. . . . .

13.11.2011
106,4 K

. ,

, , , , .

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1.

1.1

1.2

1.3 ge

1.4

1.5

2. MEN. -

2.1

2.2 men

2.3 ta3

2.4

2.5

. , , .., .

, , , - [23, 9].

. , .

:

- ;

-

. , , , . - . .

. .. (2005), - (1985), - .. (1984), - (2000), . .

, , .

, ge ..

men , .

, .

[15, 23] , -- , . . () : . , . .

, () : -- , . shu (), , , , .

, (). , . -- , , , .

, , -- . , , . () ( ) (, ) ( ). , , , , (), , . , :

(la) A. ܽ˫Furongzhen maidao le

[] " [] .

.Ķ?Shu zai nar?

()?(. -- ?)

A.һJiu yi ben .

( Mai le liang ben. ),

, , , :

(1) 飬˱ӺǮWo mai le shu, hai mai le benzi he qianbi (), () (),

. .

, , , , , , , , .

-, , . .:

(2)Ǵ shi daifu -- ;

(2) СǸѧ Xiao Wang shi ge hao xuesheng

-- .

:

(2) 졣 Mingtian xingqi tian .

-, , , , , .

-, . , (2'), (2) (2'). () , -- . .:

(2) ǵѧʦ

Zhe ge nianqing ren shi women de shuxue laoshi

=

˽ ѧZhe ge niangqing ren jiao women shuxue

;

(2') ˾ǵѧʦZhe ge nianqing ren jiu shi women de shuxue laoshi.

;

(2) һˮСDi yi ge tiao xia shui de shi Xiao Wang

( );

(2') һˮľСDi yi ge tiao xia shui de jiu shi Xiao Wang

, , ( ).

(2) , (2') -- . --(2) (2') , : (2') jiu -- , (2) -- .

, -, . -, . , , in . , . :

() ǽɢ˲Women jintian san le bu

(: )

:

(') ǽɢu women jintian san le (: ), .

(3) ̸[Ǹ˵] tan le [n ge] shuonata

[]

(3') [Ǹ]˵̸[n ge] shuonata ta tan le

[] .

, , . . , , .

1.

1.1

, , , , . , , .

. , . , . . . : ϴһxi le yi ge zao = ϴһxi le yici zao .

, , , (lian qin , ·zou lu ), : һlian yi wanshang qin , 幫·zou le wugongli lu .

, () ( ) . , .. , , , , , , . , , , , . , , ( ).

. .

, ( , 1992 ., . :֦ zhi (), tiao (, , , ), zhang (, , , ), ben (). b (, ), ͷtou (), Ƥpi (, ), jian (, , ), zuo (, , ), ge ().

, . . , . , , , ,֦zhi ,tiao ( ), ͷtou . , , , , . . .

. , , , . , . (.. 1995, .. 1974), () .

, . - - . , zhang , , : zhe zhang zhuozi, Ƭliang zhang zhao pian. liang , , : 5 г wu liang zixingche, һyi liang qiche .. [4,95].

. - ge , . , . ge - .

, , , . (), .

, . , [4,80]:

1) ba , , : ѵ liang ba daozi, zhe ba shanzi, ǰ na ba yizi.

2)ben , , , .., : һyi ben shu, Ȿ־zhe ben zazhi,

3) zhang , , : һyi zhang zhuozi, űliang zhang bao

4) liang , : san liang kache, Ƥzhe liang chepi.

5) tiao , , , : ·zhe tiao lu, na tiao he, san tiao she.

6)zuo , , .., : zhe zuo gongdian.

7)suo , , , : zhe suo fangzi, ¥ liang suo loufang.

8) jian , , , , : zhe jian dayi, Ǽ na jian shi.

9)λ wei , , : λԱliang wei daibiaoyuan, λ wu wei jiao shou.

10) feng , .., : Ƿna feng xin, 籨 liang feng dianbao.

11) ֻ zhi , , , , : ֻ qi zhi jian, ֻ liang zhi gou; - һֻƤЬyi zhi pixie [6, 43-44].

. , . , , , , , : QҩФl shi suo fangzi (. ); liang ben shu (. ).

, , , : Щ you xie ren, ji nian, ܶ hen duo ren. , , : ĸfu mu (. ) , ֵxiong di (. ) , ji mei (. ) .

, , - - , , , .

- men. . : women (. men) , nimen (. men) tamen (. men) .

, , , , , , .

men, , , , , .

, , . , . , , , men: hulimen [9, 48].

, : Щzhe xie ge lirmen, Щ¶na xie ge shirmen. , , , , - . men, . , , , , , , : yangmen , goumen , langmen . , , , : Щ۾ zhe xie yanjingmen . , men , - : , , , , , men , : pengyoumen - xuduo pengyou . men () . ѧ wu ge daxuesheng , ѧwu ge daxueshengmen . . , , , , : ΪˣΪwo wei renren, renren wei wo , . ren - [3,90]. , , .. . men, . men -- , , ().

