The last word remained with George.

Last summer, in Switzerland, he was quite well. (Voynich)

g) Next, the next.

Next means 'будущий' when referring to time: next month, next week.

The next means 'следующий': the next room, at the next lesson. Next time means 'в следующий раз'.

We shall discuss this matter next time.

In reference to time viewed from the past both next and the next mean 'следующий'.

We spent a fortnight in Kiev. The next week was spent in Odessa (or: Next week was spent in Odessa).

h) A number, the number.

A number of means 'many'. It is rendered in Russian by много, ряд.

The number means 'число, количество'.

His father and a number of his cronies were in the dining-room. (Dreiser)

The number of mistakes he makes is startling.

1.4.3 Omission of the article

Sometimes the article is not used where we naturally expect to find it in accordance with the rules. No change of meaning is observed in these cases.

The article is often omitted in newspaper headings, telegrams, in stage directions.

Gas Blast Kills Woman. (Dally Worker) Girl Gymnast Keeps Title. (Moscow News)

The article is often omitted with homogeneous members closely connected with each other and joined by the conjunction and. In most cases they go in pairs.

The breakfast was taken away, and that meal over, it was the general custom of uncle and niece to separate. (Ch. Bronte)[20]

Our analyses of theoretical and practical aspects of the English articles enabled to make the following conclusions:

1. Considering the process of the historical development of the English articles there appeared two concepts according to the first of which the article is the notional part of speech and according to the second it is one of the forms of Adjectives. Most scientists supported the first point of view in the 19th century, but at the same time there existed a theory that included the article into the class of Pronouns or into the class of Adjectives. In the 20th century the article was not considered to be a notional part of speech by a wide range of scientists. In our work we support the thought that the article is a notional part of speech as it posesses three characteristics (the lexico-grammatical meanings of ”(in)definiteness”; the right-hand combinability with nouns; the function of noun specifiers) which make us believe that the English article is a notional part of speech.

2. The syntactical role of the article consists in marking off a noun or a noun phrase as a part of the sentence.

3. The morphological value of the article lies in indicating the substantivization of other parts of speech, mainly adjectives or participles, also pronouns, adverbs, numerals.

4. The main functions of the indefinite article are: classifying, generic and numerical.

5. The two main functions of the definite article are specifying and generic.

6. The absence of any article, which is sometimes referred to as the zero article, is as meaningful as their actual use. It is regularly observed with countable nouns in the plural, with non-counts used in a general sense, with proper nouns.

7. The omission of an article differs from the absence of an article in that it is stylistically or traditionally determined.

article translation contextual indefinite

Part II. Lexico-grammatical aspects of translation of the definite and indefinite articles

Prior to a concrete detailed analyses of ways and methods of rendering English articles into Ukrainian it is very important to mention the category of Definiteness and Indefiniteness as it can give a considerable semantic shade of meaning.

2.1 The Category of Definiteness and Indefiniteness

The noun in English and Ukrainian, as in other languages, possesses the semantic category of definiteness and indefiniteness [39, c.412].In other words, when a noun (even a proper name) or family/geographical name is taken out of its context to which it belonged, its meaning may not be definitely understood, i.e. identified. Thus, the proper names Mykola, Petro or Anatoliy when used for the first time (eg. I met Petro/Mykola yesterday evening) may not be definite enough for the listener or collocutor who may inquire: which Petro/Mykola? Your friend/cousine Petro/Mykola? You mean your co-student Petro/Mykola? etc. Even when one uses the geographical name like Beskyd the real meaning of this proper noun may not be clear to the listener who has not enough preliminary information about the used name. This is because "Beskyd" may be the name of a mountain in the Carpathians as well as a tourist camp or a hotel there. Similarly identified must also be many other nouns in Ukrainian despite its being a predominantly synthetic by structure language. Thus, it may be sometimes far from easy to unanimously identify the real meaning, for example, of such a seemingly transparent for every Ukrainian listener name as Київ. Even in the sentence as Він мешкав деякий час у Києві (when used in oral speech) and when the listener does not see this noun written, it may mean the city named Київ or the "Київ" hotel (then it is in inverted commas in Ukrainian). Similarly when one hears the English king's name Charles, one would naturally inquire which king Charles? The first, the third or the fifth? Only when the substantivized numeral is added (Charles the First or Charles the Third, etc.), will the King's name become definite (clearly and finally indentified).

The category of definiteness and indenfiniteness may be identified in English and Ukrainian both at language level (when the noun is out of a concrete context) and at speech level, i.e. in oral presentation or in a written microtext. The main means of making the noun definite in English is to use the definite or indefinite (zero) article or any other determining or identifying adjunct. For example: Bristol (zero article) means the town of Bristol, whereas the Bristol is the name of a hotel or an inn, ship, etc. Similarly even with such a proper noun as Україна which, when used without the definite article, means the country of Ukraine, but when presented in inverted commas it will mean anything: готель "Україна", концертний зал "Україна" or an agricultural en terprise/joint venture "Україна". The definite article may also determine, i.e. make definite some other groups (or single) nouns as, for example, those denoting generic nouns or unique objects on the globe, or even in the universe as in the following sentences: The lion is a wild animal. The sun is a bright celestial body. The Bible is a holy book of all Christians.

