· К формально производным единицам лексикона субкультуры сноубординга можно отнести слова, образованные с помощью аддитивного и субтрактивного способов словообразования.

В исследуемом материале были выделены такие способы словообразования: суффиксация и словосложение.

Суффиксально-производные единицы лексикона субкультуры сноубординга

Нетраспонирующие модели

Образование существительных с помощью суффиксов

Схема 1: N + Suf > NSuf

Модель 1: N + -er > N: booter (прыжок), gaper (турист или позер), planker (лыжник);

Модель 2: N + -ie > N: fakie (катание наоборот), liftie (лифтер);

Модель 3: N + -y > N: goofy (сноубордист, у которого ведущей ногой является правая);

Модель 4: N + -ee > N: trafolee (глубокий снег, изрезанный следами, по которому очень сложно кататься).

Транспонирующие модели

Образование существительных с помощью суффиксов

Схема 1: V + Suf > NSuf

Модель 1: V + -er > N: kicker (прыжок), chatter (состояние доски, когда она трясется из-за неровной дороги).

Образование прилагательных с помощью суффиксов

Схема 1: N + Suf > AdjSuf

Модель 1: N + -y > Adj: crunchy (крутой);

Модель 2: N + -ly > Adj: squirrelly (несбалансированный).

Сложные единицы лексикона сноубординга

Образование существительных

Модель 1: N + N > N: tail-fish (трюк, когда райдер захватывает сноуброд рукой между ног со стороны его хвоста).

Устойчивые выражения в лексиконе субкультуры сноубординга

Устойчивые выражения лексикона субкультуры сноурайдеров можно разделить на:

1. Двухкомпонентные устойчивые выражения: aprиs ski (то, что делают райдеры после катания (выпивают, устраивают вечеринки, смотрят телевизор) является заимствованием из французского языка), chocolate chips (местность, где камни виднеются из-под снега), rag doll (свободное падение с холма).

2. Трехкомпонентные устойчивые выражения: shred the gnar (крутое катание по ужасной местности), tearin' it up (кататься очень круто, профессиональное катание на сноуборде).

2.6 Основные семантические особенности лексикона субкультуры сноубординга

Большую часть лексикона субкультуры сноурайдеров составляют наименования различных трюков, а также рамп и других приспособлений для прыжков, поэтому выделяются лесксико-семантические группы: "трюки", "эмоционально-окрашенные слова", "виды падений".

"Трюки": booter (прыжок), cut (резкий поворот).

"Эмоционально-окрашенные слова": rad (невероятный), sick (крутой).

"Виды падений": taco (вид падения, когда тело райдера сгибается поперек перил, напоминая форму тако), rag doll (свободное падение с холма).

Ономасиологические особенности номинации в лексиконе субкультуры сноурайдеров

В данном разделе рассматриваются метафорические и метонимические номинации в лексиконе субкультуры сноурайдеров.

· Метафорические номинации в лексиконе субкультуры сноурайдеров

В исследовании лексикона серферов было выделено использование метафоры, основанной на зрительном восприятии.

Примерами метофор, основанных на зрительных образах и восприятиях могут служить: taco (вид падения, когда тело райдера сгибается поперек перил, напоминая форму тако).

Также было выделено несколько примеров психологических ассоциативных метафор. Качество, служащее основанием для метафоры в этом виде зачастую не только не входит в семантику исходного слова, но даже и противоречит ей [Скляревская, 2004: 64]. Например, rag doll (свободное падение с холма), tailfish (захват доски рукой между задним креплением и "хвостом" доски со стороны пяток сноурайдера).

2.7 Продуктивность структурных и семантических типов и моделей лексикона субкультур доскинга

лексикон субкультура скейтер доскинг

Наиболее продуктивным способом словообразования в англоязычном лексиконе субкультур доскинга является суффиксация, где ведущую позицию занимает суффикс -er, наименее продуктивным способом словообразования является иноязычное заимствование. Более подробно анализ продуктивности структурных типов и моделей в лексиконе субкультуры доскинга представлен в Диаграммах 1,2,3 в Приложении 2.

Наиболее широкими среди лексико-семантических групп в лексиконе субкультуры доскинга являются группы, обозначающие трюки (54 примера), обращения (33 примера) и эмоционально-окрашенные слова (30 примеров). В ономасиологическом аспекте наиболее продуктивна метафора, основанная на зрительном восприятии (18 примеров), менее продуктивна метонимия (2 примера). Более детально результаты исследования представлены в Диаграммах 4,5,6,7 в Приложении 2.

