. . . . .
13.11.2011 | |
106,4 K |
. ,
, , , , .
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1.
1.1
1.2
1.3 ge
1.4
1.5
2. MEN. -
2.1
2.2 men
2.3 ta3
2.4
2.5
. , , .., .
, , , - [23, 9].
. , .
:
- ;
-
. , , , . - . .
. .. (2005), - (1985), - .. (1984), - (2000), . .
, , .
, ge ..
men , .
, .
[15, 23] , -- , . . () : . , . .
, () : -- , . shu (), , , , .
, (). , . -- , , , .
, , -- . , , . () ( ) (, ) ( ). , , , , (), , . , :
(la) A. ܽ˫Furongzhen maidao le
[] " [] .
.Ķ?Shu zai nar?
()?(. -- ?)
A.һJiu yi ben .
( Mai le liang ben. ),
, , , :
(1) 飬˱ӺǮWo mai le shu, hai mai le benzi he qianbi (), () (),
. .
, , , , , , , , .
-, , . .:
(2)Ǵ shi daifu -- ;
(2) СǸѧ Xiao Wang shi ge hao xuesheng
-- .
:
(2) 졣 Mingtian xingqi tian .
-, , , , , .
-, . , (2'), (2) (2'). () , -- . .:
(2) ǵѧʦ
Zhe ge nianqing ren shi women de shuxue laoshi
=
˽ ѧZhe ge niangqing ren jiao women shuxue
;
(2') ˾ǵѧʦZhe ge nianqing ren jiu shi women de shuxue laoshi.
;
(2) һˮСDi yi ge tiao xia shui de shi Xiao Wang
( );
(2') һˮľСDi yi ge tiao xia shui de jiu shi Xiao Wang
, , ( ).
(2) , (2') -- . --(2) (2') , : (2') jiu -- , (2) -- .
, -, . -, . , , in . , . :
() ǽɢ˲Women jintian san le bu
(: )
:
(') ǽɢu women jintian san le (: ), .
(3) ̸[Ǹ˵] tan le [n ge] shuonata
[]
(3') [Ǹ]˵̸[n ge] shuonata ta tan le
[] .
, , . . , , .
1.
1.1
, , , , . , , .
. , . , . . . : ϴһxi le yi ge zao = ϴһxi le yici zao .
, , , (lian qin , ·zou lu ), : һlian yi wanshang qin , 幫·zou le wugongli lu .
, () ( ) . , .. , , , , , , . , , , , . , , ( ).
. .
, ( , 1992 ., . :֦ zhi (), tiao (, , , ), zhang (, , , ), ben (). b (, ), ͷtou (), Ƥpi (, ), jian (, , ), zuo (, , ), ge ().
, . . , . , , , ,֦zhi ,tiao ( ), ͷtou . , , , , . . .
. , , , . , . (.. 1995, .. 1974), () .
, . - - . , zhang , , : zhe zhang zhuozi, Ƭliang zhang zhao pian. liang , , : 5 г wu liang zixingche, һyi liang qiche .. [4,95].
. - ge , . , . ge - .
, , , . (), .
, . , [4,80]:
1) ba , , : ѵ liang ba daozi, zhe ba shanzi, ǰ na ba yizi.
2)ben , , , .., : һyi ben shu, Ȿ־zhe ben zazhi,
3) zhang , , : һyi zhang zhuozi, űliang zhang bao
4) liang , : san liang kache, Ƥzhe liang chepi.
5) tiao , , , : ·zhe tiao lu, na tiao he, san tiao she.
6)zuo , , .., : zhe zuo gongdian.
7)suo , , , : zhe suo fangzi, ¥ liang suo loufang.
8) jian , , , , : zhe jian dayi, Ǽ na jian shi.
9)λ wei , , : λԱliang wei daibiaoyuan, λ wu wei jiao shou.
10) feng , .., : Ƿna feng xin, 籨 liang feng dianbao.
11) ֻ zhi , , , , : ֻ qi zhi jian, ֻ liang zhi gou; - һֻƤЬyi zhi pixie [6, 43-44].
. , . , , , , , : QҩФl shi suo fangzi (. ); liang ben shu (. ).
, , , : Щ you xie ren, ji nian, ܶ hen duo ren. , , : ĸfu mu (. ) , ֵxiong di (. ) , ji mei (. ) .
, , - - , , , .
- men. . : women (. men) , nimen (. men) tamen (. men) .
, , , , , , .
men, , , , , .
, , . , . , , , men: hulimen [9, 48].
, : Щzhe xie ge lirmen, Щ¶na xie ge shirmen. , , , , - . men, . , , , , , , : yangmen , goumen , langmen . , , , : Щ۾ zhe xie yanjingmen . , men , - : , , , , , men , : pengyoumen - xuduo pengyou . men () . ѧ wu ge daxuesheng , ѧwu ge daxueshengmen . . , , , , : ΪˣΪwo wei renren, renren wei wo , . ren - [3,90]. , , .. . men, . men -- , , ().
1.2
, , . , . , , .
, , qiuyue (һyi lun qiuyue -- , ), ˮchun shui (һˮyi jiang chun shui -- , ),xiang chou (һ˼yi si xiang chou -- , ). , .
