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Додаток

Приклади 15 англійських казок

Cinderella

Once upon a time…: there lived an unhappy young girl. Unhappy she was, for her mother was dead, her father had married another woman, a widow with two daughters, and her stepmother didn't like her one little bit. All the nice things, kind thoughts and loving touches were for her own daughters. And not just the kind thoughts and love, but also dresses, shoes, shawls, delicious food, comfy beds, as well as every home comfort. All this was laid on for her daughters. But, for the poor unhappy girl, there was nothing at all. No dresses, only her stepsisters' hand-me-downs. No lovely dishes, nothing but scraps. No nice rests and comfort. For she had to work hard all day, and only when evening came was she allowed to sit for a while by the fire, near the cinders. That is how she got her nickname, for everybody called her Cinderella. Cinderella used to spend long hours all alone talking to the cat. The cat said, "Miaow", which really meant, "Cheer up! You have something neither of your stepsisters have and that is beauty."

It was quite true. Cinderella, even dressed in rags with a dusty gray face from the cinders, was a lovely girl. While her stepsisters, no matter how splendid and elegant their clothes, were still clumsy, lumpy and ugly and always would be.

One day, beautiful new dresses arrived at the house. A ball was to be held at Court and the stepsisters were getting ready to go to it. Cinderella, didn't even dare ask, "What about me?" for she knew very well what the answer to that would be:

"You? My dear girl, you're staying at home to wash the dishes, scrub the floors and turn down the beds for your stepsisters. They will come home tired and very sleepy." Cinderella sighed at the cat.

"Oh dear, I'm so unhappy!" and the cat murmured "Miaow".

Suddenly something amazing happened. In the kitchen, where Cinderella was sitting all by herself, there was a burst of light and a fairy appeared.

"Don't be alarmed, Cinderella," said the fairy. "The wind blew me your sighs. I know you would love to go to the ball. And so you shall!"

"How can I, dressed in rags?" Cinderella replied. "The servants will turn me away!" The fairy smiled. With a flick of her magic wand... Cinderella found herself wearing the most beautiful dress, the loveliest ever seen in the realm.

"Now that we have settled the matter of the dress," said the fairy, "we'll need to get you a coach. A real lady would never go to a ball on foot!"

"Quick! Get me a pumpkin!" she ordered.

"Oh of course," said Cinderella, rushing away. Then the fairy turned to the cat.

"You, bring me seven mice!"

"Seven mice!" said the cat. "I didn't know fairies ate mice too!"

"They're not for eating, silly! Do as you are told!... and, remember they must be alive!"

Cinderella soon returned with a fine pumpkin and the cat with seven mice he had caught in the cellar.

"Good!" exclaimed the fairy. With a flick of her magic wand... wonder of wonders! The pumpkin turned into a sparkling coach and the mice became six white horses, while the seventh mouse turned into a coachman, in a smart uniform and carrying a whip. Cinderella could hardly believe her eyes.

"I shall present you at Court. You will soon see that the Prince, in whose honor the ball is being held, will be enchanted by your loveliness. But remember! You must leave the ball at midnight and come home. For that is when the spell ends. Your coach will turn back into a pumpkin, the horses will become mice again and the coachman will turn back into a mouse... and you will be dressed again in rags and wearing clogs instead of these dainty little slippers! Do you understand?" Cinderella smiled and said, "Yes, I understand!"

When Cinderella entered the ballroom at the palace, a hush fell. Everyone stopped in mid-sentence to admire her elegance, her beauty and grace.

"Who can that be?" people asked each other. The two stepsisters also wondered who the newcomer was, for never in a month of Sundays, would they ever have guessed that the beautiful girl was really poor Cinderella who talked to the cat!

When the prince set eyes on Cinderella, he was struck by her beauty. Walking over to her, he bowed deeply and asked her to dance. And to the great disappointment of all the young ladies, he danced with Cinderella all evening.

"Who are you, fair maiden?" the Prince kept asking her. But Cinderella only replied:

"What does it matter who I am! You will never see me again anyway."

"Oh, but I shall, I'm quite certain!" he replied.

Cinderella had a wonderful time at the ball... But, all of a sudden, she heard the sound of a clock: the first stroke of midnight! She remembered what the fairy had said, and without a word of goodbye she slipped from the Prince's arms and ran down the steps. As she ran she lost one of her slippers, but not for a moment did she dream of stopping to pick it up! If the last stroke of midnight were to sound... oh... what a disaster that would be! Out she fled and vanished into the night.

The Prince, who was now madly in love with her, picked up her slipper and said to his ministers, "Go and search everywhere for the girl whose foot this slipper fits. I will never be content until I find her!" So the ministers tried the slipper on the foot of all the girls... and on Cinderella's foot as well... Surprise! The slipper fitted perfectly.

"That awful untidy girl simply cannot have been at the ball," snapped the stepmother. "Tell the Prince he ought to marry one of my two daughters! Can't you see how ugly Cinderella is! Can't you see?"

Suddenly she broke off, for the fairy had appeared.

