Semantic peculiarities of the English article and ways of its translation

2. Excuse me, can I ask question, please? …

3. Alan is best player in our football team. …

4. How far is it from here to airport? …

5. Enjoy your holiday and do not forget to send me postcard! …

6. Have you got ticket for concert tomorrow night? …

7. What is name of director of film we saw last night?

8. Yesterday I bought jacket and shirt. Jacket was cheap but shirt was expensive. …

9. Peter and Mary have two children, boy and girl. Boy is seven years old and girl is three.

III. Complete the sentences. Use a/an or the + one of these words:

bicycle capital cigarette play difficult language kitchen nice day next train roof small hotel

1. Rome is the capital of Italy.

2. When we were in London, we stayed at a small hotel.

3. Can you ride … ?

4. What is that man doing on … of that house? Is he repairing something?

5. We went to the theatre last night but … was not very good.

6. Do you think English is … for people to learn?

7. ”Would you like … ?” ”No, thanks. I do not smoke.”

8. ”Where is Jack?” ”He is cooking something.”

9. Excuse me, what time is … to London?

10. It is … today. Let us go out.

The - it is clear which thing or person we mean

- Rome is the capital of Italy.

- What is the name of the village?

- Excuse me, where is the nearest bank?

Do not forget the:

- Do you live near the city center?

- Which is the best restaurant in this town?

the top of …/ the end of … etc.

- Write your name at the top of the page.

- The beginning of the film was not very good.

- My house is at the end of the street.

the same

- We live in the same street.

- These books are not different. They are the same.

Not that we say:

the sun/ the moon/ the world/ the sky/ the sea/ the ground/ the country

- The sky is blue and the sun is shining.

- I like swimming in the sea.

- They live in a town but they want to live in the country.

the police/ the fire brigade/ the army(of a city, country etc.)

- My brother is a soldier. He is in the army.

the piano/ the guitar/ the trumpet etc. (musical instruments):

- Tom is learning to play the piano.

the radio but television (without the):

- I often listen to the radio.

- What is on the radio tonight?

- I like watching television.

- What is on television tonight?

- But - Can you turn off the television.

breakfast/ lunch/ dinner (without the)

- I never have breakfast.

- What are you going to have for lunch?

- Dinner is ready!

I. Put in the where necessary. Write ”okay” if the sentence is correct.

1. Sky is blue and sun is shining. … The sky….the sun

2. What are you going to have for lunch? … okay

3. Our apartment is on third floor. …

4. Help! Fire! Somebody call fire brigade. …

5. Who was first man to walk on moon? …

6. Which city is capital of your country? …

7. What is largest city in world? …

8. Would you like to be in army? …

9. Do you live near sea? …

10. After dinner we watched television. …

11. ”Where is your dictionary?” ”It is on top shelf on right.” …

12. We live in country, about five miles from nearest village. …

13. Ann is coming to see us at end of May or beginning of April.

14. ”Is this book cheaper than that one?” ”No, they are same price.”

15. Prime minister is most important person in British government.

16. I do not know everybody in this photograph. Who is man on left?

II. Complete the sentences. Use the same + one of these words:

age colour day problem street time

1. I live in King Street and you live in King Street. We live in the same street.

2. I arrived at 8.30 and you arrived at 8.30. We arrived at …

3. I have got no money and you have got no money. We have got …

4. He is 25 and she is 25. They are …

5. My shirt is dark blue and my jacket is dark blue. They are …

6. I am leaving on Monday and you are leaving on Monday. We are leaving on …

III. Complete these sentences. Use the words in the list. Use the if necessary.

breakfast dinner guitar lunch police radio sky sun television time

1. Can you tell me the time please?

2. We had dinner at a restaurant last night.

3. … is a star. It gives us light and warmth.

4. Did you see the film on … last night?

5. I was hungry this morning because I did not have …

6. … stopped me because I was driving too fast.

7. ”Can you play …?” ”No, I can not play any musical instruments.”

8. ”What did you have for …?” ”Just a salad.”

9. When I am working at home I like listening to …

10. … is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.

3.3 Teaching articles in the 6th form

Countable nouns with a/an and some

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

a dog a child the evening this party an umbrella

dogs some children the evenings these parties two umbrellas

Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an

* Goodbye! Have a nice evening.

