equipment and tools, spare parts and tools are located in close proximity within the reach.

5.2 Heating Safety in the workplace when the body work

Creating a safe and healthy working conditions at each workplace is the main task administration enterprises. Administration is obliged to comply with labor laws, standards, rules and regulations on labor protection, to carry out activities on safety and occupational health.

Master car must possess safe methods to perform basic plumbing operations, rational selection of the necessary tools and appropriate equipment, to be able to use mechanisms, strictly follow the rules and safety requirements, correct use protection when performing certain operations.

To repair work allowed a person not less than 16 years, and to perform work related to the use of leaded gasoline and repairs batteries, be at least 18 years that have passed a medical examination, shall be adequately trained and trained in safe methods and techniques work directly on the location. When performing manufacturing operations work required to apply safe work practices, train students in these methods, to monitor the implementation of the requirements of labor safety instructions.

During operation must be careful not to get distracted and not distract others, to prevent the workplace parties unrelated to work. If faulty equipment or tool, you can not work. About noticed shortcomings and faults in the workplace must immediately inform the master and to eliminate them to work not to proceed.

While in the shop, the worker must:

- When driving on the shop floor use only established passages and transitions;

- Pay attention to the signal sent from lifting cranes and a moving vehicle;

- Do not enter without permission for fencing dangerous places;

- Not to cling to a moving vehicle;

- Do not touch moving parts and their parts, do not touch the electrical parts, electrical wires (even isolated), cables, bus bars, terminals, lighting patrons, not to step on the floor lying on portable electric wire.

5.3 Analysis of harmful and dangerous production factors in body section

Working conditions at the MC - a collection of industrial environmental factors affecting health and human performance in the labor process. These factors are different in nature, forms, manifestations, nature effects on humans. Among them are a special group of dangerous and harmful production factors. Their knowledge helps to prevent occupational injuries and diseases, to create more favourable conditions of work, thus ensuring his safety.

Analysis of the causes of occupational injuries puts the task to establish the laws that caused the causes of accidents and to identify specific actions to address them.

Causes of occupational injuries can be:

1. Organizational reasons. Absence or poor quality briefing and training process violation, poor jobs, violation of work and rest, lower manufacturing discipline clutter walkways and driveways, lack of personal protective equipment, failure or discrepancy overalls working conditions.

2. Technical reasons. Imperfection process, equipment malfunction and fixtures, inadequate or improper installation Conveyor, missing or defective fences, imperfection or failure of the service tool, the lack of the correct distances between the machines, benches and plants, hand movement or transport of loads without the use of facilitating devices.

3. Sanitation reasons. Abnormal weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed and air pressure, and thermal radiation), air pollution production facilities, poor lighting jobs, passages and territories, noise and vibration, lack of space and poor maintenance of industrial and domestic premises, lack of ventilation, failure to comply with the rules of personal hygiene.

Physical hazards and harmful production factors are divided into: moving machinery; moving parts production equipment and technical equipment; moving products, parts, components and materials; increased dust and gas workplace air; hot or cold surfaces of equipment and materials; hot or cold air in the working area; increased noise level in the workplace; elevated levels of vibration; elevated levels of ultrasound and infrasound vibrations; high or low barometric pressure in the working area and an abrupt change; increased or reduced humidity, ionization of the air in the work area; absence or lack of natural light; insufficient illumination of the working area; reduced contrast; increased brightness of light; sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surfaces of work pieces, tools and all equipment.

Chemical dangerous and harmful production factors are classified by nature to human exposure to toxic, irritant, sensitizing, carcinogenic, mutagenic, affecting reproductive function, and on pathways in the human body - by penetrating through the respiratory, gastrointestinal tract, skin and mucous membranes.

Biological dangerous and harmful production factors vkeyayut following biological objects: pathogens bacteria, viruses, fungi, spirochetes, rickettsiae) and their metabolic products; organisms (plants and animals).

Psychophysiological dangerous and harmful production factors in character actions are divided into physical and neuro-psychological overload per person. Physical overload divided into static and dynamic, and neuropsychiatric - on mental strain, over-analysers, the monotony of labor, emotional overload.

For maintenance and current repairs of cars there, dangerous and harmful production factors: moving cars, moving vulnerable elements of the production equipment, increased space gassed by exhaust gases of cars, the danger of electric shock when working with power tools, etc.