Выводы по главе 2

Во второй главе можно сделать следующие выводы:

1. Структурные особенности лексикона субкультур доскинга представлены наличием формально непроизводной и формально производной структур.

2. В лексиконе субкультуры серфинга представлены такие формально производные способы словообразования как аффиксация - суффиксация, полусуффиксация. Среди представленных моделей выделяются транспонирующие и нетранспонирующие. К нетранспонирующим суффиксальным моделям относятся N+Suf > NSuf, Adj + Suf > Adj, к полусуффиксальном нетраспонирующей модели относится N + semi -suf > N semi-suf, к транспонирующим суффиксальным моделям относятся N+Suf > AdjSuf, N + Suf > VSuf, V + Suf > NSuf, к полусуффиксальной транспонирующей модели относится V + semi-suf > N semi-suf.

3. Единицы лексикона субкультуры серфинга, образующиеся при помощи метода словосложения по следующим схемам: V + N > N, N + N > N, Adj +Ger > N, Adj + N > N, N + V + N > N.

4. Лексикон субкультуры серферов включает в себя двухкомпонентные, трехкомпонентные и четырехкомпонентные ФЕ.

5. В семасиологическом аспекте в лексиконе субкультуры серферов выделяются такие лексико-семантические группы: "виды волн", "предметы одежды", "трюки", "виды досок", "эмоционально-окрашенные слова", "обращения".

6. В ономасиологическом аспекте были выявлены метафорические номинанации, основанные на зрительных образах, и метонимические номинации, представленные каузальной метонимией: действие 1 > действие 2; объект 1 > объект 2.

7. В лексиконе субкультуры скейтбординга представлен такой формально производный способ словообразования как аффиксация - суффиксация. Выделена транспонирующая и нетранспонирующая суффиксация. К нетранспонирующей суффиксации относится модель N + Suf > NSuf, к транспонирующей суффиксации относятся модели N + Suf > AdjSuf, V + Suf > N.

8. Единицы лексикона субкультуры скейтбординга, образующиеся при помощи метода словосложения по следующим схемам: N + N > Adj, N + N > N.

9. Лексикон субкультуры скейтбордистов включает в себя двухкомпонентные и трехкомпонентные ФЕ.

10. Сокращения употребляются в лексиконе субкультуры скейтбординга. Они представлены инициальной аббревиацией.

11. В семасиологическом аспекте в лексиконе субкультуры скейтбордистов выделяются такие лексико-семантические группы: "обращения", "эмоционально-окрашенные слова".

12. В ономасиологическом аспекте были выявлены метафорические номинанации, основанные на зрительных образах.

13. В лексиконе субкультуры сноубординга представлен такой формально производный способ словообразования как аффиксация - суффиксация. Выделена транспонирующая и нетранспонирующая суффиксация. К нетранспонирующей суффиксации относится модель N + Suf NSuf, к транспонирующей суффиксации относятся модели V + Suf > NSuf, N + Suf > AdjSuf.

14. Единицы лексикона субкультуры сноубординга, образующиеся при помощи метода словосложения: N + N > N.

15. Лексикон субкультуры сноубордистов включает в себя двухкомпонентные и трехкомпонентные ФЕ.

16. В семасиологическом аспекте в лексиконе субкультуры сноубордистов выделяются такие лексико-семантические группы: "трюки", "эмоционально-окрашенные слова", "виды падений".

17. Был выявлен наиболее продуктивный способ словообразования, суффиксальный, а также наименее продуктивный, иноязычное заимствование.

18. Наиболее развернутыми являются лексико-семантические группы, обозначающие трюки, обращения и эмоционально-окрашенные слова. В ономасиологическом аспекте преобладает метафора, основанная на зрительном восприятии, метонимия является наименее продуктивной.

Заключение

В данной курсовой работе были рассмотрены структурные и семантические особенности лексикона субкультур доскинга. Теоретической базой для исследования послужили понятия культуры, субкультуры и субкультурного лексикона. На этой основе был сформирован понятийно-терминологический аппарат исследования.

Под субкультурой понимается социальная группа, имеющая свои взгляды на жизнь, манеру поведения, интересы и увлечения. Субкультуры доскинга объединяют людей, которые занимаются экстремальными видами спорта, главным снарядом которых является доска. Также отличительной особенностью данных субкультур является наличие лексикона, который они используют при общении друг с другом.

