There are a number of verbs which take two objects - a direct and an indirect object. The following are most frequent among them: to allow, to ask, to award, to give, to grant, to leave, to offer, to promise, to send, to show, to teach, to tell.

These verbs admit of two passive constructions:

A book was given to him (the direct primary passive)

He was given a book (the indirect secondary passive)

The indirect (secondary) passive is not infrequent in verb-phrases with the verb to give, such as: to give credit, to give command, to give a chance, to give a choice, to give an explanation, to give an opportunity, to give orders, to give shelter, and the like.

He was given a good to chance to argue.

She is given an opportunity to go to the south in summer.

Suppose, you are given a choice. What would you prefer?

There are many verbs in English which take a direct and an indirect object in the active construction, but they admit only one passive construction - the direct passive, e. g.: to bring, to do, to play, to telegraph and many others. The list could be extended. Other verbs are not reversed in particular turns of meaning. Thus, have has no passive when it is statal, as in: She has gold hair.

Next come constructions with the so-called prepositional or tertiary-passive. What in the active is the object of a preposition connected with a verb or with a verb and its object may be made the subject of a passive construction. The subject of the passive construction corresponds to the prepositional object. This "detached" preposition retains its place after the verb. Familiar examples are:

He was sent for and taken care of.

She could not bear being read to any longer.

He is not to be relied upon.

The prepositional passive is not used with verbs which take two objects, direct and prepositional: to explain something to somebody, to point out, to announce, to dedicate, to devote, to say, to suggest, to propose, etc. They can have only a direct construction, e. g.: The difficulty was explained to them. The mistake to the rule was pointed out to the man. A new-plan was suggested to us.

The prepositional passive is not very frequent in occurrence. Its use is common with rather a limited number of verbs, such as:

1) verbs of saying: to speak about (of, to), to talk about (of), to comment on, etc., e. g.:

The new play was much spoken of.

2) verbs expressing scorn or contempt: to frown at, to laugh at, to mock at, to jeer at, to sneer at, etc., e. g.:

This idea was first jeered at.

He could not understand why his words were laughed at.

3) a miscellaneous group of verbs, such as: to look at, to look upon (on), to look after, to look for, to approve (disapprove) of, to account for, to send for, to rely on, to think of, e. g.:

He was sent for and taken care of.

Here is Irene to be thought of.

Observe, however, that the passive construction with the "retained" object (or "remaining accusative") has limits and is impossible with particular verbs or particular objects, e. g.: we can say "something was fetched me", but scarcely "I was fetched something". On the other hand, "The trouble was spared me" is not so natural as " I was spared the trouble". Possibilities are sometimes ever more limited; e. g.: we cannot say either "I was cost nothing" or "Nothing was cost me. "

Certain verbs of removal and exclusion (such as: banish, expel, dischange, eject, exclude, exile, forbid) governing two objects are used chiefly in the passive, e. g.:

He was banished the realm. He was dismissed the service.

They have been expelled from the school.

The infinitive as a second object is found with a number of verbs, such as: allow, ask, beg, beseech, bid, command, compel, declare, entreat, feel, force, encourage, incline, induce, know, lead, make, order, observe, persuade, pray, prefer, perceive, presume, pronounce, see, teach, understand, wish, etc.

In terms of grammatical aspects of style, the usefulness of the passive merits special consideration.

The more formal referential character of passive verbal forms as compared to the active voice makes it possible to use them for stylistic purposes, as, for instance, J. Galsworthy masterly does in transferring to his pages the atmosphere of stiffness and cold restraint felt at June's treat dinner:

Dinner began in silence; the women facing one another, and the men. In silence the soup was finished - excellent, if a little thick; and fish was brought. In silence it was handed.

Bosinney ventured: "It's the first spring day".

Irene echoed softly: "Yes - the first spring day".

"Spring!" said June: "there isn't a breath of air!" No one replied.

The fish was taken away, a fine fresh sole from Dover. And Bilson brought champagne, a bottle swathed around the neck with white.

Soames said: "You'll find it dry".

Cutlets were handed, each pink frilled about the legs. They were refused bu June, and silence fell.

Soames said: "You'd better take a cutlet, June; there's nothing coming".