1.2

, , . , . , , .

, , qiuyue (һyi lun qiuyue -- , ), ˮchun shui (һˮyi jiang chun shui -- , ),xiang chou (һ˼yi si xiang chou -- , ). , .

. , .

, , . . .:

(la) һޱyi tiao mian bei

(la') һޱyi chuang mian bei ;

(1) һ·yi jian yifu

(1') һ·yi shen yifu ;

(1) һЩyi xie shu .

. , , , , , , . . - . , -- , (1').

, , , . (1'-- ') , , , , , . (1' --1) , , . (1') .

, , . , , , , feng u , һҹyi ye feng u sheng :

(2) һҹYi ye feng yu sheng, hua luo zhi duoshao

, .

, . .: һ۾yifu yanjing һЦ yifu xiao rong . , . --һȺyi qun pengyou һyi bang pengyou -- . , Ⱥqun , , , bang, . , , .

, , . , :

(3) ף mai gei wo san tao (shen) xi fu ;

, , , , , . . .

, , . . , , . . . . :

(4) ӵûгɹHuan fangzi de shi (, ) meiyou cheng-gong;

1.3 ge

ge, -- . .

ge , . gezi . , .

ge , ?

-, ge . , . , , , , .

, , , tiao (, , ),ֻzhi (), ben (), ֦zhi (), ke (),duo () .. ge.

, . .:

(8) ֮Zhe fu hua chu yu ming jia zhi shou

.

(8)ôôѿZhe ge hua zenme name nankan

.

-,ge , zhe n . , , :

(10) dzͨZhe ge gou feichang tong ren xing

, , -- .

, , , . :

(11)ũƥʮͷţNongchang mai le san pi ma, er shi tou niu

, ,

ʮֻ򣬻ǹsan shi zhi yang, hai mai le liang tiao langgou .

-, ge . , , , , , , , . . zhong .

ge , . , :

(12)ƶк Zhe ge jiu dui shenti you hai

,

־zhe zhong jiu , ƿping . :

(13) 򲻵Zhe ge shu xianzai mai bu dao le

,

zhe zhong shu , Ȿzhe ben shu ⲿzhe bu shu ( ) , .

, ge , . , , .

, . -, . , zhe . һyi , , , Щxie:һЩyi xie , , Щhao xie , ,[һ]Щzhe [yi] xie ,[һ]Щ [] xie , [һ]Щ xie ?, ?

-, һyi . -, ( ) , .

, . , , , . , , һyi ( ), () n () ( ).

1.4

.

liangci , ( ) .

()

(- -). -> . , , , ( , ..) , ..[3,37-53]

, III-V . .. - .

, , , : , -, : , (ge), (λwei ( ming) ( pi ( bang)

:

-

-

-

-

-

-

- ( ) () - na na , ÿÿ-meimei

һ diyigeren

ֽliangzhangzhi

(ʣ . (ţ̵ƿ niunaidisanping , + ţƿ niunaisanping ; + ţҺƿniunaiwohelesanping ) .[5,43-44]

, , , .. :

һyizhuozishu

һ yiwuziren

, :

һ[ = ] yishentu [manshentu]

һ [ = ] yilianhan [manjiaohan]

ge , , , [7,9] ( , , ):

ʮyilaigeren

ühaojigepengyou

, ge ( ) (: ), , :

취xianggebanfa

Ҹطzhaogedifang

: ( ) .[7,9]

, , , : ( )[11,55].

:

һ,,,ʮyinian,ernian,sannian,simian,sanshinian, , ,

ڶ,diernian,diwunian ,

һ,,ʮһyitian,liangtian,jishiyitian , ,

ڶ,diertian,diqitian ,

:

-- СʱXiaoshi ʱ shi ge :

Сʱ=СʱСʱ=Сʱ24Сʱ=24Сʱ )sanxiaoshi (sangexiaoshi), jixiaoshi (jigexiaoshi), ershisixiaoshi (ershisigexiaoshi) , ,

-- ͷ zhongtou ge :

ҵͷwodenglenilianggezhongtou

ͷǹjigezhongtoushigoude

-- fen miao , , [16,12]:

+ [+ zhong]

[] jifen [zhong]

[] sanfen [zhong]

-- n[], dian :

ĵʮsidiansanshiwufen

ڼӣ= xianzaijidianzhong (jidianle) ?

-- ʱ shi :

ʱ , 10ʱ

() :

һ (·) yue (yuefen) ,꼶 nianji () ge, [2,8-9]:

££ʮlianggeyue, sangeyue, shiergeyue , ,

꼶, 꼶 lianggenianji, wugenianji ,

-- , :

£eryue, disiyue ,

[] xia [ge] yue

-- xingqi ( libai) :

,lianggeqingqi,jigelibai 裬

-- xingqi (libai) , :

һ [] diyi [ge] xingqi , () zhege (ben)

--, xingqi ( libai) , :

[]() shang [ge] xingqi (libai)

-- zhou :

liangzhou , sanzhou

, shangzhou, xiazhou ,

. (n sui n ) :

㼸ꣿnijisui ?