* Do you need an umbrella?

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):

* She never wears a hat. (not 'She never wears hat')

* Be careful of the dog. (not 'Be careful of dog')

* What a beautiful day!

* I've got a headache.

We use a/an... to say what kind of thing or person something/somebody is:

* A dog is an animal.

* I'm an optimist.

* Tim's father is a doctor.

* Are you a good driver?

* Jill is a really nice person.

* What a lovely dress!

We say that somebody has a long nose / a nice face / a strong heart etc.:

* Jack has got a long nose, (not 'the long nose')

In sentences like these, we use plural nouns alone (not with 'some'):

* Dogs are animals.

* Most of my friends are students.

* Jill's parents are really nice people.

* What awful shoes!

* Jack has got blue eyes, (not 'the blue eyes')

Remember to use a/an when you say what somebody's job is:

* Sandra is a nurse, (not 'Sandra is nurse')

* Would you like to be an English teacher?

You can use some with plural countable nouns. We use some in two ways:

I) Some = a number of / a few of / a pair of:

* I've seen some good films recently, (not 'I've seen good films')

* Some friends of mine are coming to stay at the weekend.

* I need some new sunglasses. (= a new pair of sunglasses)

Do not use some when you are talking about things in general:

* I love bananas, (not 'some bananas')

* My aunt is a writer. She writes books, (not 'some books')

Sometimes you can make sentences with or without some (with no difference in meaning):

* There are (some) eggs in the fridge if you're hungry.

II) Some = some but not all

* Some children learn very quickly, (but not all children)

* Some police officers in Britain carry guns, but most of them don't.

Exercises:

I. What are these things? Try and find out if you don't know.

1 an ant? ...It's an insect 7 Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter?

2 ants? bees? ...They're insects...

3 a cauliflower? …

4 chess? …

5 a violin? a trumpet? a flute? …

6 a skyscraper? …

7 Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter? …

8 a tulip? …

9 the Rhine? the Nile? the Mississippi? …

10 a pigeon? an eagle? a crow? …

Who were these people?

11 Beethoven? ...He was a composer...

12 Shakespeare? ...

13 Albert Einstein?....

14 Washington? Lincoln? John Kennedy?…

15 Marilyn Monroe?...

16 Elvis Presley? John Lennon?...

17 Van Gogh? Renoir? Gauguin?...

II. Read about what these people do and say what their jobs are. Choose one of these jobs: driving instructor interpreter journalist nurse pilot plumber travel agent waiter

1 Stella looks after patients in hospital. ...She's a nurse...

2 George works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables. He...

3 Mary arranges people's holidays for them. She...

4 Ron works for an airline. He flies aeroplanes...

5 Linda teaches people how to drive...

6 Dave fits and repairs water pipes...

7 Jenny writes articles for a newspaper...

8 John translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other...

III. Put in a/an or some where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty (-).

1 I've seen some good films recently.

2 What's wrong with you? Have you got a headache?

3 I know a lot of people. Most of them are - students.

4 When I was...child, I used to be very shy.

5 Would you like to be...actor?

6 Do you collect... stamps?

7 What... beautiful garden!

8 ...birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.

9 I've been walking for three hours. I've got... sore feet.

10 I don't feel very well this morning. I've got... sore throat.

11 It's a pity we haven't got ... camera. I'd like to take ... photograph of that house.

12 Those are ... nice shoes. Where did you get them?

13 I'm going shopping. I want to buy ... new shoes.

14 You need ... visa to visit ... countries, but not all of them.

15 Jane is ... teacher. Her parents were ... teachers too.

16 Do you enjoy going to ... concerts?

17 When we got to the city centre, ... shops were still open but most of them were closed.

18 I don't believe him. He's ... liar. He's always telling ... lies.

A/an and the

Compare a and the in these examples:

* A man and a woman were sitting opposite me. The man was American but I think the woman was British.

* When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we had our evening meal at the hotel and sometimes we went to a restaurant.