But June again refused, so they were borne away. And then Irene asked: "Phil, have you heard my blackbird?".

Bosinney answered: "Rather - he's got a hunting-song. As I came round I heard him in the square".

"He's such a darling!"

"Salad, sir?" Spring chicken was removed. But Soames was speaking: "The asparagus is very poor. Bosinney, glass of Sherry with your sweet? June, you're drinking nothing!"

Passive-voice forms are bulkier than common-voice forms and where there is no real reason to use passives active verb-forms are generally preferable. But passive forms are often quite effective. Sometimes what would be the subject of an active form seems unimportant or is only vaguely identifiable.

The old house has been torn down. We've been locked out again.

Sometimes what would be the subject of an active form is important, and is included in the clause, but for valid rhetorical reasons seems better as complement of agency than as subject.

The college was founded by the local committee. He'll always be dominated by his wife.

When the passive is an infinitive or gerund its use sometimes eliminates awkward subject constructions.

Everyone likes to be liked.

We resented being treated like that.

In impersonal written styles, the passive often serves as a way of keeping the writer out of sight. Examples are numerous. Here are some of them.

The names of such musicians have been mentioned elsewhere.

The importance of observations in this field has always been emphasised.

Passive constructions are often referred to as stilted, indirect and cold, impersonal and evasive. To give its critics their due, the passive, when in large doses, can indeed be ponderous stuffy and bulkier than the active. With all this it is used over and over by best stylists in prose open to none of the preceding objections. This is because it can be most important and useful to shift the centre of communication creating, according to circumstances, varied and effective sentences.

Students will find it helpful to remember that from the point of view of adequate translation into Ukrainian the English passive forms may be subdivided into three groups:

a) those translated by means of active verbal forms with indefinite personal or impersonal sentences, e. g.:

1. You are wanted on the phone.	1. Вас просять до телефону.
2. Were you told to wait for him?	2. Вам сказали почекати на нього?
3. She is regarded as the best student`.	3. Її вважають найкращою студенткою.
4. We are not allowed to use a dictionary.	4. Нам не дозволяють користуватися словником.
5. Не is not to be disturbed on any account.	5. He треба його кожний раз турбувати.
6. I was sure the students would be called in.	6. Я був певний, що студентів запросять.
7. Whose fault that was will never be known.	7. Ніколи не буде відомо, чия це була помилка.
8. He is said to have helped you very much.	8. Кажуть, що він вам дуже допоміг.

b) those translated by using the verb-forms of the middle voice, e. g.:

1. This letter can be pronounced in two ways.	1. Ця буква вимовляється двояко.
Cf. French: Cette lettre se prononce de deux faзons.
2. This quality is not often met with.	2. Таке не часто зустрічається.

c) those translated by the corresponding passive form of the verb, e. g.:

Nothing was said. Нічого не було сказано.

d) patterns with the passive verb-forms which can be translated only by the corresponding active ones because of the lexical character of the verb and restrictions in the use of the past participle of some verbs in our mother tongue, e. g.:

Young Jolyon saw that he had been recognised, even by Winifred, who could not have been more than fifteen	Молодий Джоліон зрозумів, що його впізнала навіть Уініфред; а їй було не більше п'ятнадцяти ро-

when he had forfeited the ків, коли він втратив право right to be considered a For - називатись Форсайтом.

To sum up in brief, the frequency value of passive constructions in English is due to a number of reasons. Emphasis will be laid on the following:

a) There are, in fact, no means in English to avoid the indication of the doer of the action in active constructions.

In other languages there are special uses of the active without indicating the agent. Such are, for instance, indefinite-personal sentences in Ukrainian with the predicate-verb in the 3rd person plural but without exact relevance to the doer of the action.

The indefinite pronoun one and occasionally the personal pronouns we, you and they, as well as the noun people, may be used in this meaning. But for some reason or other the use of such sentence-patterns seems to be restricted, and English instead often shows here a marked preference of passive constructions.