Под лексиконом субкультур доскинга: субкультуры серфингистов, скейтбордистов и сноубордистов, понимается лексический пласт, отражающий реалии повседневной жизни представителей данных субкультур.

Были выявлены структурные особенности лексикона субкультур доскинга. В структурном аспекте можно выделить формально непроизводные и формально производные лексические единицы. Первая группа представлена простыми словами, а вторая - аффиксальными дериватами и сложными словами. В лексиконе субкультур доскинга были выявлены устойчивые слова и выражения, состоящие из двух, трех и четырех компонентов. В лексиконе субкультуры скейтбординга были выделены сокращения, представленные инициальной аббревиацией. Самым распространенным способом словообразования является суффиксальный способ. Установлены семантические особенности лексикона субкультур доскинга. В семасиологическом аспекте в лексиконе субкультур доскинга выделяются лексико-семантические группы. В ономасиологическом аспекте выделяются метафорические и метонимические номинации.

Список литературы

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Приложение 1. Глоссарий

Лексикон субкультуры скейтбординга

1. Airfeet-(Air-feet) Adj. When your feet come completely off the board when ollieng something. "Jared had some sick airfeet over those five boards." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

2. Ass Knife-(Ass Nif) Noun. When you mess up a trick and the board comes up and sticks you in the butt. "Dude Josh looked like he was enjoying that ass knife." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

3. B.E.V.-(B.e.v.) noun. Birds eye view, used when taking pictures or videos. "Hey Donald, climb that baskball pole and get a B.E.v. for this kickflip." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

4. B.G.L.-(B.G.L.) Noun. Background Loser, some always getting B.G.P.'s. "Dude Mark is a hardcore B.G.L." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

5. B.G.P.'s-(B.G.P.'s) noun. Background props, when your in the background of a photo. "Man mark has some mad B.G.P.'s" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

6. Bail-(Bay-L) Verb. The act of falling off your board. "Man he had to bail on the huge kicker." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

7. Barrel-(Bare-ul) Noun. A fat chick. "Man check out the size of that barrel." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

8. Betty- (Bet-T) Noun. An extremely hot girl. "yea jaime is such a betty." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

9. Bro-(Bro) Noun. A fellow skater or friend. "Hey, meet my bro Bobby." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

10. Chode-(ch-o-Duh) Noun. A crusty piece of poop on your butt also an insult. "Dude Jason is such a chode." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

11. Crazy Texan- (Cra-Z Tex-N) Phrase. A person that goes psycho on their board and throws it around a lot. "Dude he's going crazy Texan all out." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

12. Dag-(daag) Interjection. An expression that can mean anything. "Dag that was sweet!" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

13. Diamondz- (Die-Mond-s) Adj. A super smooth or perfectly executed trick. "Man that kickflip was diamondz." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

14. Donut Shop-(Do-nut Shop) Noun. Cops. Pigs. Bacon. "Man here comes the donut shop." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

15. Down- (Dow-n) Adj. To be in with whatever is happening. "Are you down with that?" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

16. Dude-(Dude) Noun. See above. http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

17. Fetus- (fee-tus) Noun. An unborn baby, also a major insult. "Danny is such a Hamster Fetus." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

18. Flip Flop- (Flip Flop) Noun. Someone who doesn't know who they are and tries to be multiple things. "John is such a flip-flop, he doesn't know whether to be a prep or a skater." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

19. Gnarly-(Nar-lee) Adj. A term meaning bad, horrible, or sketchy. "Man that's some gnarly paint on that house." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

20. Grindage- (Gr-ind-ige) Noun. Good food, like pizza. "Jared you wanna go get some grindage?" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

21. Hammer gloves-(Ham-mer Gluv-s) Noun. Gloves wore whole skating to protect your hands. http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

22. Hamster- (Ham-stur) Adverb. A replacement for the word fuck, usually used around rents or cops. http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

23. Heelside- (He-ul-siduh) Noun. The side of your board your heels face. "Grab the board heelside." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

24. Ill- (ill) Adj. A synonym for sick. "Man that is an ill board." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

25. Kinked-(Kink-d) Noun. A rail with bumps in it. "Did he just 50-50 that double kink?" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