. , .
, , . . .:
(la) һޱyi tiao mian bei
(la') һޱyi chuang mian bei ;
(1) һ·yi jian yifu
(1') һ·yi shen yifu ;
(1) һЩyi xie shu .
. , , , , , , . . - . , -- , (1').
, , , . (1'-- ') , , , , , . (1' --1) , , . (1') .
, , . , , , , feng u , һҹyi ye feng u sheng :
(2) һҹYi ye feng yu sheng, hua luo zhi duoshao
, .
, . .: һ۾yifu yanjing һЦ yifu xiao rong . , . --һȺyi qun pengyou һyi bang pengyou -- . , Ⱥqun , , , bang, . , , .
, , . , :
(3) ף mai gei wo san tao (shen) xi fu ;
, , , , , . . .
, , . . , , . . . . :
(4) ӵûгɹHuan fangzi de shi (, ) meiyou cheng-gong;
1.3 ge
ge, -- . .
ge , . gezi . , .
ge , ?
-, ge . , . , , , , .
, , , tiao (, , ),ֻzhi (), ben (), ֦zhi (), ke (),duo () .. ge.
, . .:
(8) ֮Zhe fu hua chu yu ming jia zhi shou
.
(8)ôôѿZhe ge hua zenme name nankan
.
-,ge , zhe n . , , :
(10) dzͨZhe ge gou feichang tong ren xing
, , -- .
, , , . :
(11)ũƥʮͷţNongchang mai le san pi ma, er shi tou niu
, ,
ʮֻǹsan shi zhi yang, hai mai le liang tiao langgou .
-, ge . , , , , , , , . . zhong .
ge , . , :
(12)ƶк Zhe ge jiu dui shenti you hai
,
־zhe zhong jiu , ƿping . :
(13) Zhe ge shu xianzai mai bu dao le
,
zhe zhong shu , Ȿzhe ben shu ⲿzhe bu shu ( ) , .
, ge , . , , .
, . -, . , zhe . һyi , , , Щxie:һЩyi xie , , Щhao xie , ,[һ]Щzhe [yi] xie ,[һ]Щ [] xie , [һ]Щ xie ?, ?
-, һyi . -, ( ) , .
, . , , , . , , һyi ( ), () n () ( ).
1.4
.
liangci , ( ) .
()
(- -). -> . , , , ( , ..) , ..[3,37-53]
, III-V . .. - .
, , , : , -, : , (ge), (λwei ( ming) ( pi ( bang)
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ( ) () - na na , ÿÿ-meimei
һ diyigeren
ֽliangzhangzhi
(ʣ . (ţ̵ƿ niunaidisanping , + ţƿ niunaisanping ; + ţҺƿniunaiwohelesanping ) .[5,43-44]
, , , .. :
һyizhuozishu
һ yiwuziren
, :
һ[ = ] yishentu [manshentu]
һ [ = ] yilianhan [manjiaohan]
ge , , , [7,9] ( , , ):
ʮyilaigeren
ühaojigepengyou
, ge ( ) (: ), , :
취xianggebanfa
Ҹطzhaogedifang
: ( ) .[7,9]
, , , : ( )[11,55].
:
һ,,,ʮyinian,ernian,sannian,simian,sanshinian, , ,
ڶ,diernian,diwunian ,
һ,,ʮһyitian,liangtian,jishiyitian , ,
ڶ,diertian,diqitian ,
:
-- СʱXiaoshi ʱ shi ge :
Сʱ=СʱСʱ=Сʱ24Сʱ=24Сʱ )sanxiaoshi (sangexiaoshi), jixiaoshi (jigexiaoshi), ershisixiaoshi (ershisigexiaoshi) , ,
-- ͷ zhongtou ge :
ҵͷwodenglenilianggezhongtou
ͷǹjigezhongtoushigoude
-- fen miao , , [16,12]:
+ [+ zhong]
[] jifen [zhong]
[] sanfen [zhong]
-- n[], dian :
ĵʮsidiansanshiwufen
ڼӣ= xianzaijidianzhong (jidianle) ?
-- ʱ shi :
ʱ , 10ʱ
() :
һ (·) yue (yuefen) ,꼶 nianji () ge, [2,8-9]:
££ʮlianggeyue, sangeyue, shiergeyue , ,
꼶, 꼶 lianggenianji, wugenianji ,
-- , :
£eryue, disiyue ,
[] xia [ge] yue
-- xingqi ( libai) :
,lianggeqingqi,jigelibai 裬
-- xingqi (libai) , :
һ [] diyi [ge] xingqi , () zhege (ben)
--, xingqi ( libai) , :
[]() shang [ge] xingqi (libai)
-- zhou :
liangzhou , sanzhou
, shangzhou, xiazhou ,
. (n sui n ) :
㼸ꣿnijisui ?