"That's enough!" she exclaimed, raising her magic wand. In a flash, Cinderella appeared in a splendid dress, shining with youth and beauty. Her stepmother and stepsisters gaped at her in amazement, and the ministers said,"Come with us, fair maiden! The Prince awaits to present you with his engagement ring!" So Cinderella joyfully went with them, and lived happily ever after with her Prince. And as for the cat, he just said "Miaow"!

Слова на позначення Попелюшки вживалися протягом усього тексту 92 рази. Це найбільш уживане поняття на позначення головного героя у уданій казці. Тому заголовок Cinderella є абсолютно правильним, оскільки відображає все основне, про що йде мова у творі.

The Beauty and The Beast

Once upon a time as a merchant set off for market, he asked each of his three daughters what she would like as a present on his return. The first daughter wanted a brocade dress, the second a pearl necklace, but the third, whose name was Beauty, the youngest, prettiest and sweetest of them all, said to her father:

"All I'd like is a rose you've picked specially for me!"

When the merchant had finished his business, he set off for home. However, a sudden storm blew up, and his horse could hardly make headway in the howling gale. Cold and weary, the merchant had lost all hope of reaching an inn when he suddenly noticed a bright light shining in the middle of a wood. As he drew near, he saw that it was a castle, bathed in light.

"I hope I'll find shelter there for the night," he said to himself. When he reached the door, he saw it was open, but though he shouted, nobody came to greet him. Plucking up courage, he went inside, still calling out to attract attention. On a table in the main hall, a splendid dinner lay already served. The merchant lingered, still shouting for the owner of the castle. But no one came, and so the starving merchant sat down to a hearty meal.

Overcome by curiosity, he ventured upstairs, where the corridor led into magnificent rooms and halls. A fire crackled in the first room and a soft bed looked very inviting. It was now late, and the merchant could not resist. He lay down on the bed and fell fast asleep. When he woke next morning, an unknown hand had placed a mug of steaming coffee and some fruit by his bedside.

The merchant had breakfast and after tidying himself up, went downstairs to thank his generous host. But, as on the evening before, there was nobody in sight. Shaking his head in wonder at the strangeness of it all, he went towards the garden where he had left his horse, tethered to a tree. Suddenly, a large rose bush caught his eye.

Remembering his promise to Beauty, he bent down to pick a rose. Instantly, out of the rose garden, sprang a horrible beast, wearing splendid clothes. Two bloodshot eyes, gleaming angrily, glared at him and a deep, terrifying voice growled: "Ungrateful man! I gave you shelter, you ate at my table and slept in my own bed, but now all the thanks I get is the theft of my favorite flowers! I shall put you to death for this slight!" Trembling with fear, the merchant fell on his knees before the Beast.

"Forgive me! Forgive me! Don't kill me! I'll do anything you say! The rose wasn't for me, it was for my daughter Beauty. I promised to bring her back a rose from my journey!" The Beast dropped the paw it had clamped on the unhappy merchant.

"I shall spare your life, but on one condition, that you bring me your daughter!" The terror-stricken merchant, faced with certain death if he did not obey, promised that he would do so. When he reached home in tears, his three daughters ran to greet him. After he had told them of his dreadful adventure, Beauty put his mind at rest immediately.

"Dear father, I'd do anything for you! Don't worry, you'll be able to keep your promise and save your life! Take me to the castle. I'll stay there in your place!" The merchant hugged his daughter.

"I never did doubt your love for me. For the moment I can only thank you for saving my life." So Beauty was led to the castle. The Beast, however, had quite an unexpected greeting for the girl. Instead of menacing doom as it had done with her father, it was surprisingly pleasant.

In the beginning, Beauty was frightened of the Beast, and shuddered at the sight of it. Then she found that, in spite of the monster's awful head, her horror of it was gradually fading as time went by. She had one of the finest rooms in the Castle, and sat for hours, embroidering in front of the fire. And the Beast would sit, for hours on end, only a short distance away, silently gazing at her. Then it started to say a few kind words, till in the end, Beauty was amazed to discover that she was actually enjoying its conversation. The days passed, and Beauty and the Beast became good friends. Then one day, the Beast asked the girl to be his wife.

Taken by surprise, Beauty did not know what to say. Marry such an ugly monster? She would rather die! But she did not want to hurt the feelings of one who, after all, had been kind to her. And she remembered too that she owed it her own life as well as her father's.

"I really can't say yes," she began shakily. "I'd so much like to..." The Beast interrupted her with an abrupt gesture.

"I quite understand! And I'm not offended by your refusal!" Life went on as usual, and nothing further was said. One day, the Beast presented Beauty with a magnificent magic mirror. When Beauty peeped into it, she could see her family, far away.

"You won't feel so lonely now," were the words that accompanied the gift. Beauty stared for hours at her distant family. Then she began to feel worried. One day, the Beast found her weeping beside the magic mirror.

"What's wrong?" he asked, kindly as always.

"My father is gravely ill and close to dying! Oh, how I wish I could see him again, before it's too late!" But the Beast only shook its head.

"No! You will never leave this castle!" And off it stalked in a rage. However, a little later, it returned and spoke solemnly to the girl.

"If you swear that you will return here in seven days time, I'll let you go and visit your father!" Beauty threw herself at the Beast's feet in delight.