26. Knuckle Dragger- (nuck-ul Drag-gur) Noun. A person that always touches the ground or obstacle during or after a trick. "Man Jimmy is such a knuckle dragger." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

27. Letter In Mailbox- (Let-ter in maal-box) Phrase. A really bad wedgie. "Jared theres a letter in your mailbox." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

28. Locals-(Lo-kals) Noun. The kids that frequently session an area that you're in. "The locals showed me some sick spots." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

29. Mellow- (mel-o) adj. To be calm and relaxed. "Hey don't get pissed Mellow out man." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

30. Missle Tip- (miss-ul Tip) Noun. When your board's nose becomes angled and pointy, usually from bad kickflips. "Holy crap bobby, that board has a major Missle tip." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

31. Mobbed-(mob-D) Adj. A not so great trick. "Man my heelflips are mobbed." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

32. Mongo-(Mon-go) Noun. Pumping with your front foot instead of back, also called piss peadaling. "That skater was pumping mongo." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

33. Noggles- (Nog-gels) Noun. When you lightly tap your nuts, not hard enough to hurt but enough to scare you. "Ahhhh noggles!" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

34. Nups-(n-ups) Noun. When someone out performs your tricks. "Man why does Nick always have to bust out his nups?" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

35. Nus- (n-us) adjective. When someone is spaced out or not paying attention. "man you look totally nussed." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

36. Nutted- (nut-ted) Verb. To land on your nuts... "He just nutted himself on that massive handrail" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

37. Off the Hook- (Off the hook) Phrase. Meaning way cool, sweet. "Man that is off the hook, where'd you get them sweatpants?" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

38. Old School- (old skool) Noun. Ancient art of skateboarding using fishtail boards and lots of grab tricks. "Dude that boni-oni is hardcore old school." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

39. On the hook- (on the hook) Phrase. Meaning uncool, or lame. "Dude that shirt is so on the hook." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

40. Piss-Peadaling- (Piss Ped-ul-ing) Noun. The act of pumping mongo. "Dude Ryan is piss peadaling." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

41. Props- (props) Adj. Respect to someone. "Man You get mad props for that skill." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

42. Punk- (punk) Noun. Derived from punk rockers, typicaly listening to punk rock, and associated with skaters. "Jay is so punk, i mean he didn't used to listen to rap, like other people he knows." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

43. Pusher- (Pusher) Noun. A kid that talks about skating and how good he is, but won't go skating with you or your friends. "Dude Ethan is such a pusher, he always talks like he's big and bad." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

44. Rasta- (Raa-Stuh) Noun. Short for Rastafarian, a skater who is known for high ollies, being totally laid back, and having sufficient pot smoking skills. "Dude check out that group of rasta's" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

45. Schralped- (Shh-ral-pt) verb. To remove a few layers of skin from your body. "Dude I totally schralped my ass hardcore." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

46. Session-(Sesh-un) Noun. A time that you go out and skate. "Dude let's go bust out a J-Town session." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

47. Set-(Set) Noun. A set of stairs. "Man you just ollied that twelve set!" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

48. Sheep- (shee-p) Noun. A person that follows others just to be cool. "Dude this place is full of sheep." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

49. Sick-(Sik) Adj. Meaning awesome, skillful, or sweet. "Dude that half-cab over that nine set was sick!" http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

50. Sketchy-(Sket-chee) Adj. A trick that needs some work, or looked not so nice. "Man that boardslide was sketchy." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

51. Smooth-(Smoo-th) Adj. A trick that is performed above normal standards, but not quite diamondz. "Man that nooseslide was smooth." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

52. Stoked- (sto-k-t) verb. To be really excited about something. "Man i'm so stoked about going to the skatepark." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

53. Street- (st-ree-t) Adj. Type of skating involving curbs, rails, and pyramids, also done on the streets. "Street skating is the only way to go." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

54. Suspect-(sus-pect) Adj. When a picture looks like the skater didn't actually land it. "Jimmy's pics are totally suspect." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

55. Tangent- (Tan-gent) noun. When you start ranting about something for a while. "Man we got off on some stupid tangent about knees." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

56. Technical- (Tek-nik-ul) Noun. New skateboarding, combining many tricks. "Rodney Mullen busts out serious technical skating. http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

57. Toeside- (T-o-siduh) Noun. The side of your board your toes face to. "Grab the board toeside." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