ʮtashiersui 12
λԱʮ zheweijiaoyuancai
:
: , :
:
-- ge , , :
һyigeren
ÿʦmeigegongchengshi
-- λwei () :
λ zheweixiansheng
-- ming :
sanmingdaibiao
ʮѧԱֵȱϯshimingxueyuanyinzhibandunxu
...: ʦ...baolua gongchengshisanming : -
, :
ge , :
zhegedongwu
zhegeguocheng
zhang:
1 裺
һֽyizhangzhi
Ƭliangzhangzhaopian
ſ sanzhangka
2 :
һ yizhangzui ,
һŹyizhanggong
3 :
sanzhangzhuozi
Ŵliangzhangchuang
һ suo:
zhesuofangzi
¥ nasuoloufang
һ liang , , :
ձzheliangribenche
qiliangkache
һ tiao : :
zhetiaogo
ʮ shitiaoyu
-- jian : , , .:
ÿ· meijianyifu
¶ jijianshier
һ ben : :
ÿαmeibenkeben
jibenshu
һ fen : .. , :
Ƿݱֽnafenbaozhi
һyifenliwu
һ , , : :
һ֧ zhi 1. , : , , , :
ֱ֧zhezhigangbi
֧ǹjizhiqiang
һֻ zhi , , : , ; , :
һһֻС yiyouyizhixiaoyang
ֻСzhixiaoniao
ꕝhuayifuhua
ܕzwufubu
-- li :
ėsilimi
ꗱyilili
: , :
һͬѧyizutongxue
һz yitaopeijian
--?v? yiduifufu
??zheyipihuowu
:
gongli
ףmi, gongcun
fenmi
limi
haomi
dun
gomgdan
gongjin
ke
. , ( ) . [2,399]:
һˮ yibeishui ( )
liangpantang ( )
һ̯ϡ yitanxini
:
ֽӲô zhezhongjiezibuzenmesuan [= ]
Ἰ tahuijizhongwaiyu ()
:
huowusancheng
ʽһ cijinyifen
, :-dian , Щ xie һ ( some, few)[12,2004]:
_ heyidianshui
ͬ־롢ʲôtongzhi, ninxiang, maidianshenme , [, ] ?
???엹?tageiwomenzuolexieshuoming ()
˵һЩҲͬzhelisuoshuochudeyixiekanfawobutongyi
()
[11,55]
, , - :
?sk˼benbenhuabaidouhenyouyisi
[·]sµǶtiaotiao[daolu]doukedaonaer [ ]
, ..
ban :
ban + +
jqbangejiezi
, ban :
bannian
Vbantian
... :
һ :
+ + ban +
liangkuaibanfeizhuo
Or?sanpingpijiu
-- :
+ + ban
liangsuiban ( )
һꔼ yinianban
..., .., ... duo :
-- ( ):
+ duo [+ ] +
ʮǮ shiduokuaiqian
O\Nsanshiduonian
-- :
+ + duo +
+ + duo ( )
Ǯliangkuaiduo
santianduo
(?? : ).
ꎟzuoyici ( )
? zouyitang ( )
,
@ܐlCeŏ\rushiwuren, gedashixia [] (ʮ)
, :
ʷ̫'ԧƍi¥ ) shitaijunliangdanda guanyuan, jinyuanyangsanxuanyapianjin (honglou) , ( )
-
--
- , , (, ), , :[10,28-35]
[ ]
һxialewoyitiao ( ) tiao -[]-
, .
:
ʲôϢĻ绰һyoushenmexiaoxidehuadadianhuagaosu woyisheng , ( )
ʹ һduzitengleyizhen ( )
һzouleyibu
ҧˍDbeigouyaolehaojikou [, ]
X? һ pingercuileyikou [, ]
( - ):
+ + [+ ()]
һ qingzhegenzhewonianyibian ,
?Ҫyһ?jinwanwoyaozhunbeiyixiadongxi
wһڵλqingnizhidianyixiawomenxianzaideweizhi , , [ ]
鷳Ұ һ»
, :
+ + +
ҿ һ wokanletayiyan
cꉺshaodengwoyixia ,
2. MEN
, .
men wo, ni ta; women,nimen,tamen. , , . .
2.1
men, men, . men, . :
) men ;
) , men ;
) , 꼸jige ,xuduo . . men ;
) Щzhexie Щi men , .
.. .. men , , , men , .
, men. , ,men , :
(la) ճYueliang gang chulai
,
۾man tian de xing-xing men zha zhe yanjing
.
.
, men , :
(1) λǿ.Liang wei guniang men kuai qing wu li zuo
[,] .
, men , .
2.2 men
men, , . , men , , . men, , . ,
(2) ҵĽ綼ǴWo de jiejie gege dou shi daifu men
-- .
. , . , .
[194,8 K], 27.11.2012(the noun) . . . . .
[50,0 K], 21.09.2006, , -s. . . . .
[23,1 K], 24.11.2008, . - . .
[42,0 K], 23.07.2013. . : , . , .
[65,3 K], 19.01.2011"-s" . "-s" 3- Present Simple. , .
[16,3 K], 24.11.2010Lo stabilimento della norma in italiano. (interiezioni), . , -, , .
[27,4 K], 15.01.2006, . pluralia tantum. . , . .
[80,1 K], 24.09.2010, . - - , . - .
[25,1 K], 19.12.2010. , , , . .
[958,3 K], 05.04.2012