VI. PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Reduction of toxic emissions car emissions by rationing

The share of road transport in air pollution of major cities in recent years has grown considerably and is 40-80%, and the content of toxic substances in the atmosphere of many of them exceed the maximum allowable concentrations are safe for human health. Automotive internal combustion engines pollute the atmosphere with harmful substances, releasing exhaust gases blow-by gases, fuel evaporative emissions 95-99% falls on the exhaust gases is an aerosol of complex composition, depending on the engine speed. Only the products of incomplete combustion contained in the exhaust gases, discovered about 280 components. Group of toxic substances comprise carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), a large group of hydrocarbons (SnHm) paraffin's, olefins, and other aroma tiny. Followed aldehydes.

During the combustion of sulfur fuels produced inorganic gases, sulfur dioxide SO2 and hydrogen sulphide H2S. A special group of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo most active. In the case of leaded petrol, moreover, produces toxic lead compounds. The main toxic components of gasoline engines are CO, SnHm, NOn and lead compounds; Diesel engines of NOx and soot.

CO and SnHm in the exhaust gases of vehicles with petrol engines in operation must not exceed the values given in Table 6.1.



Table 6.1

CO content of the exhaust gases SnHm gasoline engines

Engine behaviour	Maximum permissible CO content, the volume fraction%	Prohibitive amount CnHm, the volume fraction of the number of engine cylinders
		up to 4	more than 4
nхх min nхх пов	1,5 2,0	1200 600	3000 1000

Notes to Table 6.1:

nхх min - minimum speed of the crankshaft of the engine idling ;

nхх пов - increased engine speed to idle.

Government and industry standards establishing limits of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of vehicles can be divided into two groups.

The first group - these are the standards used during acceptance testing before directing vehicles in production.

The second group - the standards applied in mass production, renovated and in operation.

Opacity of diesel cars should not exceed the limits specified in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2

Norms smoke in diesel engines

Mode measurement of opacity	Opacity,% not more
Free acceleration for cars with diesel engines: unsupercharged supercharged Maximum speed	40 50 15

Standardized and controlled components of the exhaust gas vehicles are the first group of standards CO, CnHm, NOn for gasoline and diesel engines, smoke only for diesels. For the second group of standards CO, CnHm c 01.01.1988 for gasoline engines, the only smoke for diesel engines.



6.2 Environmental protection in the M and diagnostics

he problem of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is one of the major global problems, since its decisions depend on the life on earth, the health and welfare of mankind.

Every year, the world economy throws only in an atmosphere of 350 million tons of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of various hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ash, 150 million tons of sulphur dioxide. In an atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas is accumulated and at the same time decreases the amount of oxygen. Rapidly growing shortage of fresh water. There has also biological and acoustic (noise) pollution.

Certain share of pollution and make MC, especially exploited their cars. The composition includes a vehicle exhaust gas substances such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, various hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, a lead compound, carbon black. Only one defective truck with carburettor engine within a year emits 10.8 tons of carbon monoxide. Vehicles are exposed to high noise and electromagnetic radiation.

The need to protect nature in the constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. To reduce the harmful effects of MC on the environment in its design, construction and operation must be carried out environment protection activities.

Around the enterprise should be sanitary protection zone with a minimum width of 50 m This area greened and beautify. Green spaces enrich the air with oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, noise, dust filtration and regulate climate.

Production of harmful emissions as possible focus in the branches on the outskirts of the city.

Maximum permissible emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere is determined in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.02-78. In this case go from the condition that the concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric surface layer should not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC).

In order to maintain the purity of weathering within the rules on the MC provide ventilation and pre-cleaning process emissions and their subsequent dispersion in the atmosphere.

Reducing emissions engine cars can be achieved maintaining good technical condition of the car. At MC engines should be regulated on the toxicity of smoke and exhaust gases to levels specified by GOST 21393-75 and GOST 17.2.2.03-87*.

At MC control the operation of vehicles on the CO content and must be carried out at CnHm M-2, after the repair of units, systems and components,

influencing the content of CO and CnHm, as well as on demand drivers.

Reduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere is achieved through fuel savings. The less burnt with fuel, the exhaust gas is less, and thus the toxic components.

Exhaust gas opacity to motor vehicles under free acceleration with naturally aspirated diesel engines should not exceed 40%, with a supercharged 50%.