58. Tricktionary-(Trik-shun-air-e) Noun. A bag of tricks so sick they need to be catalogued. "Dude bobby is doin' some mad shit out of his tricktionary." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

59. Trippy- (Trip-pee) Adj. Something crazy that messes with your head. "That necklace is totally trippy." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

60. Vert- (Vert) Adj. Type of skating involving half-pipes. "Bob is a major vert skater." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

61. Yoinker- (yoink-er) Noun. Someone that steals other peoples stuff and has no original ideas. "John is such a yoinker, he can't come up with anything on his own." http://punkskateboarders.tripod.com/id73.htm

Лексикон субкультуры сноубординга

1. Air - Jumping off the snow, as in "I caught some big air!" http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

2. Aprиs Ski - what you do after skiing, drink, party, watch TV, soak in the hot tub, as in "Meet you at the Sidewinder for aprиs ski." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

3. Backside slide - when you're facing the front. And in their simplest forms, you would spin frontside to do a backside slide, and spin backside to do a frontside slide. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

4. Backside spin - when you spin towards your front (opening your back to the landing). http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

5. Bail - this term is used when you don't land a trick. For example you would say, "She bailed on that rail." https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

6. Biff - a partial fall, or bounce off the snow, as in "I saw you biff at the top, nice recovery." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

7. Bonk - the goofiest type of jib feature. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

8. Booter - a jump, generally in a terrain park or in the backcountry, and is derived from the logic that the size and lip of the jump should "kick" the shredder high into the air. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

9. Bumps - also called moguls, lumps on the slope, created by people turning in the same places on a steep ungroomed slope, as in "I hate bumps." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

10. Carving - this is another word for turning, which is linking together toe and heel turns. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

11. Chatter - when the board shakes because of the rough terrain. Usually occurs when riding on an edge. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

12. Chocolate Chips - area of rocks poking out of shallow snow, as in "Watch out for the chocolate chips on the right side." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

13. Corduroy - straight lines in the snow made by grooming machines, as in "We really tracked up that corduroy." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

14. Cruisin' - going down the hill. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

15. Crunchy - means cool. For example you could say, "That's one crunchy kid." https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

16. Cut - this term refers to a hard turn on either your toe or heel edge. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

17. Deeper conversation - required to explain the word backside and its counterpart, frontside. These terms were originated by surfers to describe their turns as they shredded waves. These terms made sense in their original context - a frontside turn meant you were turning your front towards the wave, a backside turn meant you were turning your back to the wave. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

18. Double cork - an inversion that involves spinning upside down twice. Everyone knows it's not a flip, but no one understands why it's not. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

19. Face-Plant - falling forward and landing on your face, as in "Did you see that guy face-plant?" http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

20. Fakie - skiing or snowboarding backwards, as in "I skied into the lift line fakie." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

21. First Tracks - this refers to being the first rider out on the mountain and being able to leave your mark in the snow before anyone else. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

22. Freshies - freshly fallen snow. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

23. Freshies - new untracked powder, as in "We caught some freshies off Breezeway." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

24. Frontside spin - when you spin towards your back (opening your front to the jump landing). http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

25. Frontside slide - when your back is facing the end of the rail, box, or other jib surface. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

26. Gaper - a skier or snowboarder dressed in outrageous gear, either on purpose or because they are clueless, gaper is a complicated concept. http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

27. Garage sale - a particularly bad wipe out that causes your goggles, beanie, gloves, helmet, and any other loose paraphernalia to fly from your body, and thus strewn haphazardly across the run, looking like the type of garage sale a 3 year old or middle aged psychopath in San Francisco might organize. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

28. Gnar - short for gnarly, meaning tough terrain or conditions, as in "Shagnasty is gnar right now." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

29. Grab - this trick is done off a jump. You hit the jump and as you're in the air you grab either the toe or heel edge with one hand. Make sure to let go before you land! https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

30. Grind - this trick is done off of rails or boxes. You ride up to the rail or box and go across it. You can just ride across it; do a 50/50, or a spin. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

31. Heel Drag - this is a technical term used for when the toes or heels of your boot hang over the toe or heel edges. This messes with your carving. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

32. Hit - a ramp, bump, log or some other terrain feature used for catching air, as in "Did you catch that hit by the tree?" http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

33. Hittin' - this is a term used for going off jumps, rails, boxes, or anything you do a trick off of. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

34. Huck - to launch of a steep section or cliff for big air, as in "Watch this guy huck off that rock." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