We use the when we are thinking of one particular thing. Compare a/an and the:

* Tom sat down on a chair, (perhaps one of many chairs in the room) but Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door, (a particular chair)

* Ann is looking for a job. (not a particular job)

but Did Ann get the job she applied for? (a particular job)

* Have you got a car? (not a particular car) but I cleaned the car yesterday. (= my car)

We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we talk about 'the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door / the carpet' etc.:

* Can you turn off the light, please? (= the light in this room)

* I took a taxi to the station. (= the station in that town)

* I'd like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop etc.)

In the same way, we say (go to) the bank, the post office:

* I must go to the bank to get some money and then I'm going to the post office to get some stamps. (The speaker is usually thinking of a particular bank or post office.)

Also: the doctor, the dentist:

* Carol isn't very well. She's gone to the doctor. (= her usual doctor)

* I hate going to the dentist. Compare a:

* Is there a bank near here?

* My sister is a dentist.

Don't forget the:

* Susan works in the city centre, {not 'in city centre')

* My brother is in the army, (not 'in army')

We say once a week / three times a day / ?1.20 a kilo' etc.:

* 'How often do you go to the cinema?' 'About once a month.'

* 'How much are those potatoes?' '?1.20 a kilo.'

* She works eight hours a day, six days a week.

EXERCISES

I. Put in a/an or the.

1 This morning I bought ...a... newspaper and.............magazine..............newspaper is in my

bag but I don't know where I put.............magazine.

2 I saw.............accident this morning..............car crashed into.............tree..............driver of

.............car wasn't hurt but.............car was badly damaged.

3 There are two cars parked outside:.............blue one and.............grey one..............blue one

belongs to my neighbours; I don't know who.............owner of.............grey one is.

4 My friends live in.............old house in.............small .village. There is.............beautiful garden behind.............house. I would like to have.............garden like that.

II. Put in a/an or the.

1 This house is very nice. Has it got.............garden?

2 It's a beautiful day. Let's sit in.............garden.

3 I like living in this house but it's a pity that.............garden is so small.

4 Can you recommend.............good restaurant?

5 We had dinner in.............very nice restaurant.

6 We had dinner in.............most expensive restaurant in town.

7 She has.............French name but in fact she's English, not French.

8 What's.............name of that man we met yesterday?

9 We stayed at a very nice hotel - I can't remember.............name now.

10 There isn't.............airport near where I live..............nearest airport is 70 miles away.

11 Our plane was delayed. We had to wait at.............airport for three hours.

12 Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to.............airport?

13 ”Are you going away next week?” ”No,.............week after next.”

14 ”I'm going away for.............week in September”.

15 George has a part-time job. He works three mornings.............week.

III. Put in a/an or the in these sentences where necessary.

1 Would you like_apple? ...an apple...

2 How often do you go to dentist? …

3 Could you close door, please? …

4 I'm sorry. I didn't mean to do that. It was mistake ...

5 Excuse me, where is bus station, please? ...

6 I've got problem. Can you help me? ...

7 I'm just going to post office. I won't be long ...

8 There were no chairs, so we had to sit on floor ...

9 Have you finished with book I lent you? …

10 My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester. ...

11 We live in small flat near city centre. ...

12 There's small supermarket at end of street I live in. ...

VI. Answer these questions about yourself. (once a week / three times a day etc.).

How often do you go to the cinema? ...Three or four times a year....

2 How much does it cost to hire a car in your country? .. About ?30.a day..

3 How often do you go away on holiday?...

4 What's the speed limit in towns in your country? ...

5 How much sleep do you need? ...

6 How often do you go out in the evening?...

7 How much television do you watch (on average)?...

The (1)

We use the... when there is only one of something:

* What is the longest river in the world? (there is only one longest river)

* The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth.

* I'm going away at the end of this month. Don't forget the:

* Paris is the capital of France, (not 'Paris is capital of...')

But we use a/an to say what kind of thing something is. Compare the and a:

* The sun is a star. (= one of many stars)

* The hotel we stayed at was a very nice hotel.

We say: the sky the sea the ground the country the environment:

* We looked up at all the stars in the sky. (not ”in sky”)

* Would you rather live in a town or in the country?

* We must do more to protect the environment. (= the natural world around us) Note that we say space (without 'the') when we mean 'space in the universe':

* There are millions of stars in space, (not 'in the space') but * I tried to park my car but the space was too small.