"I swear! I swear I will! How kind you are! You've made a loving daughter so happy!" In reality, the merchant had fallen ill from a broken heart at knowing his daughter was being kept prisoner. When he embraced her again, he was soon on the road to recovery. Beauty stayed beside him for hours on end, describing her life at the Castle, and explaining that the Beast was really good and kind. The days flashed past, and at last the merchant was able to leave his bed. He was completely well again. Beauty was happy at last. However, she had failed to notice that seven days had gone by.

Then one night she woke from a terrible nightmare. She had dreamt that the Beast was dying and calling for her, twisting in agony.

"Come back! Come back to me!" it was pleading. The solemn promise she had made drove her to leave home immediately.

"Hurry! Hurry, good horse!" she said, whipping her steed onwards towards the castle, afraid that she might arrive too late. She rushed up the stairs, calling, but there was no reply. Her heart in her mouth, Beauty ran into the garden and there crouched the Beast, its eyes shut, as though dead. Beauty threw herself at it and hugged it tightly.

"Don't die! Don't die! I'll marry you..." At these words, a miracle took place. The Beast's ugly snout turned magically into the face of a handsome young man.

"How I've been longing for this moment!" he said. "I was suffering in silence, and couldn't tell my frightful secret. An evil witch turned me into a monster and only the love of a maiden willing to accept me as I was, could transform me back into my real self. My dearest! I'll be so happy if you'll marry me."

The wedding took place shortly after and, from that day on, the young Prince would have nothing but roses in his gardens. And that's why, to this day, the castle is known as the Castle of the Rose.

В цьому тексті найчастіше вживаються слова на позначення трьох головних персонажів, а саме: Красуні - 88 разів, Чудовиська - 62 рази, батька красуні - 92 рази. Саме тому, на нашу думку, у заголовку слід відобразити, що купець, батько Красуні, також є одним з головних героїв казки.

Отже, пропонуємо такий заголовок даного казкового твору: Beauty Merchants' Daughter and the Beast.

Проаналізуємо наступну казку.

Little Red Riding Hood

Once upon a time there was a small girl called Little Red Riding Hood. She lived with her parents beside a deep, dark forest. In a cottage on the other side of the forest lived her grandmother. And in the deep, dark forest lived a big, bad wolf. "Grandmother's poorly," said Little Red Riding Hood's mother one day. "Please take her this cake. But don't stop on the way!"

So Little Red Riding Hood set off through the deep, dark forest. She looked all around. There wasn't a sound. Then who should she meet but the big, bed wolf. "Good day, my dear," growled the wolf with a big, bad smile. "What are you doing here?"

"I'm going to Grandmother's to take her a cake," replied Little Red Riding Hood. The wolf had a plan. "Wouldn't your grandmother like some of these flowers?" he smiled. "What a good idea," said Little Red Riding Hood. And she stopped to pick a big bunch. Meanwhile, the wolf sped ahead through the deep, dark forest. At last he arrived at grandmother's cottage.

"I'm HUNGRY," thought the big, bad wolf, licking his lips. And he knock-knock-knocked at the door.

"Hello, Grandmother," growled the wolf.

"It's Little Red Riding Hood."

"That sounds more like the big, bad wolf," thought Grandmother, and she crept quickly under the bed. The wolf went in. He looked all around, but there wasn't a sound. Then his tummy rumbled.

"No one's here," he grumbled. " Never mind. Little Red Riding Hood will be along soon." Quickly the wolf put on Grandmother's dressing gown and nightcap.

Then he hopped into bed and pretended to nap.

"Heh! Heh! Heh!" he snarled. "Little Red Riding Hood will never know it's me!"

Soon Little Red Riding Hood knock-knock-knocked at the door.

"Hello, Grandmother," she called. "It's Little Red Riding Hood."

"Come in, my dear," growled the wolf. Little Red Riding Hood opened the door.

"Oh, Grandmother!" she gasped…

"…What big ears you have!"

All the better to hear you with, my dear," growled the wolf.

"And Grandmother, what big eyes you have!"

"All the better to see you with, my dear," growled the wolf.

"And Grandmother, what big teeth you have!"

"All the better to…GOBBLE YOU UP!" roared the wolf.

But as he leapt out of bed, Grandmother's nightcap flopped right over his head.

"Quick! Down here, dear!" whispered Grandmother, and she pulled Little Red Riding Hood under the bed.

Just then, a woodcutter passed by the cottage. He heard a growling and howling… and he dashed inside. With one SWISH! Of his axe he killed the big, bad wolf. The woodcutter looked all around. But there wasn't sound. And then…out crept Little Red Riding Hood and Grandmother from under the bed. And Little Red Riding Hood said, "Mother was right. I'll never stop again on my way through the forest!"

Найчастіше в цьому казковому творі вживалися повтори на позначення Червоної Шапочки. Нами було нараховано 31 повтор таких слів. Вважаємо, що заголовок цієї казки є вдалим з огляду на частоту вживання слів, які позначають головну дійову особу твору.

Розглянемо наступну казку.