2.5 The category of mood

The category of mood in the present English verb has given rise to so many discussions, and has been treated in so many different ways, that it seems hardly possible to arrive at any more or less convincing and universally acceptable conclusion concerning it. Indeed, the only points in the sphere of mood which have not so far been disputed seem to be these: (a) there is a category of mood in Modern English, (b) there are at least two moods in the modern English verb, one of which is the indicative. As to the number of the other moods and as to their meanings and the names they ought to be given, opinions to-day are as far apart as ever. It is to be hoped that the new methods of objective linguistic investigation will do much to improve this state of things. Meanwhile we shall have to try to get at the roots of this divergence of views and to establish at least the starting points of an objective investigation. We shall have to begin with a definition of the category. Various definitions have been given of the category of mood. One of them (by Academician V. Vinogradov [7, с.581]) is this: "Mood expresses the relation of the action to reality, as stated by the speaker." This definition seems plausible on the whole, though the words "relation of the action to reality" may not be clear enough. What is meant here is that different moods express different degrees of reality of an action, viz. one mood represents it as actually taking (or having taken) place, while another represents it as merely conditional or desired, etc.

It should be noted at once that there are other ways of indicating the reality or possibility of an action, besides the verbal category of mood, viz. modal verbs (may, can, must, etc.), and modal words (perhaps, probably, etc.), which do not concern us here. All these phenomena fall under the very wide notion of modality, which is not confined to grammar but includes some parts of lexicology and of phonetics (intonation) as well.

In proceeding now to an analysis of moods in English, let us first state the main division, which has been universally recognised. This is the division of moods into the one which represents an action as real, i. e. as actually taking place (the indicative) as against that or those which represent it as non-real, i. e. as merely imaginary, conditional, etc.

The indicative

The use of the indicative mood shows that the speaker represents the action as real.

Two additional remarks are necessary here.

The mention of the speaker (or writer) who represents the action as real is most essential. If we limited ourselves to saying that the indicative mood is used to represent real actions, we should arrive at the absurd conclusion that whatever has been stated by anybody (in speech or in writing) in a sentence with its predicate verb in the indicative mood is therefore necessarily true. We should then ignore the possibility of the speaker either being mistaken or else telling a deliberate lie. The point is that grammar (and indeed linguistics as a whole) does not deal with the ultimate truth or untruth of a statement with its predicate verb in the indicative (or, for that matter, in any other) mood. What is essential from the grammatical point of view is the meaning of the category as used by the author of this or that sentence. Besides, what are we to make of statements with their predicate verb in the indicative mood found in works of fiction? In what sense could we say, for instance, that the sentence David Copperfield married Dora or the sentence Soames Forsyte divorced his first wife, Irene represent "real facts", since we are aware that the men and women mentioned in these sentences never existed "in real life"? This is more evident still for such nursery rhyme sentences as, The cow jumped over the moon. This peculiarity of the category of mood should be always firmly kept in mind.

Some doubt about the meaning of the indicative mood may arise if we take into account its use in conditional sentences such as the following: I will speak to him if I meet him.

It may be argued that the action denoted by the verb in the indicative mood (in the subordinate clauses as well as in the main clauses) is not here represented as a fact but merely as a possibility (I may meet him, and I may not, etc.). However, this does not affect the meaning of the grammatical form as such. The conditional meaning is expressed by the conjunction, and of course it does alter the modal meaning of the sentence, but the meaning of the verb form as such remains what it was. As to the predicate verb of the main clause, which expresses the action bound to follow the fulfilment of the condition laid down in the subordinate clause, it is no more uncertain than an action belonging to the future generally is. This brings us to the question of a peculiar modal character of the future indicative, as distinct from the present or past indicative. In the sentence If he was there I did not see him the action of the main clause is stated as certain, in spite of the fact that the subordinate clause is introduced by if and, consequently, its action is hypothetical. The meaning of the main clause cannot be affected by this, apparently because the past has a firmer meaning of reality than the future. On the whole, then, the hypothetical meaning attached to clauses introduced by if is no objection to the meaning of the indicative as a verbal category.

The imperative

The imperative mood in English is represented by one form only, viz.come (!), without any suffix or ending.