We use the before same (the same):

* Your pullover is the same colour as mine, (not ”is same colour”)

* These two photographs are the same, (not 'are same')

We say: (go to) the cinema, the theatre:

* I often go to the cinema but I haven't been to the theatre for ages.

When we say the cinema / the theatre, we do not necessarily mean one particular cinema or

theatre.

We usually say the radio, but television (without ”the”):

* I often listen to the radio. * We heard the news on the radio.

* I often watch television. * We watched the news on television. but * Can you turn off the television, please? (= the television set)

Compare a:

*- There isn't a theatre in this town.

* I'm going to buy a new radio / television (set).

Breakfast lunch dinner

We do not normally use the with the names of meals (breakfast, lunch etc.):

* What did you have for breakfast?

* We had lunch in a very nice restaurant.

* What time is dinner?

But we use a if there is an adjective before breakfast, lunch etc.:

* We had a very nice lunch, (not 'we had very nice lunch')

Platform 5 Room 126 etc.

We do not use 'the' before noun + number. For example, we say:

* Our train leaves from Platform 5. (not 'the Platform 5')

* (in a shop) Have you got these shoes in size 43? (not 'the size 43')

In the same way, we say: Room 126 (in a hotel) page 29 (of a book) Section A etc.

EXERCISES

I. Put in the or a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty (-).

1 Where did you have ...... lunch? We went to ...... restaurant.

2 Did you have.............nice holiday? Yes, it was.............best holiday I've ever had.

3 Where's.............nearest shop? There's one at.............end of this street.

4 Do you often listen to.............radio? No. In fact I haven't got.............radio.

5 Would you like to travel in.............space? B: Yes, I'd love to go to.............moon.

6 Do you go to.............cinema very often? No, not very often. But I watch a lot of films on.............television.

7 It was.............nice day yesterday, wasn't it? Yes, it was beautiful. We went for a walk by.............sea.

8 What did you have for.............breakfast this morning? Nothing. I never eat.............breakfast.

9 Can you tell me where.............Room 25 is, please? It's on.............second floor.

10 We spent all our money because we stayed at.............most expensive hotel in town.

Why didn't you stay at.............cheaper hotel?

II Put in the where necessary. If you don't need the, leave the space empty (-).

1 I haven't been to ...the... cinema for ages.

2 I lay down on.............ground and looked up at.............sky.

3 Sheila spends most of her free time watching.............television.

4 .............television was on but nobody was watching it.

5 Have you had.............dinner yet?

6 Mary and I arrived at.............same time.

7 You'll find.............information you need at.............top of.............page 15.

8 Peru is.............country in South America..............capital is Lima.

III. Put in the or a/an where necessary. If the sentence is already correct, put 'right'.

1 Sun is star. ...the sun is a star...

2 Tim lives in small village in country. ...

3 Moon goes round earth every 27 days. ...

4 What is highest mountain in world?. ...

5 I'm fed up with doing same thing every day. ...

6 It was very hot day. It was hottest day of year. ...

7 I don't usually have lunch but I always eat good breakfast. ...

8 If you live in foreign country, you should try and learn language. ...

9 We missed our train because we were waiting on wrong platform. We were on Platform 3 instead of Platform 8. ...

VI. Complete the sentences using one of the following. Use the if necessary.

breakfast cinema dinner gate Gate 21 Question 8 sea

1 I didn't have time for ...breakfast... this morning because I was in a hurry.

2 'I'm going to ... this evening.' 'Are you? What film are you going to see?'

3 There was no wind, so ... was very calm.

4 'Are you going out this evening?' 'Yes, after ... .'

5 The examination paper wasn't too difficult but I couldn't answer. ...

6 Oh, ... .is open. I must have forgotten to shut it.

7 (airport announcement) 'Flight BA123 to Vienna is now boarding at....'

The (2) (School / the school)

We use prison, hospital, university, and church in a similar way. We do not use the when we are thinking of the general idea of these places and what they are used for. Compare:

* Ken's brother is in prison for robbery. * Ken went to the prison to visit his brother. (He is a prisoner. We are not thinking (He went as a visitor, not as a prisoner.) of a particular prison.)