The Elves and the Shoemaker

Late one night a shoemaker sat cutting his leather with a snip, snip, snap, watched by his wife and watched by his cat. "I'll sew them tomorrow," the shoemaker said.

He went to bed hungry. There was no bread. The cupboard was bare. Nothing there…

In the morning when he opened his eyes, there on the bench was a big surprise.

Someone had stitched the shoes. But who?

The shoemaker blinked and scratched his head. "What teeny, tiny stitches!" he said.

"Who could do a thing like that?"

"Not me," miaowed the cat. He sold the shoes for a very good price, and bought mire leather, and meat and rice. They had good supper that night. Then he cut the leather with a snip, snip, snap.

"I'm ever so tired," he said to the cat. "I can't stop yawning. I'll stitch these in the morning." In the morning when he opened his eyes, there on the bench was a bigger surprise. Four pairs of shoes had been stitched in the night!

The shoemaker blinked and scratched his head. "What teeny, tiny stitches!" he said.

"Who could do a thing like that?"

"Not me," miaowed the cat. Customers came to the shop in queues when they heard about the beautiful shoes. They tried them on…

Soon they were all gone! And now with all the money he'd made, the shoemaker went to the market and paid for leather in blue and green and red. He cut the leather with a snip, snip, snap, watched by his wife and watched by his cat. His wife said, "Now we'll see what happens to that!" Next morning when they got of bed, they found shoes in blue and green and red. "Such teeny, tiny stitches!" the shoemaker said. From far away, when they heard the news, people came to the shop in queues.

"What beautiful shoes!" they cried.

"It's hard to choose!"

The shoemaker sat and counted his money. He thought, "Isn't funny! I'm suddenly rich, and I haven't even sewn a stitch!" The shoemaker's wife said, "We have to find whoever it is who's being so kind. Let's watch in your workshop tonight."

So they left a candle burning bright and there they hid in the dead of night. Midnight chimed the door went creak…and three little elves came skippy- skip in, with silver tools in a teeny, tiny tin, but their clothes were threadbare and thin.

Their silver hammers went tip, tip, tap, and they cut and sewed with a snip, snip, snap, and the shoes were made in a flash. When the elves had left, shoemaker's wife said, "I've never seen, in all my life, three little elves, so threadbare- I'll sew them all new clothes to wear!" She sewed a tiny dress and tiny jackets and tiny tartan trousers with pockets- and the shoemaker made tiny, beautiful boots. The very next night, they left the clothes there on the bench in three neat rows. Then they hid themselves to watch for the elves. When the elves found the suits and the tiny boots, they put them on and danced through the door singing, "Shoes we'll make here no more!"

They've never seen another elf. The shoemaker stitches his shoes himself. But every day he's grateful for the dinner on his table. And every night to the window he creeps (for he made a promise that still he keeps.)

"Thank you, elves," he whispers… and then he sleeps.

Проаналізувавши дану казку, ми прийшли до висновку, що в ній найчастіше повторюються слова на позначення чоботаря. Ми нарахували 48 таких повторів. Слова ж на позначення домовиків вживалися лише близько 8 разів. Саме тому вважаємо, що заголовок казки доцільно переробити на The Shoemaker.

Jack and the Beanstalk

Once there was a boy called Jack who lived with his mother. They were so poor that she said to him one day, "We'll have to sell our cow- it's the only way."

So Jack took the cow to market. On the way, Jack met a stranger. "I'll give you five beans for that cow," she said. "They're magic beans…"

"Done!" said Jack. But when he got back…

"Five beans for our cow?" cried his mother. And she threw them out of the window. All through the night, a beanstalk grew…and grew… till it right out of sight. Before his mother could say a word, Jack climbed…and climbed…and he didn't stop till he reached…the top. There Jack saw a giant castle. He knock- knock- knocked, and a giantess opened the door.

Inside, Jack could hear a thumping and a banging and a stamping and a crashing!

"Quick," said the giantess. "Hide!" My husband is hungry!"

"Fee, fi, fo, fum! Watch out everyone, HERE I COME!" roared the giant.

The giant sat down for his supper. He ate a hundred boiled potatoes, and a hundred chocolate biscuits. And then, feeling a bit happier, he got out his gold.

The giant started counting his coins, but soon…he was snoozing. Jack snatched the gold and raced down the beanstalk.

"Gold!" cried Jack's mother when she saw what he'd got. "We're not poor any more!" But Jack wanted to go back up the beanstalk. The next day he climbed…and climbed… and he didn't stop till he reached the top. Inside the castle, Jack hid when he heard…a thumping and a banging and a stamping and a crashing. "Fee, fi, fo, fum! Watch out everyone, HERE I COME!" roared the giant. The giant sat down for his supper. He ate two hundred baked potatoes, and two hundred jellies. And then, feeling a bit happier, he got out his hen that laid golden eggs. The hen started laying, but soon…the giant was snoozing. Jack snatched the hen and raced down the beanstalk.

"Golden eggs from a golden hen!" cried Jack's mother.

"Now we'll never be poor again!" The next day, Jack climbed the beanstalk once more.

"Fee, fi, fo, fum! Watch out everyone, HERE I COME!" roared the giant.