It differs from all other moods in several important points. It has no person, number, tense, or aspect distinctions, and, which is the main thing, it is limited in its use to one type of sentence only, viz. imperative sentences. Most usually a verb in the imperative has no pronoun acting as subject. However, the pronoun may be used in emotional speech, as in the following example: "But, Tessie-" he pleaded, going towards her. "You leave me alone!" she cried out loudly. These are essential peculiarities distinguishing the imperative, and they have given rise to doubts as to whether the imperative can be numbered among the moods at all. This of course depends on what we mean by mood. If we accept the definition of mood given above there would seem to be no ground to deny that the imperative is a mood. The definition does not say anything about the possibility of using a form belonging to a modal category in one or more types of sentences: that syntactical problem is not a problem of defining mood. If we were to define mood (and, indeed, the other verbal categories) in terms of syntactical use, and to mention the ability of being used in various types of sentences as prerequisite for a category to be acknowledged as mood, things would indeed be different and the imperative would have to go. Such a view is possible but it has not so far been developed by any scholar and until that is convincingly done there appears no ground to exclude the imperative.

A serious difficulty connected with the imperative is the absence of any specific morphological characteristics: with all verbs, including the verb be, it coincides with the infinitive, and in all verbs, except be, it also coincides with the present indicative apart from the 3rd person singular. Even the absence of a subject pronoun you, which would be its syntactical characteristic, is not a reliable feature at all, as sentences like You sit here! occur often enough. Meaning alone may not seem sufficient ground for establishing a grammatical category. Thus, no fully convincing solution of the problem has yet been found.

The Subjunctive

The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. The Subjunctive Mood is also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker, to real facts. In Modern English the Subjunctive Mood has synthetic and analytical forms.

“I wish I were ten years older,” I said.

"Хотів би я бути на десять років старше", - сказав я

The synhetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood. can be traced to the Old English period when the Subjunctive Mood was chiefly expressed by synthetic, forms. In Old English the Subjunctive Mood had a special set of inflections, different from those of the Indicative.

In course of time most of the inflections were lost and the difference between the forms of the Subjunctive and those of the Indicative has almost disappeared. However, in Modern English there are a few synthetic forms of the Subjunctive which have survived; they are as follows: the Present Subjunctive of all the verbs and the Past Subjunctive only of the verb to be.

(Table9). The Present Subjunctive

to be	to have, to know, to speak, etc.
I be he, she, it be we be you be they be	I have, know, speak he, she, it have, know, speak we have, know, speak you have, know, speak they have, know, speak

The Past Subjunctive

to be	to have, to know, to speak, etc.
I were he, she, it were we were you were they were	_

I. The Present Subjunctive. In the Present Subjunctive the verb to be has the form be for all the persons singular and plural, which differs from the corresponding forms of the. Indicative Mood (the Present Indefinite). In all other verbs the forms of the Present Subjunctive differ from the corresponding forms of the Indicative Mood only in the third person singular, which in the Present Subjunctive has no ending - s.

The Present Subjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or future. This form is seldom used in Modern English. It may be found in poetry and in elevated prose, where these forms are archaisms used with a certain stylistic aim. It is also used in scientific language and in the language of official documents, where it is a living form.

Born within the straw-roof'd cot;

Народженого в хатині з солом'яним дахом;,

The Present Subjunctive also occurs in some set expressions.

Be it so!

Хай буде так! Та буде так!

be it from me to contradict you.

У мене й у думках не було суперечити вам.

In American English the Present Subjunctive is used not only in the above mentioned cases but also in colloquial language.

Yates called the hospital and insisted that one of the doctors come to the

phone.

Йейтс зателефонував у госпіталь і зажадав, щоб хто-небудь із лікарів підійшов до телефону

II. The Past Subjunctive. In the Past Subjunctive the verb to be has the form were for all the persons singular and plural, which in the singular differs from the corresponding form of the Indicative Mood (the Past Indefinite). Occasionally the form was, which coincides with the form of the Indicative Mood, can be found in the singular.

I know I am affectionate. I wouldn't say it, if I wasn't certain that I am.

The Past Subjunctive is widely used in Modern English and occurs not only in literature but also in colloquial language.

The term `Past Subjunctive' is merely traditional as in Modern English it does not necessarily express a past action. In adverbial clauses of condition it denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future. In other types of subordinate clauses it denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; thus it may refer to the present and to the past.

If I were ill I should like to be nursed by you.