Reduce air pollution contributes to transfer vehicles with gasoline (carburetor) diesel engine, the exhaust gases which contains much less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.



VII. CIVIL PROTECTION

7.1 Fire safety

Fire in the enterprise does great harm to agriculture and is often accompanied by accidents with people.

Most fire hazard considered repair shops, so they should be placed in isolated areas of the parking lot.

For interference immediate evacuation of people, property and maintenance of a fire-fighting are strictly prohibited:

- Block undeveloped territory Enterprise defective parts and other items for free access to fire hydrants running water to places of fire equipment and equipment for emergency gate;

- Serve a number of vehicles that exceed the design capacity of the diagnostic station.

In areas for maintenance and diagnostics of vehicles is prohibited:

- Smoking;

- Use open fire;

- To repair vehicles with tanks filled with fuel;

- Store fuel and kerosene in quantities exceeding the replacement demand;

- Store the empties out of fuel and lubricants.

In addition, these areas must be carefully cleaning after work each shift, oil spills and clean fuel with sand, collect used cleaning materials, store them in metal boxes with lids and after the change to take them in a timely and safe to fire on place to organize storage of spent oils and grease in underground tanks or in basements.

If effective fire fighting equipment any fire seen in a timely manner and not widely spread, can be quickly eliminated. Therefore, for body area and need to take to install two fire shield, two boxes with dry sifted sand capacity of 0.5 m3. In each room to repair and body plot has extinguishers. In each room for repair and M in the area include carbon dioxide extinguishers OU5 (VVK3, 5), portable container for up to 5 litters (3.5 kilograms). Total number of fire extinguishers in Engineering building MC 23 pieces, in an office building - 18 pieces.

7.2 Fire safety in the zone M

In our country, fire safety is a national priority. For its implementation are responsible leaders of the Soviet and economic agencies. Provided that the provision of fire protection of cities and other human settlements, economic facilities is essential.

Functions of the state fire supervision in our country are assigned to the Department of Fire Protection Ministry of Internal Affairs of Uzbekistan and its peripheral organs. In accordance with the Regulation on state fire supervision supervisors: develop and publish rules, regulations and technical standards for fire safety, and systematically monitor their implementation; monitor the implementation of the fire safety requirements of all enterprises and institutions as well as individuals; monitor and check the combat readiness of fire units and the condition of fire alarm and fire in all departments, institutions organizations.

The fire caused great material damage and is often accompanied by accidents with people. Major causes of fires in the MC are careless with fire, violation of fire safety in welding and other hot work, improper use of electrical fault heaters and heat treatment furnaces, violation of operating the device for heating the car, violation of fire safety and battery painting works etc.

When operating the rolling stock the most common causes of fires are faulty electrical car, not the tightness of supply Leakage of gas equipment for natural gas vehicles, the accumulation of dirt on the engines, etc.

Causes of fires - one of the most important conditions for fire safety at MC. Fire safety MC must meet the requirements of GOST 12.1.004-85 building codes and regulations, fire safety standard for industrial fire safety rules for road transport enterprises public Uzbekistan.

MC territory must be kept clean and cleared out of industrial waste. Oiled cotton waste and industrial waste should be collected in designated places, and at the end of work to remove.

Spilled fuel and lubricants should immediately remove. Driveway entrances, driveways to buildings and fire water sources, fire breaks between the buildings, structures and approaches to fighting equipment and equipment must be kept clear.

To prevent fire near the parking places and storage of flammable materials are not allowed to smoke or use an open flame. To prevent fire in the premises installed ventilation system with fans and regulators sparking. The room must be equipped with fire extinguishers, sand and fire shield.



CONCLUSION

To increase the efficiency of activity of LLS "Jizzakhavtotransservis" and success in the future, it was suggested the introduction of the following measures:

development of MC production building sites with the location of existing data and the number of cars;

development and introduction of a 6-rack lift buses with placing it in touring car section.

Working drawings were offered lifts, describes the principle of the lift, the main characteristics of the lift, the lift describes possible faults and remedies.

The calculations can be said that these measures are effective in improving MC production activities and reduce production costs.

In particular event to introduce the lift will reduce the complexity of work performed by 20% and reduce the production costs of the bodywork on sum 16,477,019.16 per year.



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