The giant sat down for his supper. He ate three hundred roast potatoes, and three hundred cream cakes. And then, feeling a bit happier, he got out his silver harp.

The harp sang him lullabies, and soon… the giant was snoozing. Jack snatched the harp and raced down the beanstalk. But the harp called out, "Master! Master!"

The giant woke up and started to chase after Jack.

"Bring the axe, Mother!" shouted Jack as he neared the ground. Then he chopped and he chopped and didn't stop till…CRASH! Down came the beanstalk and the giant. And with the gold and the hard and the eggs and the hen, Jack and his mother were never poor again.

В даному казковому творі нами було найбільше зафіксовано повторів на позначення Джека та Велетня. Повторів на позначення Джека було нараховано 36, а на позначення Велетня - 30, тобто приблизно однакова кількість. Слова ж, що позначують боби та бобове стебло було вжито лише 9 разів. Саме тому вважаємо доцільним замінити заголовок казкового твору на Jack and The Giant.

Chicken Licken

Chicken Licken is minding his chicken -pecking business one day, when an acorn drops- PLOP! On his head. "Help!" he cheeps. "The sky is falling down! I'd better go and tell the king." And off he scurries. "What's the hurry?" clucks Henny Penny.

"Oh, Henny Penny!" cheeps Chicken Licken.

"The sky is falling down! I'm off to tell the king."

"That's not funny!" clucks Henny Penny.

"I'd better come, too." And off they scurry.

"What's the hurry?" crows Cocky Locky.

"Oh, Cocky Locky!" cheeps Chicken Licken.

"The sky is falling down! We're off to tell the king."

"What a cock-a-doodle shock!" crows Cocky Locky. "I'd better come, too."

So Chicken Licken, Henny Penny and Cocky Locky scurry along to tell the king.

"What's the hurry? Quack Ducky Lucky and Drakey Lakey. "Oh, Ducky Lucky and Drakey Lakey!" cheeps Chicken Licken. "The sky is falling down! We're off to tell the king." "You look very shaky!" quacks Drakey Lakey. "We'd better come, too."

So Chicken Licken, Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Lucky and Drakey Lakey scurry along to tell the king.

"What's the hurry?" honks Goosey Loosey.

"Oh, Goosey Loosey!" cheeps Chicken Licken. "The sky is falling down! We're off to tell the king." "Goodness gracious!" gasps Goosey Loosey. "I'd better come, too." And off they scurry. "What's the hurry?" gobbles Turkey Lurkey.

"Oh, Turkey Lurkey!" cheeps Chicken Licken. "The sky is falling down! We're off to tell the king." "I feel horribly wobbly," gobbles Turkey Lurkey. "I'd better come, too." So Chicken Licken, Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Lucky, Drakey Lakey, Goosey Loosey and Turkey Lurkey scurry along to tell the king.

"What's the hurry?" snaps Foxy Loxy. "Oh, Foxy Loxy!" cheeps Chicken Linken.

"The sky is falling down! We're off to tell the king."

"Aha!" smiles Foxy Loxy. He has a cunning plan. " Follow me, my feathery friends," smiles Foxy Loxy. "I can help you find the king." So Chicken Licken, Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Lucky, Drakey Lakey, Goosey Loosey and Turkey Lurkey hurry and scurry behind Foxy Loxy, all the way to the Foxy Loxy Family lair- just in time for dinner. And that was the end of Chicken Licken, Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Lucky, Drakey Lakey, Goosey Loosey and Turkey Lurkey. And the king never did find out that the sky was falling down.

Найбільше повторів у цьому казковому творі стосувалися головного персонажу Chicken Licken - 20 повторів. Отже, заголовок, який раніше був даний цій казці є цілком виправданим, обґрунтованим і не потребує коригувань.

The Sly Fox and the Little Red Hen

Once there was a little red hen. She lived in a little red henhouse, safe and sound, with a little blue door and windows all around. She was a happy hen. Every day she searched for grain with a peck, peck, peck and a cluck, cluck, cluck. But then a sly young fox and his mother moved into a nearby den. The sly fox was always hungry. He licked his lips when he grain with a peck, peck, peck and a cluck, cluck, cluck. And then the sly fox tried to catch the little red hen. He plotted and planned, again and again. But the little rend hen was clever. She always got away, with a peck, peck, peck and a cluck, cluck, cluck. But then the sly fox thought up a very sly plan.

"Mother, boil some water in a pan," he said. "I'll bring home supper tonight."

Then he crept over to the little red henhouse. And he waited until at last the little red hen came out to search for grain with a peck, peck, peck and a cluck, cluck, cluck. Quick as a flash, the sly fox slipped into the henhouse. And he waited until the little red hen came hurrying home. As soon as she saw the fox, she flew up to the rafters. "You can't catch me now!" she laughed, with a peck, peck, peck and a cluck, cluck, cluck.

"All part of my plan," smiled the fox on the ground. And slowly he started to chase his tail, round and round and round and round, faster and raster…until the little red hen up in the rafters grew dizzy.