The category of definiteness may be also indicated by syntactic, i.e. lexico-syntactic means. Namely, by an appositive noun or a substantivized numeral, an adjective or any other adjunct: Cf.: the Tory government, King Henry V, the first Summet meeting, уряд Topi, король Генріх П'ятий, готель "Колос", дівчина - парашутистка, nepша зуcmpiч у eepxax, четвертий універсал уряду УHP, etc. Hence, the categories of definiteness and indefiniteness may be expressed both by pre-posed and postposed identifiers simultaneously (as in the last example четвертий > універсал < уряду УHP). Or such an example: the noun congress or its Ukrainian variant з'їзд when used out of a context remains absolutely nonrelated to any concretely identified event. Even when preceded by a numeral (the first or the second congress) it remains far from semantically identified. Only when explicated by one more identifier - the first congress of ecologists, the noun congress becomes more or less exhaustively identified. Similarly in Ukrainian where the noun з'їзд becomes definite (or indefinite) when it is explicitly identified: з'їзд екологів, з'їзд екологів України, черговий/ позачерговий з'їзд екологів України, etc.

The category of indefiniteness apart from being indicated in English by the indefinite article a/an, may also be made explicit by the indefinite pronouns any, some, etc., and by the numeral one as well as by the indefinite article plus an adjectival, participial or any other adjunct. Eg: There is some boy wants to see you. (King) "Was there a Mr Palgrave?" (H.E. Bates) - "there's a marvelously good restaurant called L'Ocean about six or seven miles down the coast". (Ibid.) Cf. in Ukrainian: Там ніякого Micmepa Палгрейва не було?

The expression of indefiniteness in Ukrainian is likewise realized with the help of the indefinite pronouns якийсь (якась, якесь), through the indefinite numeral один (одна, одне) or via the indefinite pronouns якийсь/ якась, якесь, plus the adjuncts expressing the characteristic features of the person or object. Eg: Якийсь Петренко там чекає на вac. Був собі один чоловік і мав він два сини. Навіть один страшний день війни запам'ятався кожному навіки.

Unlike English where indefiniteness is expressed via the corresponding markers, in Ukrainian it may sometimes be expressed also through grammatical shifting of the indefinite noun into the final position of the sentence [39, c.417]. For example:

The door opened and the teacher entered the classroom.	Двері відчинилися і вчитель увійшов до класу.

To express indefiniteness, the noun will be shifted to the final position:

The door opened and a teacher entered the classroom.	Двері відчинилися і до класу ввійшов учитель.

Therefore, the category of definiteness and indefiniteness is equally pertained to both contrasted languages [28, c.95].

2.2 Rendering of the contextual meaning of the definite and indefinite articles

Most researchers do not pay enough attention to the translation of the articles. But nevertheless some of them (I.V.Korunets, V.I.Karaban) [28,39] consider that when rendering the lexical meaning of the definite and indefinite articles into Ukrainian one should consider that they are meaningful and attention should be payed to their functional meanings in the sentences or word-combinations.

One of the researches who supports the idea of the necessity of translating definite and indefinite articles is Korunets. He thinks that the article, both the definite and indefinite, is a functional word serving to identify or determine the noun (cf. to work-the work), the superlative degree of its quality (the tallest tree) or the order of nouns in a word-group (the first step) or in a row of similar nouns. In some prepositional phrases and word-combinations the definite and indefinite articles, however, may change their lexico-grammatical nature (become a particle), as in the expression the more, the better (чим більше, тим краще), or acquire some peculiar grammatical, functional and lexical meaning (the Browns/Petrenkos подружжя Браунів/ Петренків); the article may be lexicalized as in the Alps/the Carpathians Альпи/Карпати, at the baker's/butcher's у пекаря/ м'ясника (в хлібному /м'ясному магазині). Such and the like lexicalized articles, naturally, in no way weaken or lose their determining, i.e., grammatical function. As a result, their lexical meaning is inseparable in these cases from their functional meaning. The determining and lexicalizing nature of the definite and indefinite articles also manifests itself in several set expressions (cf. in the cart, in a word, what a pity, all of a sudden, etc.)

1). On several other occasions the definite/indefinite article may acquire some lexical meaning in contextual environment (only for a time) and thus serve as a peculiar means of «expressive connotation»1 . This kind of articles is each time endowed in different contextual environments with some quite different meaning, which may be, nevertheless, of implicitly different semantic and lexico-grammatical/ logically-grammatical type, as for instance, that of a demonstrative, possessive, identifying, indefinite or some other pronoun: Cf.: He lived more poorly than an artisan. (S. Maugham) Жив він бідніше за будь-якого ремісника. Carot never sold a picture. (Ibid) Каро не продав жодної картини/ні однієї картини.

2) That of an adjunctive/identifying adjective and a specifying or modal particle:... and she had acquired a reputation for neatness and

accuracy (Maugham) і вона здобула за ретельно виконану роботу солідну репутацію. She would have called him a fish. (Carrol) Боні назвала б його просто карасем.

3) A distinctly nominal or rather nominalizing meaning. The latter can be explicitly illustrated in the following sentence. He (Mr. Gills) took it (the bottle) up and having surveyed and smelt it said with extraordinary expression: «The?» «The», returned the instrument maker. (Ch. Dickens)

The real meaning of thus emphasized article can be disclosed only in the sentence that follows, where Mr. Gills fills the glass with liquour and drinks it. Without the broader context it would certainly be impossible to guess what this definite nominalizing article stands for in the extract. Nor is it always easy for our students to identify in some sentences the rhematic and the thematic function of article; and to express their meaning. Therefore, the occurrence of lexically meaningful articles is not occasional or accidental, for it is predetermined by context. Due to this, the number of lexically meaningful articles in different speech substyles often varies. Their occurrence can also depend on the personal taste of the author who may be more or less inclined to use them in his narrative. But whatever their quantity, none of the lexically meaningful articles should be ignored о overlooked in the passage under translation and its meaning must be correctly rendered in the target language.