* Jack had an accident last week. He was * Jill has gone to the hospital to visit Jack, taken to hospital. He's still in hospital She's at the hospital now. (as a visitor) now. (as a patient)

* When I leave school, I want to go to * Excuse me, where is the university, university. please? (= the university buildings)

* Mrs Kelly goes to church every Sunday. * The workmen went to the church to

(to a religious service) repair the roof, (not for a religious service)

With most other places, you need the. For example, the cinema, the bank, the station.

Bed work home

We say: 'go to bed / be in bed' etc. (not ”the bed”):

* It's time to go to bed now.

* This morning I had breakfast in bed. but

* I sat down on the bed. (a particular piece of furniture)

”go to work / be at work / start work / finish work” etc. (not ”the work”):

* Ann didn't go to work yesterday.

* What time do you usually finish work?

”go home / come home / arrive home / be at home” etc.:

* It's late. Let's go home.

* Will you be at home tomorrow afternoon?

We say 'go to sea / be at sea' (without 'the') when the meaning is 'go/be on a voyage':

* Keith is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea. but

* I'd like to live near the sea.

* It can be dangerous to swim in the sea.

EXERCISES

I. Complete the sentences using a preposition (to/at/in etc.) + one of the following words: bed home hospital prison school university work

You can use the words more than once.

1 Two people were injured in the accident and were taken ...to hospital...

2 In Britain, children from the age of five have to go ... .

3 Mark didn't go out last night. He stayed ... .

4 I'll have to hurry. I don't want to be late ... .

5 There is a lot of traffic in the morning when everybody is going ... .

6 Cathy's mother has just had an operation. She is still ... .

7 When Julia leaves school, she wants to study economics ... .

8 Bill never gets up before 9 o'clock. It's 8.30 now, so he is still ... .

9 If you commit a serious crime, you could be sent ... .

II. Complete the sentences with the word given (school etc.). Use the where necessary.

1 (school)

a Every term parents are invited to ...the school... to meet the teachers. b Why aren't your children at ...school... today? Are they ill?

c When he was younger, Ted hated....................................................

d What time does...................................................start in the mornings in your country?

e A: How do your children get home from....................................? By bus?

B: No, they walk....................................................isn't very far.

f What sort of job does Jenny want to do when she leaves...................................................?

g There were some people waiting outside................................to meet their children.

2 (university)

a In your country, do many people go to...................................................?

b If you want to get a degree, you normally have to study at....................................................

c This is only a small town but...................................................is the biggest in the country.

3 (hospital)

a Nora works as a cleaner at....................................................

b When Ann was ill, we all went to...................................................to visit her.

c My brother has always been very healthy. He's never been in................................................

d Peter was injured in an accident and was kept in............................................for a few days.

4 (church)

a John's mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes to...............................................every Sunday.

b John himself doesn't go to....................................................

c John went to...................................................to take some photographs of the building.

5 (prison)

a In many places people are in...................................................because of their political opinions.

b The other day the fire brigade were called to...................................................to put out a fire.

c The judge decided to fine the man ?500 instead of sending him to..........................................

6 (home/work/bed)

a I like to read in...................................................before I go to sleep.

b It's nice to travel around but there's no place like...................................................!

c Shall we meet after...................................................tomorrow evening?

d If. I'm feeling tired, I go to...................................................early.

e What time do you usually start...................................................in the morning?

f The economic situation is very bad. Many people are out of...................................................

7 (sea)

a There's a nice view from the window. You can see....................................................

b It was a long voyage. We were at...................................................for four weeks.

c I love swimming in....................................................

3.4 Translation exercises for the students of the foreign language departments

Exercise I. Analyse the sentences and substitute the definite article for an appropriate Ukrainian demonstrative pronoun. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

I. This was the man Dorian Gray was waiting for. (O. Wilde) 2. He had met the woman at last - the woman he had thought little about, not being given to thinking about women. (Ibid.) 3. Eight Street Bridge is the place. (J.London) 4. - and at the instant he knew, he ceased to know. (Ibid.) 5. That's the Barney, that has the ugly daughter. (W. Maken) 6. «You've heard of Rancocanty?»- «I'm the man». (G. Byron) 7. (G. Byron) 7. «The Mr.Jardyce, sir, whose story I have heard?» (C. Dickens) 8. When she smiled, he saw the Pat he had known, the Pat smiling at him from worn photo, that still lay in the pocket-book against his heart. (J. Lindsay) 9. If I ever saw a man hopelessly hard up it was the man in front of me. (H.Wells) 10. I was brought up by my paternal aunt, Miss Frobisher of the Barton Chapel Case and the Woman's World Humanity movement. (Ibid)