"Oh!" she clucked. "My poor head's spinning. I'm all in a tizzy." And she dropped down- plop!- straight into the fox's sack. "Ha!" laughed the fox. And then the fox slung the sack over his shoulder and set off for home with the little red hen. After a while, he stopped for a rest. The sun was warm and soon he was snoozing. "Now's my chance," whispered the little red hen, and out she crept without a peck, peck, peck or a cluck, cluck, cluck. Quickly she rolled some large stones into the sack and tied a knot at the top. Then she ran all the way home and didn't stop till she was safe in her little red henhouse. The fox woke up and went on his way, hungry for his supper.

"This hen is heavy!" he said to himself, licking his lips.

"She'll make a good meal."

"Is the pot boiling, Mother?" he called at the den. "Look who I've got! It's the little red hen."

"Throw her in, son," said his mother.

"She'll make a nice snack."

So the sly fox opened up the sack. Into the boiling water crashed the stones with a SPLASH!

And that was the end of the sly fox and his mother. And the little red hen lived happily ever after in her little red henhouse, searching for grain with a peck, peck, peck and a cluck, cluck, cluck.

В цьому казковому творі найчастіше зустрічаються повтори на позначення двох персонажів Sly Fox - 41 раз та Little Red Hen - 39 разів, тобто практично однакова кількість. Це свідчить про те, що заголовок, наданий цій казці є таким, що відповідає основним правилам компресії літературних творів.

The Bull, the Tup, the Cock, and the Steg

A bull, a tup [ram], a cock, and a steg [gander] set out together to seek their fortune. When it got to night, they came to a house, and asked for a night's lodging, but the folks said no. However, at last they were let come into the kitchen. The bull said he would lie on the floor, the tup said he would lie by his side, the cock would perch on the rannel bank, and the steg would stand at t' back of the door.

At midnight, when all was quiet, two men, meaning to rob the house, were heard parleying outside which should go in, and which watch outside. One went in, the bull got up and knocked him about, the tup did the same, and the cock said, "Fetch him here, I'll pick out his eyen."

So he says, "I'd best be out of this."

As he went to the door, the steg took him by the nose with its neb, and beat him with its wings.

The other said when he got out, "What have you done?"

"Done!" says he, "The devil knocked me about; when he'd done, one of his imps set on. A thin wi' glowering eyen said, 'Fetch him here,' etc. and when I got to the door, a blacksmith took me by the snout with his tongs, and flapped me by the lugs with his leather apron."

Підкреслюючи слова, що повторюються в цій казці, ми враховували і окремі образи, як частини цілого, що зазначені у заголовку. Таким чином, нами було підраховано 23 повтори. Вважаємо, що заголовок, присвоєний цій даній казці є абсолютно виправданим з лінгвістичної точки зору.

Baby: Looking for Dash

One day on Hoggett's farm, Fly noticed that one of her puppies was missing.

"Where could Dash be?" she wondered.

"I'll find him!" said Baby.

Baby looked in the barn. There was no puppy. But there were three mice. The mice said they'd help Babe look for Dash. Baby and the mice looked in the chicken coop.

There was no puppy. But there were a bunch of chickens, one rooster, and Ferdinand the duck. Ferdinand wanted to help look for Dash, too.

Baby, the mice, and Ferdinand trooped to the fields.

"Have you seen a puppy?" Baby asked the sheep.

"No little wolves here," the sheep baa-ed.

"He's not a wolf," Baby said. "He's a little puppy."

But the sheep hadn't seen a little puppy either.

"Let's sit down and think," Baby said to his team.

" I don't know why I'm here," Ferdinand quacked.

"Because we all need to help each other," said Baby. "Dash may be lost and hungry and scared."

"Oh, where, oh, where has that little dog gone?" sand the first mouse.

"Right there!" shrieked the second mouse, jumping up and down with axcitement.

Baby looked. And sure enough, over at the edge of the woods, he spotted a flash of black and white.

"Come on, you guys!" cried Baby. "Let's go get him!" The animals all charged across the fields.

Into the shadows under the trees they ran, quacking, oinking, and squealing Dash's name. Then they stopped short. There in front of them was a furry black-an-white animal. But it wasn't Dash- it was a very surprised skunk!

Just then a giggle came from behind a tree.

"Here I am!" cried Dash, and out he jumped. At that very moment, the skunk lifted her tail and let loose.

"Pee-yew!" everybody cried.

"So sorry," said the skunk. "But you surprised me."

"Poor Dash," laughed Baby. "What you need is a bath in tomato Juice."

"Yum, yum, yum!" sang the mice.

В цьому казковому творі найчастіше зустрічаються слова на позначення Baby та Dash. Слова на позначення малюка повторюються 15 разів, а цуценя - 22. З огляду на це можна вважати, що заголовок даної казки повністю відповідає змісту твору з точки зору лінгвістичного аналізу.

Ernest takes a ride

Ernest the elephant had an ambition. He wanted to ride on a red bus.

Each day Ernest looked out from his enclosure. The buses went by exactly on the hour. "The three o'clock is the bus for me," thought Ernest. "Everyone will be taking a nap after lunch." Then he made his Plan.

One morning Mr Wainwright found a new notice in Ernest's enclosure.