ʮtashiersui 12

λԱʮ zheweijiaoyuancai

:

: , :

:

-- ge , , :

һyigeren

ÿʦmeigegongchengshi

-- λwei () :

λ zheweixiansheng

-- ming :

sanmingdaibiao

ʮѧԱֵȱϯshimingxueyuanyinzhibandunxu

...: ʦ...baolua gongchengshisanming : -

, :

ge , :

zhegedongwu

zhegeguocheng

zhang:

1 裺

һֽyizhangzhi

Ƭliangzhangzhaopian

ſ sanzhangka

2 :

һ yizhangzui ,

һŹyizhanggong

3 :

sanzhangzhuozi

Ŵliangzhangchuang

һ suo:

zhesuofangzi

¥ nasuoloufang

һ liang , , :

ձzheliangribenche

qiliangkache

һ tiao : :

zhetiaogo

ʮ shitiaoyu

-- jian : , , .:

ÿ· meijianyifu

¶ jijianshier

һ ben : :

ÿαmeibenkeben

jibenshu

һ fen : .. , :

Ƿݱֽnafenbaozhi

һyifenliwu

һ , , : :

һ֧ zhi 1. , : , , , :

ֱ֧zhezhigangbi

֧ǹjizhiqiang

һֻ zhi , , : , ; , :

һһֻС yiyouyizhixiaoyang

ֻСzhixiaoniao

ꕝhuayifuhua

ܕzwufubu

-- li  :

ėsilimi

ꗱyilili

: , :

һͬѧyizutongxue

һz yitaopeijian

--?v? yiduifufu

??zheyipihuowu

:

gongli

ףmi, gongcun

fenmi

limi

haomi

dun

gomgdan

gongjin

ke

. , ( ) . [2,399]:

һˮ yibeishui ( )

liangpantang ( )

һ̯ϡ yitanxini

:

ֽӲô zhezhongjiezibuzenmesuan [= ]

Ἰ tahuijizhongwaiyu ()

:

huowusancheng

ʽһ cijinyifen

, :-dian , Щ xie һ ( some, few)[12,2004]:

_ heyidianshui

ͬ־롢ʲôtongzhi, ninxiang, maidianshenme , [, ] ?

???엹?tageiwomenzuolexieshuoming ()

˵һЩҲͬzhelisuoshuochudeyixiekanfawobutongyi

()

[11,55]

, , - :

?sk˼benbenhuabaidouhenyouyisi

[·]sµǶtiaotiao[daolu]doukedaonaer [ ]

, ..

ban :

ban + +

jqbangejiezi

, ban :

bannian

Vbantian

... :

һ :

+ + ban +

liangkuaibanfeizhuo

Or?sanpingpijiu

-- :

+ + ban

liangsuiban ( )

һꔼ yinianban

..., .., ... duo :

-- ( ):

+ duo [+ ] +

ʮǮ shiduokuaiqian

O\Nsanshiduonian

-- :

+ + duo +

+ + duo ( )

Ǯliangkuaiduo

santianduo

(?? : ).

ꎟzuoyici ( )

? zouyitang ( )

,

@ܐlCeŏ\rushiwuren, gedashixia [] (ʮ)

, :

ʷ̫԰'ԧƍi¥ ) shitaijunliangdanda guanyuan, jinyuanyangsanxuanyapianjin (honglou) , ( )

-

--

- , , (, ), , :[10,28-35]

[ ]

һxialewoyitiao ( ) tiao -[]-

, .

:

ʲôϢĻ绰һyoushenmexiaoxidehuadadianhuagaosu woyisheng , ( )

ʹ һduzitengleyizhen ( )

һzouleyibu

ҧˍDbeigouyaolehaojikou [, ]

X? һ pingercuileyikou [, ]

( - ):

+ + [+ ()]

һ qingzhegenzhewonianyibian ,

?Ҫyһ?jinwanwoyaozhunbeiyixiadongxi

wһڵλqingnizhidianyixiawomenxianzaideweizhi , , [ ]

鷳Ұ һ»

, :

+ + +

ҿ һ wokanletayiyan

cꉺshaodengwoyixia ,

2. MEN

, .

men wo, ni ta; women,nimen,tamen. , , . .

2.1

men, men, . men, . :

) men ;

) , men ;

) , 꼸jige ,xuduo . . men ;

) Щzhexie Щi men , .

.. .. men , , , men , .

, men. , ,men , :

(la) ճYueliang gang chulai

,

۾man tian de xing-xing men zha zhe yanjing

.

.

, men , :

(1) λǿ.Liang wei guniang men kuai qing wu li zuo

[,] .

, men , .

2.2 men

men, , . , men , , . men, , . ,

(2) ҵĽ綼ǴWo de jiejie gege dou shi daifu men

-- .


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, , ..
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