Якби я був хворий, я б хотів, щоб за мною доглядали ви.

I want to go everywhere, I wish I were a gipsy

Мені хочеться всюди побувати. Я хотіла б бути циганкою

The analytical forms of the Subjunctive Mood consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall (which is seldom used) and the infinitive of the notional verb.

Mr. Barkis. proposed that my pocket-handkerchief should be spread upon

the horse's back to dry.

Містер Баркис запропонував покласти мою носову хустку на спину коневі, щоб він просохнув.

Mood auxiliaries have developed from modal verbs, which have lost their modality and serve to form the analytical Subjunctive. Still there are cases when mood auxiliaries retain a shade of modality, for instance the verb might in adverbial clauses of purpose.

Lizzie stood upon the causeway that her father might see her. (Dickens)

Лиззи стояла на дамбі, щоб батько побачив її (міг побачити її)

In modern English the same meaning as is expressed by the Subjunctive Mood may also be rendered by the forms of the Indicative Mood - the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect and occasionally the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous.

In adverbial clauses of condition the Past Indefinite denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future; the Past Perfect denotes an unreal condition referring to the past.

The room is so low that the head of the tallest of the visitors would touch the

blackened ceiling if he stood upright.

Кімната така низька, що голова найвищого з відвідувачів торкнулася б закопченого стелі, якби він випрямився.

In other types of subordinate clauses the Past Indefinite denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; the Past Perfect denotes an action prior to that of the principal clause.

He sat looking at the horse's ears as if he saw something new

there.

Містер Варкі сидів, дивлячись на вуха коня, начебто він бачив там що- те нове.

Imperative active mood in Ukrainian

The imperative mood is used to give commands. It exists in only the present tense in Ukrainian. There are no forms for the 1^st person singular. In Ukrainian, the imperative mood is formed from the stem of the verb plus the following endings (The example is based on Ukrainian пити):

Imperative Mood in Ukrainian
	singular	plural
First Person	none	-ьмо / - ймо / - мо / - імо (пиймо)
Second Person	-ь / - й / - 0 - / - и (пий)	-ьте / - йте / - те / - іть (пийте)
Third Person	хай or нехай + 3rd person present singular (хай п'є or нехай п'є)	хай or нехай + 3rd person present plural (хай п'ють or нехай п'ють)

The first set of endings is to be used for stems that end in a dentals (з, д, т, с, н, and л). The second set of ending is used for stems that end in a vowel. The third set of endings is used for stems that end in labials or post-alveolar sibilants (б, в, м, п, ф, ш, щ, ч, ж, and р). The fourth set of endings is used with verbs whose unaffixed form (no prefixes or suffixes) have the stress on the ending in the first person singular of the present tense. Thus for example, бери and вибери.

Finally note that all verbs with stems that end in к and г undergo the first palatalisation. Class 3 verbs with stems in к, г, and с undergo iotification (as do their present conjugation).

Conditional active mood in Ukrainian

The conditional mood is used to state hypothetical states, wishes, and desires. It has 2 tenses in Ukrainian: a present and a past.

Present tense

The present conditional is formed in Ukrainian from the participle би, which is derived from the archaic aorist conjugation of the verb, бути, and the active past participle I, which is the same as the past indicative participle. Thus, there is agreement between the subject and the participle. An example of this construction would be я би хотів. (I would like.).

Past tense

The past conditional is formed in Ukrainian from the participle би followed by the active past participle I form of the verb бути (був, була, було, були) and then the active past participle I of the verb. Both participles must agree with the subject. An example of this construction would be як я би був знав. (had I (had) known.).

Generally common, with the exception of the continuous aspect, which is not available in Ukrainian, is the nomenclature and nature of the existing morphological categories of the verb. Absolute isomorphism is also observed in the means of realisation of the following morphological categories in the contrasted languages:

Person and number (with the help of synthetic means, i. e. forms of words and their inflexions. Cf. He is - they are, I was - they were. She works - the works. Я пишу - ви пишете. Я писав - ми писали.

The imperative mood forms with no reference to a definite person, as in the following sentences: Stop talking! Sit still! Let us sing. He розмовляти! Сидіти тихо! Нумо заспіваємо. Нум я вам розповім.