Throw cash, not buns. Am saving up, signed Ernest Elephant.

Mr Wainwright was shocked - but the visitors loved it. In just one day Ernest became rich. That night Ernest went to bed early, but he was too excited to sleep.

"Tomorrow," he kept thinking, "I shall ride on a red bus."

Ernest was too nervous to eat breakfast. He was too jittery to take lunch. He was beginning to think that three o'clock would never come. By five minutes to three Mr Wainwright and the animals were snoring. HEAVE! By two minutes to three Ernest had clambered onto the boundary wall of the zoo.

It was a real struggle, but Ernest made it. At exactly three o'clock the red bus arrived at the zoo. Ernest dangler his trunk over the wall, right by the bus stop.

EEEK! The bus driver screeched to a halt. Ernest had attracted his attention all right. His trunk was blocking the road! The bus had an open top, which lined up perfectly with the zoo wall, and Ernest stepped very gently on board. Then he settled comfortably into six or seven seats.

The bus driver had got over his surprise, and he was beginning to feel quite important. He was looking forward to telling the other drivers he'd picked up an elephant!

The bus conductor was beginning to feel nervous. What if the elephant didn't have the fare? But he needn't have worried. Ernest had plenty of money. He handed it over with a note:

RETURN TRIP TO THE ZOO-KEEP THE CHANGE, Signed Ernest Elephant.

The red bus drove through the country and into town. Ernest saw all the sights- the shops, the churches, the parks and the factories. He'd done it at last!

"I'm riding on a red bus, I'm riding on a red bus," hummed Ernest happily.

Every few minutes the bus stopped. An old lady got on with her dog. A young boy got off with his hamster. But there were no zebras, monkeys, seals or hippos at the bus stops. There was no sight of Mr Wainwright's friendly face. Ernest began to feel homesick- homesick and hungry. At exactly four o'clock the red bus pulled up outside the zoo. Ernest got up from his six or seven seats, and stepped gently back onto the zoo wall. Thud! Ernest was back in his enclosure. Mr Wainwright and the animals had stopped snoring. They were beginning to stir.

"It's great to be home," thought Ernest, and nuzzled his trunk into Mr Wainwright didn't need a note to know what Ernest wanted. Mr Wainwright could read Ernest like a book. Ernest wanted his tea!

В даному тексті слова на позначення слона повторюються 47 разів. Розглянувши заголовок цієї казки та проаналізувавши семантичне наповнення даного казкового твору, ми вирішили запропонувати альтернативний заголовок - Ernest and the Red Bus, оскільки тематика автобуса пронизує весь твір. Слова на позначення автобуса повторюються 15 разів. Тому, на нашу думку, запропонований нами заголовок може досить гарно підійти до цієї казки.

Rana and his Donkey

Rana was a young boy who loved nature and admired all that was beautiful. He lived in a beautiful house, away from the town.

He did all his work himself with the help of his donkey who was very faithful. Rana grew wheat and vegetables himself to live on. He cut and sewed his own clothes. He made his own shoes. He was very happy to live alone in his lonely place.

Though his donkey did all the work he was asked to do, Rana was not pleased with him. He thought that his donkey was very lazy and did not carry much load.

Rana always wanted to get rid of his donkey. Rana did not realize his good qualities and often complained of his laziness and lack of will to work.

One day, he was returning from his fields. An idea struck him. He said to himself, "How nice it will be if I exchange my donkey with a motor car. In a car, I shall look great and be able to go to even distant places. A car is really more useful and faster than this slow donkey of mine."

The donkey knew, from the behaviour of his master, that he wanted to abandon him. He was very sad and heart- broken. But, the poor creature was helpless. He could only wail and that he did.

Next day, Rana went to the town with his donkey. There he changed him for a car. He was very happy because now he could go anywhere. When he left the town in his car, he had two friends with him. He and his friends were thrilled with excitement. His friends asked him to drive faster and faster, and he drove as fast as he could.

The donkey was very sad to be left behind. He could not control his tears because he knew that his master had abandoned him. Rana had not remembered his faithfulness even.

"Alight, my master! I never thought you would be so heartless," said the donkey with tears in his eyes. Rana was driving the car with great enthusiasm. His friends were also praising it highly. Suddenly the car jumped and stopped, making strange noises. They received jolts and one of Rana's friends shouted, "Oh Lord! What has gone wrong with the car?"

"Its nuts and bolts are coming out! It is dead!" said Rana gloomily. They all came down. Rana got under the car to repair it. But, alas, he knew nothing about its mechanism.

His friends stood aside and laughed at him and his car, "Look, this is Rana's car!"…

"What a fine car which does not move!"

Rana realized his mistake. It was not his donkey who would obey his orders. He was very sorry for the bargain. Qualities of his donkey came to his mind one by one. Rana left the car in the way and went back to the faithful donkey. The poor donkey welcomed his master this time with tears of joy in his eyes.

"My dear friend, I am sorry I forgot you and your good qualities. You would have never left me in the way as that car has done. I wish I had not changed you for the car. I have been the loser," said Rana, full of remorse, to the donkey.

Though Rana and donkey both were said, Rana had learnt the lesson that all that is new is not always better than all that is old.