35. Jib/Stall - this trick is one you do off a rail, barrel, wall, tree, or anything on the spine of a jump. The spine of a jump is the edge where the vertical side meets the horizontal side. You ride up to the jump, go up it and stick part of your board (whether it is the nose, tail, or bottom) on whatever is on the spine. You are paused there for a split second, enough time for a photo opp., and then you ride away. The trick to this is good balance and rotation of the body. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

36. Kicker - name for jump. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

37. Knarley - means good or awesome, but could also refer to a bad fall. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

38. Latez - afternoon. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

39. Liftie - a lift operator, as in "Smile and thank the liftie as you get on the chair." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

40. Orkicker - a jump, generally in a terrain park or in the backcountry, and is derived from the logic that the size and lip of the jump should "kick" the shredder high into the air. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

41. Pinhead - a telemark skier, as in "He is a die-hard pinhead." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

42. Planker - a skier, as in "She is a die-hard planker." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

43. Pow - short for powder, as in "We caught early morning pow before work." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

44. Pow - used instead of "gnar" when it's snowed a lot and you are going riding. For example, "We're goin' to shred the fresh pow." https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

45. Rad - means good or awesome, but could also refer to a bad fall. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

46. Rag Doll - a wild and loose tumble down the hill, as in "She ragdolled all the way down Frenzy, not a pretty sight." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

47. Ridin' - going down the hill. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

48. Shreddin'- going down the hill. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

49. Shreddin' The Gnar - this means riding the terrain. Basically it's a really cool way to say, "We're going snowboarding." https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

50. Sick - means good or awesome, but could also refer to a bad fall. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

51. Snow Farm - a lame ski area that relies on snowmaking, as in "Monarch will never be a snow farm." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

52. Squirrelly - an adjective that means loose, shaky, or unbalanced. The feeling of squirrellyness might leave a shredder nervous or frightened of pain and injury. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

53. Steez - style. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

54. Stomp - the act of authoritatively and definitively landing a freestyle maneuver. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

55. Stomp - this term is used when you land a trick. For example you would say, "He just stomped that landing." https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

56. Stylin' - using your ski or snowboard as a form of self expression, as in "He was really stylin' on Sleepy Hollow." http://monarchskiguide.com/ski-fun/ski-and-snowboard-slang/

57. Switch - this is riding the opposite way you normally do. So regular footed riders would be riding goofy and vice versa for goofy footed riders. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

58. Taco - this is a kind of fall where your body folds over a rail or box creating a taco shape. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

59. Tailfish - the same thing as tindy, but on the heelside edge. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

60. Tearin' It Up - refers to riding really well and confidently. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

61. Tindy - when you grab between your back binding and the tail on your toeside edge. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

62. Toe- this is a technical term used for when the toes or heels of your boot hang over the toe or heel edges. This messes with your carving. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

63. Wipe Out - is another name for falling. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

64. Woolly - the incredibly talented woolly mammoth that shreds Mammoth Mountain. http://blog.liftopia.com/blog/snowboard-lingo-101/

65. Yard Sale - is a fall where someone's equipment falls off. This equipment includes hat, goggles, gloves, skis, poles, or anything else. The equipment is scattered up the hill and whoever fell has to walk back up to gather it. https://gnu7.wordpress.com/snowboarding-lingo

Лексикон субкультуры серфинга

1. Amped - Overdoing it; excited; stoked. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

2. Anglin' - Turning left and/or right on a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

3. Ankle Busters - Small waves. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

4. Avalanche - An outer reef surf spot on Oahu, Hawaii; the white water pouring down the face of a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

5. Awesome - Great; fantastic (also see "Off the Richter," "Off the Wall," "Outrageous"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

6. Back Down - To decide not to take off on a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

7. Baggys/Baggies - Oversized, loose fitting boxer-type swim trunks worn for show or comfort by surfers. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

8. Bail out - To get away from, jump off, or dive off the surfboard just before a potential wipe out. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

9. Banzai - A gung-ho type of yell given by surfers as they shoot the curl (also see "Cowabunga"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

10. Banzai Pipeline - A surf spot on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii, between Waimea Bay and Sunset Beach; also called Pipeline (also see "Pipeline"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

11. Barrel - The breaking motion of a perfect wave; a hollow channel formed inside a good wave when it breaks and curls over. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