In order to faithfully convey each kind of the aforementioned meaningful articles, the student will be advised first of all to subject the whole passage, which is to be translated, to a thorough content analysis in order to select possible lexical substitutes for the article in the target language. The substitutes in languages like Ukrainian (Russian), which have no functionals of the kind, can differ by their logico-grammatical nature, as well as be contextually synonymous Because of this the choice of the contextually equivalent substitutes depends much on the translator who, when selecting a fitting lexical equivalent for the article, has to take some factors into consideration These include first of all the semantic factor playing a predominant role, and the stylistic factor eliminating an unnecessary repetition of the same equivalent substitute in sentences close by. In other words, the co-occurrence of the same synonymous substitutes must b strictly regulated. Besides, the translator has to keep it in mind, that some contextual meanings of the definite article may seem similar 1.1 those of the indefinite article and vice versa. Hence, the translator should be no less attentive to the style of his target language pas sage which in its turn will help him achieve a faithful translation of sentences or the passage as a whole, where both the defining and the nominalizing lexically charged articles are used.

When conveying the lexical meanings of the definite and indefinite articles into Ukrainian, attention should be paid to their functional meanings in the sentence/word-combinations. Thus, the meanings of the definite article are usually expressed through different Ukrainian attributive pronouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs or cardinal/ordinal numerals. The meaning of the numeral one, on the other hand, is always expressed only through the indefinite article, which is historically derived from this part of speech. Cf.: Most of felllows in the Quarters share a studio. (Maugham) Багато хлопців з латинського кварталу орендують гуртом одну студію.

The nominalizing articles are mostly rendered through the parts of speech having the functions of attributes to the noun: «... I believe that a young person in a city tea-shop has left her situation. (Maugham) ...Гадаю, в одній із кав'ярень якась офіціантка зникла.

The emphatically used articles, on the other hand, have usually particles for their contextual equivalents in Ukrainian: But I must content myself with a few paragraphs. (Maugham) Жаль, що можу обмежитись лише кількома епізодами.

The rhematic use of the articles introducing the new information, a new core of an utterance, and its thematic use repeating the already known information about an object or event is often disclosed in Ukrainian sentences by other than lexical means, as will be shown further. Still, the bulk of meanings which the lexically charged articles can acquire due to their syntagmatic environment in speech are those of pronouns. This can also be seen from the citied illustrations on the forthcoming pages.

2.2.1 Realization of the contextual meanings of the definite article

The definite article when endowed with the lexical meaning in a sentence or passage can have various realizations in Ukrainian. It is expedient to begin with the most common of them which may refer not only to nouns but to other parts of speech as well, as for example:

1) as the demonstrative pronoun цей (ця, це, цi):

What his sister has seen in the man was beyond him. (J.London)	Що його сестра знайшла у цьому чоловікові, він не міг збагнути.

All cited instances in illustration of the lexical meaning of articles, unless indicated otherwise, have been picked up from J.London's works and their translations in Ukrainian

The thought was fire in him. Martin came back and looked at the beady eyes- sneering....	Ця думка пекла його, мов вогонь. Mapmiн onpumoмнів i, глянувши в ці злі, xumpi очі...
For the last week, she had asked herself whether or not he was going to propose to her, and now that he had at last done so, she was strangely confused.	Всю цю неділю вона питала себе чи зробить він їй пропозицію, але тепер, коли це нарешті трапилось, вона почувала себе досить ніяково.
The argument is unconvincing.	Цей аргумент непереконливий.

2) as the demonstrative pronouns такий (той, та, ті), той самий(саме той, та сама), такий самий:

I was realized as the I who made things, the thinking I, and the speaking I (P. Freire)	Я реалізувався як Такий Я, що створює речі, як мислячий Я i промовляючий Я.
«Sometimes there is the impression that the I.M.F. is on the same side of the barricades with the forces which are out to reverse the course of development back to Soviet times» Ukrainian president said. (Kyiv Post)	«Іноді створюється таке враження, що МВФ стоїть на одному боці з тими самими силами, які намагаються повернути курс розвитку до радянських часів», - заявив президент України.
Prime Minister's dismissal had been rumored from the date of his appointment. (Ibid.)	Чутки про зняття прем'ер-мiністра поширювалися від самого початку його призначення.
But surely Ruth did not understand it, he concluded. How could she, living the refined life she did?	Рут навряд чи розуміла цей твip. Та i як вона могла зрозуміти, живучи таким витонченим, як у неї, життям?
He was amazed at the man's sympathy with the life and his incisive psychology. (J.London)	Його вразила така любов цiєї людини до життя її психологічне проникнення.
The fellow behind us in the crowd was talking again. (J.London)	Той самий хлопець iз натовпу позад нас тепер озвався знову.
....and when I could see again, the fellow who stayed with me was dragging me down the street. (Ibid.)	...а коли мені розвиднилось в очах, саме той хлопець, що зостався зi мною, тяг мене за собою.
“This is the gentleman who is good enough to put some order into the mess we make of our accounts”.	Це той джентльмен, який люб'язно погодився привести до ладу наші бухгалтерські книги.
On alternatively that he should get Michael to read the part he had in view and come to the conclusion that he could not touch it.	Або, навпаки, запропонує Майклу прочитати таку роль, яку хоче йому запропонувати, і побачить, що він не впорається з нею.
Then the question arises.	Тоді виникає ось таке питання.