В цьому творі маємо наступні повтори. Слова на позначення Рани повторюються 79 разів, а на позначення Віслюка - 44 рази. Вважаємо, що доцільно зберегти даний заголовок казки, оскільки від достатньо добре відображає основний матеріал, про який іде мова в тексті

Come on, Daisy!

"You must stay close, Daisy," said Mamma Duck. "I'll try," said Daisy. But Daisy didn't. "Come on, Daisy!" called Mamma Duck. But Daisy was watching the fish.

"Come on, Daisy! Shouted Mamma Duck again. But Daisy was far away chasing dragonflies. "Come here, Daisy!" shouted Mamma Duck. But Daisy was bouncing on the lily pads6. Bouncy, bouncy, bouncy. Bong, bong!

"Plop!" went a frog.

"Coo…" said Daisy.

"Gribbit," said the frog.

Bong, plop! Bong, plop! Bong, plop! Splosh!

"Coo!" said Daisy, but the frog had gone.

"Mamma," called Daisy, but Mamma Duck had gone. Daisy was all alone.

Something big stirred underneath her. Daisy shivered. She scrambled up on to the riverbank. Then something screeched in the sky above! So Daisy hid in the reeds.

If only Mamma Duck was here. Something was rustling along the riverbank.

Daisy could hear it getting closer... and closer, and closer, and closer. It was Mamma!

"Daisy, come on!" she said. And Daisy did. And even though she played with the butterflies... she stayed very close to Mamma Duck.

Найчастіше у даному тексті зустрічаються повтори на позначення Дейзі - 20 разів. Вважаємо вибір даного заголовка виправданим, оскільки даний персонаж є найголовнішим у цій казці, що і відображено у заголовку.

The Tailor of Gloucester

Once upon a time there was a tailor who lived in Gloucester. On a bitter cold day near Christmas, he began to make a wedding coat for the Mayor of Gloucester.

Unnoticed, little mice collected the scraps from his work bench. The tailor's cat, Simpkin, was also fond of mice! When the tailor returned home he sent Simpkin out.

"With our last penny," he said, "buy me one penn'orth of cherry- coloured thread, for I have no more twist, and the coat must be finished in time." After Simpkin had gone, a strange noise startled the tailor. Tip tap, tip tap, tip tap, tip!

"This is very peculiar," said the Tailor of Gloucester, as he lifted up the teacups on the dresser.

And what do you think he found? Each mouse made a deep bow or curtsey befire hopping away.

"Simpkin," said the tailor when his cat returned, "where is my twist? And where," thought Simpkin angrily, "is my mouse?"

He hid the little parcel of twist privately in the teapot, and sulked. The tailor went sadly to bed, for he felt tired and feverish. How was he to finish the coat?

The tailor lay ill for three days and nights; until it was Christmas Eve, and very late at night. Simpkin wandered out into the night. The city was fast asleep under the snow, but deep in a wine cellar, the rats celebrated Christmas. The Mayor of Gloucester was to be married the next day.

"No more twist! No more twist!" muttered the poor tailor as he tossed and turned.

From his shop came a glow of light and when Simpkin crept up to peep in at the window, what do you think the mice were doing? Simpkin went home and found the poor old tailor sleeping peacefully, his fever gone.

Simpkin felt very ashamed after seeing those good little mice. He took the cherry- coloured twisted silk from the teapot and left it on the tailor's bed, for him to find in the morning. The tailor made his way through the town of Gloucester to his little shop. "Alack," he said, "I have my twist; but no more time, for this is Christmas morning."

He unlocked the door and stared. Upon the table - oh joy! There, where he had left plain cutting of silk - there lay the most beautiful embroidered cherry- coloured silk coat!

One button- hole was unfinished, and a scrap of paper was pinned to the cherry- coloured coat. Can you see what was written on the scrap of paper, in little teeny weeny writing? From then on began the luck of the Tailor of Gloucester; he grew rich and famous. But his button- holes were the greatest triumph of all. The stitches were so neat, and so small, they looked as if they had been made by little mice!

Повтори, що вживаються на позначення головної дійової особи цієї казки Tailor of Gloucester, були використані 38 разів. Це найбільша кількість слів на позначення даного персонажу. Таким чином, вважаємо даний заголовок цілком вірним.

The hen that land the golden eggs

Tina was a little chubby girl. She belonged to a poor family. Though she was very poor, yet she was very charitable. She would give away even her bread to anybody who needed it. A magician was very pleased with her goodness. He gave her a fat hen. Tina was very happy to have the hen. She could now get an egg every day to eat.

She waited for the next day excitedly. Early in the morning, she went to the hen to get egg. The hen had laid an egg. But to Tina's surprise, it was not an ordinary egg. It was made of gold. Tina picked up the egg and gave to her mother. She was also thrilled at the sight of a golden egg. They sold the egg to the jeweller.

As Tina and her mother got enough money for the egg, they went to the market and bought fine clothes and lovely shoes for themselves. Tina bought cakes and chocolates too. Tina began to get a golden egg from the hen every day. When Tina got quite rich, she began to behave like other rich people. She did not help the poor any more.