The affirmative and some interrogative forms of the Indefinite group of tenses and of the pluperfect (давноминулий) tense: I work. I worked. I shall work. He had left before I arrived. Я працюю. Я працював. Я буду працювати. Він якось заходив був, але мене тоді не застав на роботі.

Isomorphism also exists a) in the correlation of the time of action in the matrix close with the time of the expressed action in the subordi nate clause: He says she lives in Kyiv. He said she lived in Kyiv. He will say she will live in Kyiv. Or: she will say that she lived in Kyiv or she thought that she came/would come. Or: 1 thought she had come. Similarly in Ukrainian: Він каже, що вона прийшла; він скаже, що вона прийде/що вона вже приходила; він казав, що вона приходила/ приходила була; b) Isomorphism is also observed in the existence of tenses not correlating with the time of actions expressed in the matrix/ main clause, eg: He - will say that he knows/ knew, had known it. Він скаже, що вона пришила (приходила) приходила була; с) Iso morphism is likewise observed in the existence of some identical forms expressing those same subjunctive mood meanings referring to present or future or to some past action/event.

In English

If I knew that before, I would

come.

If I had known that before, I

would have come.

Were she at home then, she

would come.

In Ukrainian

Якби язнав це раніше, я б прийшов.

Якби я був знав це раніше, я був би

прийшов.

Була б вона в той час удома, вона

прийшла б.

Знав би я був це раніше, я був би

прийшов.

d) Isomorphism is also observed in both languages in the existence of analytical passive voice forms in the past and Future Indefinite tense: He was invited. She will/will not be invited. Він був запрошений. Вона буде/не буде запрошена.

Besides, allomorphic features find their expression in the ways of realisation of some morphological categories in English and Ukrainian. These allomorphic ways are observed in the following:

In the use of analytical paradigms in English to express tense, aspect and voice forms, as well as in negative/interrogative forms like: He is read ing now. Is he reading now? Does/did he speak English? The passage is being translated The article will have been translated by then, etc.

In the absence in Ukrainian of the continuous aspect, whose durative meaning can be expressed by the transitive verb stems with the suffixes - сь, - ся and a corresponding adverb/adverbial phrase identifying the mo ment/period of action. Cf. Петренко зараз/ще, вже, давно/будується. Школа ще (тоді) будувалась/будуватиметься.

Allomorphism exists in the expression of the category of person in Ukrainian imperative mood forms which is alien to English. For example: Пиши! (Ти пиши!) Пишіть! (Ви пишіть!) Іди! Будьмо/ будьте здорові! Встань! Встаньте! Не вір! Не вірте!

Analytical imperative mood forms may have corresponding personal pronouns in English with the verb let (Let me say. Let him/us say. Let them come/say it). The corresponding Ukrainian forms have the particles нум or нумо (for singular or plural forms respectively) and also person and number inflexions of the notional verb. Cf. Нум я запитаю. Нумо заспівайте! Нумо до праці, брати!

4. Isomorphism and allomorphism is observed in the expression of the passive voice in English and Ukrainian.1) Isomorphic is the analytical way of expression of this morphological category, i. e. with the help of the aux iliary verb to be + past participle: Лист був написаний. Лист буде написаний. Alongside of this participial predicative forms in - но, - то are used: Лист буде написано. Все, зрештою, було забуто. Питання про ліквідацію боргів заводом з порядку денного не було знято.2) Allomorphic are forms of expressing the passive voice synthetically that are observed in Ukrainian. These forms are realised a) by means of inflexions of the past participle: Стаття написана. Текст перекладений. Жито скошене. Фрески відновлені. b) With the help of the postfixes - сь, - ся added to the non-perfective verbs in the indicative mood: Хата будується/ будувалась. Місток зводиться. Проект тільки готувавсь, с) With the help of the mentioned predicative participles in - но, - то: Музей зачинено. Питання розв'язано. Ворога розбито. Нічого не забуто. A peculiar feature of passive constructions in English is their much more frequent use than in Ukrainian. This is accounted for a) the use of some English irregular verbs as regular: The office is run by Mr. Brown. The dog was walked by Ann; b) the use of any of the two direct objects as subjects of the sentence in the passive voice: Mother forgave Dora her drawbacks; Dora was forgiven her drawbacks. Dora's drawbacks were forgiven by her mother; c) the use of prepositional objects as subjects in the passive voice: He was taken care of, d) the use of the past participle as a nominal part of the predicate: He was seated, pen in hand, at the table. "Is he generally liked?".