3) as the possessive pronoun її,їхні,свій:

The room was situated over the . laundry	Його кімната була/ знаходилась над пральнею...
«Why don't you eat?» he demanded, as Martin dipped dolefully into the cold, half cooked oatmeal mush.	«Чому ти не їси?» - запитав він, бачачи, як неохоче Мартін копирсає свою недоварену вівсяну кашу.
...Mr. Higginbotham sneered throughout mealtime at the «literary» person they had discovered in the family.	...містер Хіґґінботем під час обіду стільки кепкував з «писаки», що виявився у їхній pодині

4) as the identifying pronoun весь, вся, все/цілий.

Не looked up, and it seemed that the room was lifting...	Він підвів голову, і йому здалося, що вся кімната ходить ходором...
The romance and beauty, and high vigour of the books were coming true.	Вся романтика і краса, всі високі поривання, про які він читав у книжках, виявились правдою.
Her trained ear detected the overemphasis of the tyro...	Її витончене вухо враз вловило всі перебільшення новачка...
« What the hell you guys blocking the street?» (E.Caldwell)	«Якого біса ви, волоцюги, запрудили всю вулицю?»
This is true if the p's are complex.	Це правильно в тому випадку, коли всі р - комплексні.
The many possibilities opened up by the solution were not availed of.	Не вдалося скористатися всіма тими можливостями, які виникли завдяки такому вирішенню.

5) as the relative pronoun який (яка, яке).

Не caught himself imagining the wonder of a caress from such a hand, and flushed guiltily...	Він подумав, яку насолоду повинні приносити пестощі такою рукою, і зніяковіло зашарівся...
She did not know the actual fire of love.	Вона не знала, яке то справжнє полум'я кохання.
Did you hear the thing I had to say?	Ви чули, яку нісенітницю мені довелось сказати?

6) as the indefinite pronoun якийсь

For the moment the great gulf that separated them then was bridged. He was played by the low comedian, who had introduced gags of his own... (O. Wilde)	На якусь мить через велику безодню, що розділяла їх, був наведений міст. Його роль виконував такий собі комік з фарсовими вибриками власного штибу.
For the moment she thought she was going to be sick, and when she forced on her face an eager, happy smile, she felt that her museles were stiff and hard.	На якусь мить Джулії здалось, начебто вона зараз знепритомніє, і, намагаючись видавити щасливу посмішку, вона відчула, що м язи не піддаються їй.

7) as the identifying attributive pronoun сам, сам собою, інший/ інша:

But the man did not seem to know of the content of the great mind.	Та, очевидно, сам бібліотекар нічого не знав про творчість цієї великої голови.
The toil meant nothing to him.	Сама собою праця нічого не важила.
...which was new to him, for of the women he had known - that was the only way he thought.	.... і це було нове для нього, бо про інших жінок, яких він знав, він інакше взагалі не думав.
The thing to do would be to act there in other managements for 3-4 years first, one's got to know the ropes	Саме головне - роки 3-4 поробити в інших трупах, необхідно дізнатись усі тонкощі.

8) as an adjective or adjectivized participle (according to the contextual meaning):

Martin Eden did not go out to hunt for a job in the morning.	Мартін Іден не пішов наступного ранку шукати роботи.
He had worked the day before in the basement and the money had been kept all the time. (E.Caldwell)	Напередодні він також працював у підвалі фабрики і ще не витратив зароблені гроші.
Are you going to act in the next play?	А ви збираєтесь грати у новій п'єсі,

9) as a particle emphasizing the attributive pronoun, numeral or some other part of speech:

But the story was grand just the same.'perfectly grand.	А так це оповідання - чудове, ну просто чудове.
The man above us was talking to several persons in the crowd. (E.Caldwell)	А той чоловік над нами огризався до людей з натовпу.
The next afternoon, accompanied by Arthur, she arrived in the Morses carriage.	На другий же день в супроводі Артура вона приїхала до нього в кареті Морзів.
It needed the excitement of getting a part or a first night…	Лише радість коли він отримав гарну роль…

10) very often when the noun in the sentence has another attribute the clearly explicit lexical meaning of the definite article remains superflous:

He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater. (J.London)	Він лежав, де впав, і звідти спостерігав за чоловіком у червоному светрі.
When the two men had gone she looked through the photographs again before putting them back.	Коли чоловіки пішли, Джулія знову переглянула фото перед тим, перед тим, як повернути їх на місце.

Here the man in the red sweater may be translated as той чоловік у червоному светрі but the postpositive attribute у червоному (светрі) has a stronger force of definiteness than the prepositive lexically charged article. As a result, the meaning of the article remains implicit, though strongly felt.

Similarly in the sentence below where the lexically charged definite article is also suppressed by the attributive prepositional noun:

From the first mention of the dance by Mrs. Cowperwood and Anna, Ailen had been conscious of a desire toward a more effective presentation of herself than as yet. (T.Dreiser)	З першої миті, як місіс Каупервуд та Анна заговорили про вечори з танцями, Ейлен закортіло блиснути (показати себе) ще яскравіше, ніж це їй вдавалося досі.

The definite article in the sentence above is substituted for the contextual noun вечори (з танцями) instead of ті танці as in the original sentence.

11) In many a case the definite article may point to thematic functioning of the noun, which is usually signalized by its initial position in the sentence and pointing to the core of the utterance presenting the basic, known already elements in the sentence:

The street lights were fewer now. (J. Steinbeck)	Лампіонів на вулиці тепер горіло менше.
The old man stared at the open door. (Ibid.)	Старий з острахом дивився на прочинені двері.
The night was getting colder and more raw all the time. (E. Caldwell	А ніч усе холоднішала і ставала щодалі вологішою/ і ставало щодалі вологіше.
The dog had gone back to his slow, spiritless barking. (J. Steinbeck	Тут собака заходився знову спроквола і неохоче погавкувати.
They silently passed the studio.(J.Fowels)	Повз майстерню вони пройшли мовчки.
She sat at the desk and with her bold, flowing hand wrote: “Your sincerely, Julia Lambert.”	Джулія сіла за стіл і своїм чіеким плавним правописом написала: «Щиро Ваша Джулія Ламберт.»
The thought of refusing had never even occurred to him.	У нього не було навіть думки про те щоб відмовитися.

The rheme, the notional element in the utterance, is more frequently indicated in English by the indefinite article determining the noun in the initial position. When translated into Ukrainian, however, the rhematic noun, as has long been noticed1, occupies a terminating position in the sentence/clause (when the utterance is a composite sentence):

There was an old twostorey yellow house on Fielding Avenue that year. (W. Saroyan)	Того року на Філдінґ Авеню ще стояв старий двоповерховий жовтий будинок.
A dog growled in one of the yards as the men went by. (J. Steinbeck)	Коли чоловіки проходили повз один з будинків, у його дворі загарчав собака.
A light fog began to drift through the air, and the stars were swallowed in it. (Ibid.)	У повітрі потягнися легенькі пасма туману, / вони заволокли й поглинули зірки.
A train hooted mournfully, and in a moment it rounded a bend and pushed its terrible light down the track. (Ibid.)	Тужно загув поїзд, і, обігнувши за якусь мить округлий вигін, кинув свої страхітливі сліпучі пасма світла на колії.
… I insist on you being educated like a real gentleman.	Я наполягаю, щоб ти отримав освіту достойну джентльмена.
She only half believed all she had been saying, but it excited her to discuss a plan that would bring her into a close and constant	Вона лише наполовину вірила всьому, що казала, але їй було приємно обговорювати проект, який би ще більше зблизив її з Майклом.

A correct selection of thematic and rhematic nouns, identified by the definite and indefinite articles and by their respective placement in the sentence, facilitates the faithful conveying of the logical sentence perspective in the target language.

2.2.2. Realization of the contextual meanings of the indefinite article

Strange as it may seem but very often, almost predominantly, the indefinite article is endowed in speech/text with lexical meanings, which may coincide with those of different pronouns. The only exception is made for the meaning of the cardinal numeral «one» from which the indefinite article historically originates. No wonder that the contextual meanings of the lexically charged indefinite article can sometimes be, as will be seen further on, quite unexpected. The most frequent and common of these meanings can be expressed, as has been mentioned already, in one of the following ways:

1) by the cardinal numeral один (одна, одне):

He said something about а schooner that's getting ready to go off. (0. Wilde)	Він тут розповідав щось про одну шхуну, яка готується відпливати.
An excerpt from his book will give some indication of the approach fallowed in his own school and in those that were founded under his influence.	Одного витягу з його книги буде достатньо, щоб дати певне уявлення про підхід, що практикується його школою і школами, які виникли під його впливом.
The reaction resulted into a complex molecule.	Внаслідок реакції утворилась одна складна молекула.

2) In some contexts, however, the indefinite article may acquire a lexical meaning which corresponds either to the Ukrainian cardinal numeral один, to the ordinal numeral перший or to the indefinite pronoun якийсь (якась, якесь). The indefinite article may also mark the rheme of the utterance as in the sentence: Only for an instant he hesitated, then his head went up and his hand came off. (J. London) In this sentence any of the above-given substitutes may be quite faithful, since the cardinal or ordinal numeral and the indefinite pronoun are equally fitting in the utterance, which in Ukrainian will have another position:

Він був у нерішучості (вагався) тільки якусь мить...

Він був у нерішучості (вагався) тільки першу мить...

Він був у нерішучості (вагався) тільки одну мить...

Similarly in the following sentences:

It was only for a moment. (J. London)	Це тривало тільки одну/ якусь мить.
In a moment the Colonel and Mrs Gosselyn came in.	Через одну мить полковник та місіс Госселін увійшли у кімнату.
For a moment Julia lost control of herself and her voice was heavy with tears.	На якусь мить Джулія перестала володіти собою і в її голосі почулись сльози.

3)By the indefinite pronoun якийсь only, without the attendant meanings of the cardinal or ordinal numerals:

He saw her come down the aisle, with Arthur and a strange young man. (J.London)	Він бачив, як вона пройшла партером у супроводі Артура і ще якогось незнайомого молодика.
Sometimes, when with her, she noted an unusual brightness in his eyes, and she liked it. (Ibid.)	Часом, коли він бував з нею, вона помічала якийсь особливий блиск в його очах, що подобався їй.
But damn it, I would not play you a dirty trick like that.	Але, чорт забирай, такої підлості я б не скоїв.

4) when the lexically meaningful indefinite article precedes the noun under logical stress, it functions as the demonstrative pronoun, which is translated into Ukrainian as цей, ця, це:

This was his programme for a week. (J. London)	Це була його програма на цей тиждень.
Here was a man who could do anything, was the message she read there. (Ibid.)	Ця людина здатна на все -ось що вона прочитала в його погляді.
How can a man write so badly?.. (E. Hemingway)	Як може ця людина (цей чоловік) писати так погано?..

5) As one of the possessive pronouns (according to their contextual meaning):

He did not go home immediately, and under the tree, where he kept his vigils, he looked up at a window and murmured. (J. London)	Він (Мартін) не рушив зразу додому, а пішов до знайомого дерева, став на звичне місце проти її вікна і прошептав схвильовано.
When she returned with the grammar, she drew a chair near his. (Ibid.)	Коли вона (Рут) повернулася з граматикою, вона присунула свій стілець до його стільця.
A fat lot I care.	Не мій сум.

6) As the negative pronoun жоден or the negative particle ані
(when the determined noun is preceded by the negative particle not):

You were not following а word.	Ви не чули жодного слова/ані слова.
Не hadn't a penny.	Він не мав жодного пенні (ані пенні).

7) as the relative adjective цілий which is lexically equivalent in the sentences below to the Ukrainian identifying pronoun весь (вся, все):

Martin rented a typewriter and spent a day mastering the machine. (J. London)	Мартін узяв напрокат друкарську машинку і цілий (весь) день вчився друкувати на ній.
- (his) day's work was the equivalent to a week's work of the average successful writer. (Ibid.)	...(його) доробок за день дорівнював доробкові якого-небудь модного письменника за цілий тиждень.
When Michael joined the company Julia had been playing in Middlepool for a year.	Коли Майкл приєднався до їх трупи, Джулія грала в Мідлпулі вже цілий рік.

8)More common in Ukrainian contextual substitutes for the lexically meaningful indefinite article are, however, different relative adjectives, the most often used being справжній:

It is sweet to feel that you are really and truly a woman. (Ibid.)	Приємно відчувати (себе), що ти є справжньою жінкою.
This small sum seemed a fortune. (Ibid.)	Ця маленька сума здалася (Мартіну) справжнім (цілим) скарбом.
”The critics are right, damn it, you are an actress and no mistake.”	Критики праві, чорт забирай, ти - справжня акторка, нічого не скажеш.

9) The contextual meaning of the indefinite article may sometimes be expressed in Ukrainian through different adverbs:

He had the conviction that could sit in a draught if he wanted to. (J. Galsworthy)	У нього було таке переконання, що він міг сидіти навіть на протязі, якби того захотів
There is a great difference. (O.Wilde)	Це зовсім різні речі.

The above-given lexical realizations of the determining and identifying functions of the definite and indefinite articles would be incomplete without the illustration of some other meanings, which they may acquire in contextual environment. The choice of the semantically fitting substitute for the definite or indefinite article then rests entirely with the translator, who is well acquainted with the text/ work under translation. Since the style of the text may often influence or predetermine the choice of the necessary synonym, care should be taken in order not to neglect the possible ways of expression in Ukrainian either. Thus, the lexical meaning of the indefinite article a in the sentence - I didn't dare show my face at Court for a month. (0. Wilde) - could be faithfully expressed in Ukrainian either through the identifying pronoun весь or by its lexical equivalent at sentence level, which is the relative adjective цілий. But the translator of The Picture of Dorian Gray (R. Dotsenko) has suggested for this particular case a more acceptable contextual version: Я добрий місяць і носа нe наважувався показати при дворі.

10) The broader context often predetermines the employment of lexically equivalent variants which could scarcely ever be offered for a narrow context. The kind of contextual substitutes can be seen in the examples below, where Ukrainian demonstrative and other pronouns, adjectives, numerals, etc., are contextually/semantically enforced by emphatic or modal particles. Thus, the contextual meaning of the indefinite article below is expressed through an adjective enforced by an emphatic or some other particle or group of particles:

He was not to remain a sailor. (London)	Бо ж він не буде простим собі матросом.
Не seemed to think it a distinction. (Ibid.)	Він вважав це чи не за особливу відзнаку.
As a young man, with a great mass of curling chestnut hair, with a wonderful skin and large deep blue eyes …	В юності його густе каштанове волосся, чудова шкіра, великі сині очі …
One day he was sitting in front watching the rehearsal of an act in which he did not appear.	Одного разу Майкл сидів у залі і спостерігав за репетицією того акту, де сам не брав участі.

11) The contextual meaning of the indefinite article may be ex
pressed through the interrogative or indefinite pronoun also enforced
by some emphatic particles:

-a penniless young fellow, а mere nobody, sir, a subaltern in а foot regiment.	... молодик без шеляга за душею, - власне ніщо, сер, усього ... лишень якийсь піхотний офіцерик...
What a lovely day! (La Mure)	Який же гарний день!

Note: Apart from the above-cited contextual meanings of the definite and the indefinite articles there may be some other (implicit) meanings of them. Thus, the definite article may sometimes have the following additional realizations in Ukrainian:

a) that of a pronominal word-group of an emphatic force:

I want you to get rid of the dreadful people you're associated with. (О. Wilde)	Я хочу, щоб ви врешті-решт перестали спілкуватися з усіма тими покидьками.

The identifying definite article may include in its semantic information some specifying function and meaning too:

The Chinamen were already busy in their shops. (Ibid.)	Там уже метушились господарі китайських крамничок.

Some implicit contextual meanings of the modifying and identifying definite article the can often be given a true and faithful explication i.e. realization in translation only after a thorough study of the broader content as well. Cf.:

After a moment's hesitation, Strickland scrambled to his feet, and together they went to the Bonchee de Pain.	Стрікленд роздумував недовго. Випростав затерплі ноги, і вони вдвох подалися до іншого благодійного закладу під назвою«Хлібодар».
The MacAndrews, who were childless and in easy circumstances, arranged to undertake the care of the children, and Mrs. Strickland had only herself to provide for. (Ibid.)	Полковник Мак-Ендрю з дружиною, бездітні й добре забезпечені, взяли на утримання її дітей, так що місіс Стрікленд заробляла тільки на себе.

b) Sometimes the article may substitute an implicit identifying/ interrogative pronoun and a particle expressing the contextual meaning of the emphatically used noun with the definite article. This can be seen in the following exclamatory sentence:

The pity of it! The pity of it!	Як жаль! Який жаль! Ашкода! Дуже шкода!