Exercise II. Substitute the definite article for an appropriate possessive pronoun. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. He had uttered a mad wish that he himself might remain young, and the portrait grow old - . (O. Wilde) 2. It was his beauty that ruined him, his beauty and the youth that he had prayed for. (Ibid.) 3. «Take the thing off the face. I wish to see it.» (Ibid.) 4.1 know the age better than you do, though you will prate about it so tediously. (Ibid.) 5. The next night, of course, I arrived at the place again. (Ibid.) 6. At last, liveried in the costume of the age, Reality entered the room in the shape of a servant to tell the Duchess that her carriage was waiting. (Ibid.) 7. - and you have often told me that it is personalities, not principles, that move the age. (Ibid.) 8. «He began to talk about the house». (J.Fowles). 9. In England he never quite capitalized on the savage impact, the famous «black sarcasm» of the Spanish drawings. (Ibid.) 10. The friendship, the rapport (взаємовідносини) became comprehensible -. (ibid.)

Exercise Ill. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Give your reasons for the choice of the indefinite pronoun (or cardinal numeral) to express the lexical meaning of articles.

1. «A Mr. Forsyte to see you, sir». (J. Galsworthy) 2. «By the way, have you any spare clothes you could give the wife of a poor snipe? -. (Ibid.) 3. He was moving slowly on the Bond Street, when a little light lady, coming from the backwater, and reading as she went, ran into him behind. (Ibid.) 4. Haviland looked at him for a moment and then hung up his hat and coat. (M.Wilson) 5. «I saw a Mrs. Danvers on the twelfth floor at two o'clock», he said. (D. du Maurier) 6. There was a woman sitting before the fire. (K.Mansfield) 7. There lay a young man, fast asleep - sleeping so soundly, so deeply, that he was far, far away from them both. (Ibid.) 8. In a few minutes a man came in, and George explained that the cook was sick. (E. Hemingway) 9. «We're going to kill a Swede. Do you know a big Swede named Ole Anderson?» (Ibid.) 10. As he swung, head down, into Talgarth Street he was conscious, suddenly, of a man running. (A. Cronin) 11. «- not to be acquainted with a Jamdyce is queer, ain't it, Miss Flite?» (C. Dickens). 12. Every old gang has a Billy in it. (S. Leacock) 13. «What a fool' Rawdon Grawley has been to go and marry a governess!» (W. Thackeray) 14. After a pause Lord Henry pulled out his watch. (O. Wilde) 15. When all that is settled, I shall take a West End theatre and bring her out properly. (O. Wilde) 16. A woman in a fluttering shawl was creeping slowly by the railings, staggering as she went. (Ibid ) 17 At last he heard a step outside, and the door opened. (Ibid.) 18 When a government makes a bad mistake of judgement, the electorate turns against it as soon as it feels the effect. (J. Galsworthy)

Exercise IV Analyse the sentences below. Identify how the contextual meanings of the bold type articles are realized in Ukrainian (as an identifying pronoun, a relative adjective or any other semantically/contextually suitable word). Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1 Desperately he came to a halt in front of one decent picture hanging on the walls. (A. Huxley) 2.1 honestly think if a person's an artist nobody ought to have any feeling at all about meeting him. (D Parker) 3 Life worried and bored him, and time was a vexation. J 'London) 4 He is a man. (Ibid.) 5. He was over to San Francisco yesterday looking for a ship. (Ibid.) 6. «What's that?» he replied to a question from Olney that broke in upon his train of thought. (Ibid.) 7 «Yes she is a peacock in everything but beauty», said Lord Henry. (O Wilde) 8 I have not laid eyes on him for a week. (Ibid.) 9. They are always telling that it (America) is the Paradise for women. (Ibid.) 10 Were people to gape at the mystery of his life? (Ibid.) 11. «An eternity» she tells me... (Ibid.) 12. There is hardly a single person in the House of Commons worth painting - . (Ibid.) 13.1 want to place her on a pedestal of gold, and to see the world worship the woman who is mine. (Ibid.) 14. Then he discovered Henley and wrote a series of sea-poems on the model of Hospital Sketches. (J. London) 15. For a generation the Old Hundredth (night club) has maintained a solid front against all adversity. (F. Fitzgerald) 16. So when a young man at the office suggested that we take a house together in a commuting town, it sounded like a great idea. (Ibid.) 17. «You can tell me the truth without giving me any of that lip.»(W. Saroyan)