12. Beach Bunny - A girl who goes to the beach to watch surfing. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

13. Beached - Totally stuffed from eating. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

14. Beaver tail - A wet suit that features a snap-on crotch, the shape of which resembles a beaver's tail. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

15. Big Gun - A 9-foot or longer surfboard especially designed for large waves. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

16. Big Surf - Extremely large waves (also see "Bombora," "Heavies"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

17. Bitchen - Very good. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

18. Bitchin - Very good; tops; excellent (also see "Boss," "Excellent," "Primo," "Rad"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

19. Blown Out - Winds blowing so hard as to chop up the surf and render it unridable. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

20. Body Surfing - Riding the waves without a surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

21. Bogus - False; lame; ridiculous; unbelievable. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

22. Bombora - An Australian word that refers to a big wave that breaks outside the normal surf line. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

23. Bone Yard - The area where the waves break. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

24. Boogie Board - A soft, flexible foam bodyboard invented in the 1970s (unlike a surfboard, a boogie board is ridden lying down). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

25. Boss - Outstanding; the best (also see "Bitchin," "Excellent," "Primo," "Rad"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

26. Bra - Short for "brother" (also see "Dude"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

27. Breaker - Any wave that breaks on the way to the beach. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

28. Breakwater - A line of large boulders, cement, and/or steel extending out into the water and designed to reduce shoreline erosion. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

29. Bro - Short for "brother" (also see "Dude"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

30. Bummer - Too bad; a total drag. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

31. Bunny - (see "Beach Bunny") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

32. Carve - To make a radical turn (also see "Hot-Dogging," "Shred"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

33. Catch a Wave - To ride a breaking wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

34. Cheater Five - Five toes on the nose - keep your weight back on the board to maintain trim and speed, squat down and extend one foot forward http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

35. Climbing - To carve an S-shaped path on a wave, making a radical http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

36. Coffin - Riding a surfboard while lying stiffly on one's back with arms crossed. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

37. Cowabunga - A yell of excitement by a surfer (also see "Banzai"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

38. Crest - The top portion of a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

39. Cruncher - A big, hard-breaking wave that folds over and is almost impossible to ride. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

40. Curl - The portion of the wave that is spilling over and breaking. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

41. Cut Back - To turn toward the breaking part of the wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

42. Cut out - To pull out of the wave, like kicking out. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

43. Ding - A hole, crack, dent, or scratch on the surface of a surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

44. Doggers - Multicolored swimming trunks. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

45. Dork - Someone behaving inappropriately (also see "Geek," "Kook"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

46. Double Spinner - Two consecutive 360-degree body spins on a surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

47. Drop Knee - One foot on the bodyboard, with the other hanging off the back. Difficult and fun. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

48. Dropping - bottom turn, climbing to the wave's crest, then radically cutting back http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

49. Dude - A male surfing enthusiast (women are referred to as "dudettes"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

50. Dweeb - A geek; someone who acts or looks like a simpleton. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

51. Eat It - To fall off of a surfboard (also see "Wipe Out"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

52. El Rollo - Lying prone on a surfboard and holding on to the sides while rolling 360-degrees during a ride. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

53. Excellent - Great; fantastic; exceptional (also see "Bitchin," "Boss," "Primo," "Rad"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

54. Face - The unbroken wall, surface, or nearly vertical front of a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

55. Geek - Someone behaving inappropriately (also see "Kook," "Dork"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

56. Glasshouse - (see "Green Room") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

57. Glassy - A smooth water surface condition caused by absence of local winds. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

58. Gnarlatious - Anything that's really great or awesome. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

59. Gnarly - Treacherous; large and dangerous. Also bitchin http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

60. Goofy-Foot - Riding a surfboard with the right foot forward (left foot forward is the more common stance). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

61. Green Room - The space inside of a tube. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

62. Gremlin - A young hodad; a beginning surfer (also see "Grommet"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

63. Gremmie - (See "Hodad") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

64. Gremmy - (See "Hodad") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

65. Grommet - A young hodad; a beginning surfer (also see "Gremlin"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

66. Ground Swell - Large waves generated by distant storms. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

67. Gun - A large surfboard designed for very big waves (see "Big Gun"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

68. Hairy - (see "Gnarly") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

69. Hang Five/Ten - To place five (or ten) toes over the nose of the surfboard (also see "Toes on the Nose"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