The picture of contextual realizations of meanings pertained to the determining and identifying articles would be incomplete without some illustrations of their «deep», as one might call them, or interphrasal and superphrasal meanings, which the articles may acquire in some contexts. The interphrasal meaning of the definite or indefinite article may be elicited already from its contextual meaning at the level of the sentence. Cf.:

I looked at her mouth for an expression that could give me а clue to what she felt.	Я позирав на її вуста - чи не майне там бодай тінь її душевного стану.

The meaning of the noun with the indefinite article (an expression) is clearly perceived from the content of the sentence where it may also be substituted for якийсь вираз/хоч якийсь вираз.

More or less transient is also the meaning of the underlined noun with the definite article in the following sentence:

Of the threat she said nothing. (O.Wilde)	Власне ж про саму погрозу вона промовчала/не сказала нічого.

In some cases, however, it is next to impossible to translate a noun with the implicit meaning of its identifying or specifying article without an inquiry into the broader context of the whole work, as in the following sentence:

They sent me to Amsterdam to try for a scholarship, and І won it.	Мене вирядили до Амстердама на конкурс, який обіцяв стипендію в художній школі, і я здобув її.

It goes without saying that such a descriptive translation of the noun (a scholarship) could be offered only by a translator well acquainted with the content of the preceding sentences or even of the whole paragraph.

There are, naturally, many more contextual realizations of the" lexical meanings, pertaining to the definite and the indefinite articles, which they may acquire in a text/at speech level.

In view of the diversity of possible lexical realizations, which the English articles may have in speech, the student will be warned to employ not only their single word equivalents to express their meanings in Ukrainian. A thorough study of the broader context may sometimes help to find a more fitting substitute for a lexically charged indefinite or definite article in Ukrainian. Thus, in the sentence He had a face that reminded me of a frog. (W.Lewis) and But how in heaven's name could they raise a sum like that? the bold type indefinite article a can not be denied the meaning of the demonstrative pronoun таке. All this must be borne in mind when dealing with the lexically meaningful articles in the sentences of the exercise below. Unfortunately, the restricted space of the manual makes it impossible to give regular passages with the implicit (contextual) meanings of the definite and the indefinite articles.

Our analyses of more than 500 cases of translation of English articles into Ukrainian enabled to make the following conclusions:

1. The meanings of the definite article are usually expressed through different Ukrainian attributive pronouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs or cardinal/ordinal numerals.

2. The meanings of the indefinite article are usually expressed through the cardinal numeral one, by the indefinite pronoun якийсь, as the demonstrative pronoun цей, ця, це, as one of the possessive pronouns, as the negative pronoun жоден, or the negative particle ані, as different relative adjectives, the most often used being справжній;as different adverbs, as an adjective enforced by an emphatic or some other particle or group of particles, as am interrogative or indefinite pronoun also enforced by some emphatic particles.

3. The category of Definiteness and Indefiniteness which influences the way of rendering from English into Ukrainian a lot is equally pertained to both contrasted languages.

Part III. Methods of teaching articles

3.1 Article in a school programme

The present system of teaching articles to foreign students suggested in schools shows that theoretically teaching articles is presupposed but practically its proper training is impossible at the moment. That means that the school programme includes teaching English articles as a separate part of speech but the textbooks which corresponds the programme do not have enough training exercises. After using such textbooks students still make the most widely-spread errors because of the lake of practice.

After studying these books we have decided that there is not enough information devoted to teaching articles. We think that teaching articles is very important that is why we would like to propose the system of teaching articles for 5-6 forms. The following block of exercises serves for elimination of the most typical errors among the foreign students and for the formation of their strong theoretical basis of knowledge as the value of this set of exercises is concentrated in the fact that first it gives theory and then practical exercises which precisely reflect the mentioned theory.

3.2 Teaching articles in the 5th form

a - “one”. Don't forget a.

Do you want a cup of tea? (not “Do you want cup of tea?”)

- Alice works in a bank. (not “in bank”)

- I want to ask a question. (not “ask question”)

- When I was a child, I liked reading stories.

- Birmingham is a large city in central England.

an (not a) before a/e/i/o/u:

- They lived in an old house.

- A mouse is an animal. It is a small animal.

- Can you give me an example, please?

- This is an interesting book.

- I bought an umbrella and a hat.

also an hour (h is not pronounced: an (h)our)

but a university

a European country

(these words are pronounced “yuniversity”, “yuropean”)

We use a/an for jobs:

- “What is your job?”

- “I am a dentist”

- “What does she do?”

- “She is an engineer”

another (an + other) is one word (not “an other”):

- Can I have another cup of tea?

- Open another window. It is very hot.

I. Write a or an.

1. . …a… book

2. …an… old book

3. … window

4. … horse

5. … airport

6. … university

7. … organization

8. … restaurant

9. … Chinese restaurant

10. … Indian restaurant

11. … accident

12. … bad accident

13. … question

14. … important question

15. … hamburger

16. … hour

17. … economic problem

18. … nice evening

II. What are these things? Choose your answer from the list and write a sentence?

animal bird flower fruit musical instrument planet river tool game

vegetable

1. a duck? It is a bird.

2. the Nile? It …

3. a rabbit? It …

4. tennis? It …

5. a rose? It …

6. a hammer? It …

7. a carrot? It …

8. Mars? It …

9. a trumpet? It …

10. a pear? It …

III. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ). Write a or an where necessary.

1. (I bought newspaper) I bought a newspaper.

2. (We went to party last night) We went …

3. (My brother is artist) …

4. (It is beautiful day today) …

5. (I ate sandwich and apple) …

6. (Britain is industrial country) …

7. (I had bath this morning) …

8. (Barbara works in office) …

9. (It is very difficult question) …

10. (We stayed at expansive hotel) …

Nouns can be countable and uncountable. Countable nouns - you can count them (cars, bags, flowers, hats, …). Uncountable nouns - you can not count them (water, rain, air, rice, salt, …).

You can not say one, two, three + uncountable nouns.

Uncountable nouns have only one form.

- I have got some money.

- There is not much money in the box.

- Money is not everything.

Do not use a/an + uncountable nouns.

But you can say a piece of …/ a bottle of … etc. + uncountable nouns:

a piece of cheese a piece of music a glass of water

a bowl of rice a cup of coffee a bottle of milk

a game of tennis a can of oil a bar of chocolate

I. There are some words. Some of them are countable and some are uncountable. Write a/an if

necessary.

bucket sand toothpaste money salt toothbrush

cup tea credit card hat soup umbrella

1. salt

2. an umbrella

3. …

4. …

5. …

6. …

7. …

8. …

9. …

10. …

11. …

12. …

II. Some of these sentences need a/an . Some of the sentences are right. Put in a/an where necessary.

1. I have not got car. a car

2. Salt is not expensive. Ok

3. Ann never wears hat. …

4. Are you looking for job? …

5. Mary does not eat meat. …

6. I am going to party tonight. …

7. Do you like cheese? …

8. Do you want cup of coffee? …

9. I never drink milk. …

10. Britain is island. …

11. Jack made very bad mistake. …

12. Everybody needs food. …

13. Can you drive car? …

14. I have got very good idea. …

a/an + singular countable nouns (car, apple, shoe etc.):

- I need a new car.

- Would you like an apple?

some + plural countable nouns (cars, apples, shoes etc.):

- I need some new shoes.

- Would you like some apples?

some + uncountable nouns (water, money, music etc.):

- I need some money.

- Would you like some cheese?

Compare a/an and some:

- She bought a hat, some shoes and some perfume.

- I read a newspaper, wrote some letters and listened to some music.

Many nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable. For example:

a cake some cakes some cake or a piece of cake

a chicken some chickens some chicken or a piece of chicken

Be careful with these words - they are usually uncountable in English:

bread weather information advice hair furniture paper news

- I am going to buy some bread (or a loaf of bread).

- It is nice weather today.

- I need some information about hotels in London.

- She has got long hair.

I. Write sentences with Would you like a/an …? or Would you like some …? using these words:

cheese coffee cigarettes bread chocolate sweets

1. Would you like some cheese?

2. Would you like …

3. Would …

4. …

5. …

6. …

II. Put in a/an or some.

1. I read a newspaper, wrote some letters, and listened to some music.

2. I need … money. I want to buy … food.

3. We met interesting people at the party.

4. She did not eat much for lunch - only … apple and … bread.

5. We live in … big house. There is … nice garden with … beautiful trees.

6. I am going to make … table. First, I need … wood.

7. We talked to her and she gave us … very good advice.

8. I want to write … letter. I need … pen and … paper.

9. We had … nice weather when we were on holiday.

10. I am going to open … window to get … fresh air.

a/an	the
- They have got a car. (there are many cars and they have got one) - I am writing a letter. (there are many letters and I am writing one) - When we were in London, we stayed at a small hotel. (there are many small hotels in London) - Rome is a big city in Italy. (there are many big cities in Italy and Rome is one) - Britain is an island. (there are many islands and Britain is one)	- I am going to clean the car tomorrow. (= my car) - I wrote to her but the letter never arrived. (= the letter that I wrote) - We did not enjoy our holiday. The hotel was terrible. (= our hotel) - Rome is the capital of Italy. (there is only one capital in Italy) - What is the largest island in the world?

We say the… when it is clear which thing we mean. For example:

the door/the ceiling/the floor/the carpet/the light etc. (of a room)

the roof/the garden/the kitchen/the bathroom etc. (of a house)

the centre/the station/the airport/the town hall etc. (of a town)

- “Where is Tom?” - “In the garden.” (= the garden of the house)

- I turned off the light, opened the door and went out. (= the light and the door of the room)

- Do you live very far from the centre? (= the centre of your town)

- I would like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop)

I. Put in a/an or the.

1. I wrote to her but the letter never arrived.

2. Britain is an island.

3. What is … name of this village?

4. Jane is … very nice person. You must meet her.

5. Montreal is … large city in Canada.

6. What is … largest city in Canada?

7. “What time is it?” ”I do not know. I have not got … watch. ”

8. When I went to Rome, I stayed with … Italian friend of mine.

9. You look very tired. You need … holiday.

10. Do not sit on … floor. It is very dirty.

11. “Let's go to restaurant this evening.” ”That is … good idea.”

12. Can you turn on … radio, please? I want to listen to some music.

13. Tom is in … bathroom. He is having … bath.

14. This is a nice room, but I do not like … colour of … carpet.

15. We live in … old house near … station. It is 2 miles from … centre.

II. Put in a/an or the where necessary in these sentences.

1. I turned off light, opened door and went out. the light the door