Exercise V. Point out the difference in the lexical meaning expressed by the indefinite and the definite articles signalizing respectively the rheme and theme in the sentences below. Pay attention to the place which the rhematic and thematic nouns occupy in their Ukrainian variants.

1. As he passed the bronze statue of the Four Moors a man's figure emerged from an old house on the opposite side of the shipping basin. 2. The man approached unsteadily along the water side, shouting an English song. (E.Voynich) 3. As they passed by the gate way of the Uffizi, he crossed the road and stooped down at a dark bundle that was lying against the railings. (Ibid.) 4. The bundle moved, and answered something in a low, moaning voice. (Ibid.) 5. «What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been to go and marry a governess!» (W.Thackeray) 6. «But there was something about the governess too. Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure». (Ibid.) 7. It was as John had said - he and she just wanted to live and the past was in their way - a past they had not shared in, and did not understand. (J.K.Jerome) 8. I've written a lofof them (his sayings) down in a book for fear of losing them. 9. It is only fair that at the back of the book I would be allowed a few pages to myself to put down some things (Ibid.) 10. It was an early morning of a sunny day. (Ibid.) 11. He remembered suddenly the early morning when he slept on the house-boat after his father died -. (J.Galsworthy) 12. He wrote a pamphlet on Malt on returning to England - . (Ibid.) 13. She ... took an interest in the pamphlet on Malt: was often affected, even to tears. (Ibid.) 14. There came a morning at the end of September when aunt Ann was unable to take from Smither's hands the insignia of personal dignity. (Ibid.) 15. The morning after a certain night on which Soames at last asserted his rights and acted like a man he breakfasted alone. (J.Galsworthy)

No matter that in Russian and Ukrainian languages such part of speech as article in English is absent the process of apprehension it by foreign students has almost no difficulties in the case of proper studying of theory and appropriate system of teaching articles chosen by the teacher.

Conclusion

The results of our research enable use to draw some general conclusions.

1. Article is a determining unit of specific nature accompanying the noun in communicative collocation. Two articles in the English language - definite article the and indefinite one a - have different meanings and different functions. The use of the articles has generally grammatical meaning and falls under definite rules.

2. The definite article has developed from the Old English demonstrative pronoun. Hence the indefinite article originates from the Old English numeral one.

3. The article is a notional part of speech as it posesses three characteristics (the lexico-grammatical meanings of ”(in)definiteness”; the right-hand combinability with nouns; the function of noun specifiers)

4. The syntactical role of the article consists in marking off a noun or a noun phrase as a part of the sentence.

5. The morphological value of the article lies in indicating the substantivization of other parts of speech, mainly adjectives or participles, also pronouns, adverbs, numerals.

6. The main functions of the indefinite article are: classifying, generic and numerical.

7. The two main functions of the definite article are specifying and generic.

8. Since the meaning of the article comes to the fore in certain contexts it should not be ignored in the translation. The analysis of the works of S.Maugham, J.London translated into Ukrainian showed that translators reproduce the meaning of the definite article through different Ukrainian attributive pronouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs or cardinal/ordinal numerals. The meanings of the indefinite article are usually expressed through the cardinal numeral one, by the indefinite pronoun якийсь, as the demonstrative pronoun цей, ця, це, as one of the possessive pronouns, as the negative pronoun жоден, or the negative particle ані, as different relative adjectives, the most often used being справжній;as different adverbs, as an adjective enforced by an emphatic or some other particle or group of particles, as am interrogative or indefinite pronoun also enforced by some emphatic particles.

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