70. Head Dip - Touching the water with your head while surfing. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

71. Headstand - Standing on one's head while riding a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

72. Heavies - Very big waves usually higher than 12 feet. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

73. Hit the Surf - To go surfing. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

74. Hodad - A non-surfer, usually someone who just hangs around the beach. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

75. Honeys - Female surfers or girlfriends of surfers. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

76. Honker - A really big wave (also see "Heavies," "Bombora"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

77. Hot-Dogging - Fancy surfing done by a skilled surfer. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

78. Huarache Sandals - Leather sandals worn by surfers with a sole made from tire treads. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

79. Jetty - (see "Breakwater") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

80. Kahuna - The Hawaiian god of sun, sand, and surf. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

81. Kamikaze - Riding the board at the nose with arms held straight out to each side. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

82. Kick Out - To push down on the tail of a surfboard to lift and turn the nose over the top of the wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

83. Knots - Callouses, or calcium deposits, just below the knee and on the tops of the foot caused by kneeling on the surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

84. Kook - A surfing beginner; someone who gets in the way or into trouble because of ignorance or inexperience (also see "Dork," "Geek"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

85. Kowabunga - A yell of excitement by a surfer (also see "Banzai"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

86. Kuk - (see "Kook") http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

87. Leash - A cord attaching the surfer's ankle to the surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

88. Locked In - Firmly set in the curling portion of the wave with water holding down the tail of the board. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

89. Log - Slang for pre-foam board made of wood. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

90. Longboard - A surfboard eight to ten feet long. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

91. Max Out - To be over the limit. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

92. Meatball - The yellow flag with the black circle indicating "No Surfing". http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

93. Mondo - Something huge; of epic proportions. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

94. Nailed - To get badly wiped out. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

95. Neptune Cocktail - The large bellyful of seawater that one ingested during a particularly gnarly wipeout. Usually happened concurrently with the Sand Facial. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

96. Nose - The bow or front end of a surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

97. Off the Richter - Used to describe something that's very good, excellent, or "off the scale" (also see "Awesome," "Off the Wall," "Outrageous"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

98. Off the Wall - Incredible, excellent (also see "Awesome," "Off the Richter," "Outrageous"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

99. Outrageous - Incredible, excellent (also see "Awesome," "Off the Richter," "Off the Wall"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

100. Outside Break - The area farthest from shore where the waves are breaking. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

101. Over the Falls - To wipe out, or to get dragged over as the wave breaks. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

102. Pearl - Driving the nose of a surfboard under water to stop or slow down the ride. The term is borrowed from "pearl diving." http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

103. Pendleton - A brightly colored plaid wool or flannel shirt worn by some surfers. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

104. Pipeline - A surf spot on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii, between Waimea Bay and Sunset Beach; also called Banzai Pipeline. Originally named by surfing filmmaker Bruce Brown (also see "Banzai Pipeline"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

105. Point Break - A type of surf break where waves wrap around a promontory of land and curl as they break. A classic example of a point break is located at Rincon, California, just south of the Santa Barbara/Ventura County line. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

106. Poser - A surfer "wanna-be"; someone who only dresses the part. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

107. Pounder - A hard-breaking wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

108. Primo - The best (also see "Bitchin," "Boss," "Excellent," "Rad"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

109. Prone - Ride with your belly on the board. The most common and easiest way to ride a bodyboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

110. Prone Out - Pulling out of a wave by dropping to your belly causing the nose to go under water and the tail to turn around. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

111. Pull Out - To steer a surfboard over or through the back of a wave to end a ride. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

112. Quasimoto - Riding forward in a hunched-over position; riding a wave on the nose of a surfboard in a crouched position with one arm forward and one arm back, named by surfer Mickey Muцoz. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

113. Rad - Very good; tops; excellent (also see "Bitchin," "Boss," "Primo," "Excellent"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

114. Radical - Very good; tops; excellent (also see "Bitchin," "Boss," "Primo," "Excellent"). http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

115. Rails - The rounded edges of the surfboard. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

116. Re-Entry - Attacking the lip, usually going vertically and then turning nose down and re-entering the wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

117. Ripping - Executing drastic and radical moves on the wave. Having it your way with a wave. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

118. Sand Facial - The result of wiping out and being dragged along the bottom, face first. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html

119. Sano - Abbreviated form of San Onofre; also means a very clean, nicely contoured wave condition. http://www.cougartown.com/surf-slang.html