Conclusion

In the first chapter we studied typological characteristics and classes of English and Ukrainian verbs that led us to the following results:

In English and Ukrainian due to these lexico-grammatical properties the verb generally functions in the sentence as predicate going into some combinations a) with the nominal parts of speech performing the functions of the subject (or the object) of the sentence; b) with verbs; с) with prepositions and also with conjunctions.

The verb in the contrasted languages has its characteristic stem building suffixes or postfixes. In English these suffixes are: - ate, - fy, - en, - ise, - esce. In Ukrainian they are: - ти/-ть; - тися; - ться; - сь. Ukrainian verbs, unlike the English ones, may also be formed with the help of diminutive suffixes - ки, - оньк-и, - ці. Among the many prefixes that form the verb stem in English, the following are the most often used: ex-; in-/il-, ir-; contra-; counter-; re-; over-; under-; out-; super-; sub-; mis; un-.

The main classes of verbs as to their functional significance are common in the contrasted languages. These are notional verbs and auxiliary verbs. The latter split into primary, modal and linking verbs. English nominal verbs split into two subclasses which are not available in Ukrainian. These are regular verbs and irregular verbs. The subdivision of verbs into classes in Ukrainian is based on the correlation between the infinitival stem of the verb on the one hand and its present or simple future stem on the other. On this morphological basis thirteen classes of verbs are distinguished in Ukrainian. Verbs ending - уть,-ють belong to the first declension group, the verbs-ать,-ять are of the second declension group.

As regards their role in expressing predicativity, verbs in the contrasted languages may be of complete predication or of incomplete predication. Verbs of complete predication split into some common groups singled out on the basis of their implicit dependent grammatical meanings. These groups are:

1. Subjective verbs,

2. Objective verbs,

3. Terminative verbs,

4. Durative verbs,

5. Mixed - type verbs,

6. Reflexive verbs. Some groups of Ukrainian reflexive verbs have no equivalents in English" and form an allomorphic feature in the contrasted languages. These verbs are identified as follows:

1. Reciprocally reflexive/взаємно-зворотн;

2. Indirectly re-flexive/непрямо-зворотні;

3. Generally reflexive/загально-зворотні;

4. Active-objectless/reflexive verbs (активно-безоб'єктні);

5. Passively-qualitative/reflexive пасивно-якісні;

6. Impersonal-reflexive verbs/безособово-зворотні Verbs of incomplete predication are of isomorphic nature. They are presented in English and Ukrainian into groups, which are as follows: auxiliary verbs, modal verbs and linking verbs

The second chapter is devoted to the study of morphological categories of English and Ukrainian verbs.

The finite verb in the contrasted languages has six common morphological categories which are realised partly with the help of synthetic means (inflexions) and partly through different analytical means. T

Absolute isomorphism is observed in the means of realisation the categories of person and number. In Modern English there are but few forms indicating person and number in the synthetic forms of the verb. They are:

(1) The third person singular Present Indefinite Indicative

(2) The Future Indefinite tense.

In Ukrainian:

1st person singular - the speaker 1-ша особа однина

2nd person singular-one person spoken to 2-га особа однина

3rd person singular - one person or thing 3-я особа однина

1st person plural - other persons 1-ша особа множина

2nd person plural - more than one person spoken to 2-га особа множина

The category of tense. There are 3 tenses in both languages: Past, Present and Future. But there is difference in the number of grammatical tenses. This is because the two languages are different in their morphological structure. The Ukrainian language has a rich morphology while the morphology of English us poor. In English all grammatical tenses are divided into 4 large groups. They are: Indefinite, Continues, Perfect, Perfect Continues. The specific feature of the English language is that all the tenses are analytical but the Present and the Past Indefinite. In Ukrainian practically all tenses are synthetically. Only the Future tense may be both synthetically and analytical. So isomorphism is observed in the means of realisation of: