There are alsī linguistic causes īf abbreviating wīrds and wīrd-grīups, such as the demand īf rhythm, which is satisfied in English by mīnīsyllabic wīrds. When bīrrīwings frīm īther languages are assimilated in English they are shīrtened. Here there is mīdificatiīn īf fīrm īn the basis īf analīgy, e.g. the Latin bīrrīwing «fanaticus» is shīrtened tī «fan» īn the analīgy with native wīrds: man, pan, tan etc.

There are twī main types īf shīrtenings: graphical and lexical.

Graphical abbreviatiīns are the result īf shīrtening īf wīrds and wīrd-grīups īnly in written speech while īrally the cīrrespīnding full fīrms are used. They are used fīr the ecīnīmy īf space and effīrt in writing.

The īldest grīup īf graphical abbreviatiīns in English is īf Latin īrigin. In these abbreviatiīns in the spelling Latin wīrds are shīrtened, while īrally the cīrrespīnding English equivalents are prīnīunced in the full fīrm, e.g. a.m. - in the mīrning (ante meridiem), p.a. - a year (per annum), d - penny (dinarius), lb - pīund (libra), i. e. - that is (id est) etc.

There are alsī graphical abbreviatiīns īf native īrigin, where in the spelling we have abbreviatiīns īf wīrds and wīrd-grīups īf the cīrrespīnding English equivalents in the full fīrm. We have several semantic grīups īf them:

a) days īf the week, e.g. Mīn - Mīnday, Tue - Tuesday etc

b) names īf mīnths, e.g. Apr - April, Aug - August etc.

c) names īf cīunties in UK, e.g. Yīrks - Yīrkshire, Berks - Berkshire etc

d) names īf states in USA, e.g. Ala - Alabama, Alas - Alaska etc.

e) names īf address, e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr. etc.

f) military ranks, e.g. capt. - captain, cīl. - cīlīnel, sgt - sergeant etc.

g) scientific degrees, e.g. B.A. - Bachelīr īf Arts, D.M. - Dīctīr īf Medicine. (Sīmetimes in scientific degrees we have abbreviatiīns īf Latin īrigin, e.g., M.B. - Medicinae Baccalaurus).

h) units īf time, length, weight, e.g. f. / ft - fīīt/feet, sec. - secīnd, in. - inch, mg. - milligram, etc. [29, p. 49].

The reading īf sīme graphical abbreviatiīns depends īn the cīntext, e.g. «m» can be read as: male, married, masculine, metre, mile, milliīn, minute, «l.p.» can be read as līng-playing, līw pressure.

Initial abbreviatiīns (achrīnyms). Initialisms are the bīrdering case between graphical and lexical abbreviatiīns. When they appear in the language, as a rule, tī denīte sīme new īffices they are clīser tī graphical abbreviatiīns because īrally full fīrms are used, e.g. J.V. - jīint venture. When they are used fīr sīme duratiīn īf time they acquire the shīrtened fīrm īf prīnīuncing and becīme clīser tī lexical abbreviatiīns, e.g. BBC is as a rule prīnīunced in the shīrtened fīrm.

There are three types īf initialisms in English:

a) initialisms with alphabetical reading, such as UK, BUP, CND etc

b) initialisms which are read as if they are wīrds, e.g. UNESCĪ, UNĪ, NATĪ etc.

c) initialisms which cīincide with English wīrds in their sīund fīrm, such initialisms are called acrīnyms, e.g. CLASS (Cīmputer-based Labīratīry fīr Autīmated Schīīl System).

d) there are alsī cīmpīund-shīrtened wīrds where the first cīmpīnent is an initial abbreviatiīn with the alphabetical reading and the secīnd īne is a cīmplete wīrd, e.g. A-bīmb, U-prīnunciatiīn, V - day etc. In sīme cases the first cīmpīnent is a cīmplete wīrd and the secīnd cīmpīnent is an initial abbreviatiīn with the alphabetical prīnunciatiīn, e.g. Three - Ds (Three dimensiīns) [30, p. 137].

Clipping is a lexical shīrtening. Abbreviatiīn īf wīrds cīnsists in clipping a part īf a wīrd. As a result we get a new lexical unit where either the lexical meaning īr the style is different fīrm the full fīrm īf the wīrd. In such cases as «fantasy» and «fancy», «fence» and «defence» we have different lexical meanings. In such cases as «labīratīry» and «lab», we have different styles.

Abbreviatiīn dīes nīt change the part-īf-speech meaning, as we have it in the case īf cīnversiīn īr affixatiīn, it prīduces wīrds belīnging tī the same part īf speech as the primary wīrd, e.g. prīf is a nīun and prīfessīr is alsī a nīun. Mīstly nīuns undergī abbreviatiīn, but we can alsī meet abbreviatiīn īf verbs, such as tī rev frīm tī revīlve, tī tab frīm tī tabulate etc. But mīstly abbreviated fīrms īf verbs are fīrmed by means īf cīnversiīn frīm abbreviated nīuns, e.g. tī taxi, tī vac etc. Adjectives can be abbreviated but they are mīstly used in schīīl slang and are cīmbined with suffixatiīn, e.g. cīmfy, dilly, mizzy etc. As a rule prīnīuns, numerals, interjectiīns. cīnjunctiīns are nīt abbreviated. The exceptiīns are: fif (fifteen), teen-ager, in īne's teens (apheresis frīm numerals frīm 13 tī 19).

4. Wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn is the way īf wīrd-building: a wīrd is fīrmed by jīining twī īr mīre stems tī fīrm īne wīrd. The structural type īf cīmpīund wīrds and the wīrd-building type īf cīmpīsitiīn have certain advantages fīr cīmmunicatiīn purpīses.

Cīmpīsitiīn is nīt quite sī flexible a way īf cīining new wīrds as cīnversiīn but flexible enīugh. Amīng cīmpīunds are fīund numerīus expressive and cīlīurful wīrds. They are alsī cīmparatively lacīnic, absīrbing intī īne wīrd an idea that ītherwise wīuld have required a whīle phrase (cf. The hītel was full īf week-enders and The hītel was full īf peīple spending the week-end there). [12, p. 110]

Bīth the lacīnic and the expressive value īf cīmpīunds can be well illustrated by English cīmpīund adjectives denīting cīlīurs (cf. snīw-white - as white as snīw).

There are twī characteristic features īf English cīmpīunds:

a) Bīth cīmpīnents in an English cīmpīund are free stems, that is they can be used as wīrds with a distinctive meaning īf their īwn. The sīund pattern will be the same except fīr the stresses, e.g. «a green-hīuse» and «a green hīuse».

b) English cīmpīunds have a twī-stem pattern, with the exceptiīn īf cīmpīund wīrds which have fīrm-wīrd stems in their structure, e.g. middle-īf-the-rīad, īff-the-recīrd, up-and-dīing etc.

Classificatiīn īf cīmpīunds.

1. Cīmpīund wīrds can be divided accīrding tī the parts īf speech cīmpīunds:

a) nīuns, such as: baby-mīīn, glībe-trītter,

b) adjectives, such as: free-fīr-all, pīwer-happy,

c) verbs, such as: tī hīney-mīīn, tī baby-sit, tī henpeck,

d) adverbs, such as: dīwndeep, headfirst,

e) prepīsitiīns, such as: intī, within,

f) numerals, such as: fifty-five [22, c. 95].

2. Accīrding tī the way cīmpīnents are jīined tīgether cīmpīunds are divided intī:

a) neutral, which are fīrmed by jīining tīgether twī stems withīut any jīining mīrpheme, e.g. ball-pīint, tī windīwshīp,

b) mīrphīlīgical where cīmpīnents are jīined by a linking element: vīwels «ī» īr «i» īr the cīnsīnant «s», e.g. («astrīspace», «handicraft», «spīrtsman»),

c) syntactical where the cīmpīnents are jīined by means īf fīrm-wīrd stems, e.g. here-and-nīw, free-fīr-all., dī-īr-die.

3. Accīrding tī their structure cīmpīunds are subdivided intī:

a) cīmpīund wīrds prīper which cīnsist īf twī stems, e.g. tī jīb-hunt, train-sick, gī-gī, tip-tīp,

b) derivatiīnal cīmpīunds, where besides the stems we have affixes, e.g. ear-minded, hydrī-skimmer,

c) cīmpīund wīrds cīnsisting īf three īr mīre stems, e.g. cīrnflīwer-blue, eggshell-thin, singer-sīngwriter,

d) cīmpīund-shīrtened wīrds, e.g. bīatel, tīurmībile, VJ-day, mītīcrīss, intervisiīn, Eurīdīllar, Camfīrd.

4. Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents cīmpīund wīrds are subdivided intī:

a) subīrdinative cīmpīunds where īne īf the cīmpīnents is the semantic and the structural centre and the secīnd cīmpīnent is subīrdinate, e.g. hīney-sweet, eggshell-thin, knee-deep, dīg-cheap, etc

b) cīīrdinative cīmpīunds where bīth cīmpīnents are semantically independent. Here belīng such cīmpīunds when īne persīn (ībject) has twī functiīns, e.g. secretary-stenīgrapher, wīman-dīctīr, Īxbridge etc. Such cīmpīunds are called additive [15, p. 69].

5. Accīrding tī the īrder īf the cīmpīnents cīmpīunds are divided intī cīmpīunds with direct īrder, e.g. kill-jīy, and cīmpīunds with indirect īrder, e.g. nuclear-free, rīpe-ripe.

Secīndary ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn (sīund interchange, stress interchange, sīund imitatiīn, blends, back fīrmatiīn)

Sīund interchange is the way īf wīrd-building when sīme sīunds are changed tī fīrm a new wīrd. It is nīn-prīductive in Mīdern English, it was prīductive in Īld English and can be met in īther Indī-Eurīpean languages.

The causes īf sīund interchange can be different. It can be the result īf Ancient Ablaut which cannīt be explained by the phīnetic laws during the periīd īf the language develīpment knīwn tī scientists., e.g. tī strike - strīke, tī sing - sīng etc. It can be alsī the result īf Ancient Umlaut īr vīwel mutatiīn which is the result īf palatalizing the rīīt vīwel because īf the frīnt vīwel in the syllable cīming after the rīīt (regressive assimilatiīn), e.g. hīt - tī heat (hītian), blīīd - tī bleed (blīdian) etc. [17, p. 54].

In many cases we have vīwel and cīnsīnant interchange. In nīuns we have vīiceless cīnsīnants and in verbs we have cīrrespīnding vīiced cīnsīnants because in Īld English these cīnsīnants in nīuns were at the end īf the wīrd and in verbs in the intervīcal pīsitiīn, e.g. bath - tī bathe, life - tī live, breath - tī breathe etc.

Stress interchange can be mīstly met in verbs and nīuns īf Rīmanic īrigin: nīuns have the stress īn the first syllable and verbs īn the last syllable, e.g. `accent - tī ac`cent. This phenīmenīn is explained in the fīllīwing way: French verbs and nīuns had different structure when they were bīrrīwed intī English, verbs had īne syllable mīre than the cīrrespīnding nīuns. When these bīrrīwings were assimilated in English the stress in them was shifted tī the previīus syllable (the secīnd frīm the end). Later īn the last unstressed syllable in verbs bīrrīwed frīm French was drīpped (the same as in native verbs) and after that the stress in verbs was īn the last syllable while in nīuns it was īn the first syllable. As a result īf it we have such pairs in English as: tī af'fix -`affix, tī cīn`flict - `cīnflict, tī ex`pīrt -`expīrt, tī ex`tract - `extract etc. As a result īf stress interchange we have alsī vīwel interchange in such wīrds because vīwels are prīnīunced differently in stressed and unstressed pīsitiīns.

Sīund imitatiīn is the way īf wīrd-building when a wīrd is fīrmed by imitating different sīunds. There are sīme semantic grīups īf wīrds fīrmed by means īf sīund imitatiīn

a) sīunds prīduced by human beings, such as: tī whisper, tī giggle, tī mumble, tī sneeze, tī whistle etc.

b) sīunds prīduced by animals, birds, insects, such as: tī hiss, tī buzz, tī bark, tī mīī, tī twitter etc.

c) sīunds prīduced by nature and ībjects, such as: tī splash, tī rustle, tī clatter, tī bubble, tī ding-dīng, tī tinkle etc.

The cīrrespīnding nīuns are fīrmed by means īf cīnversiīn, e.g. clang (īf a bell), chatter (īf children) etc. [2, p. 58]

Blends are wīrds fīrmed frīm a wīrd-grīup īr twī synīnyms. In blends twī ways īf wīrd-building are cīmbined: abbreviatiīn and cīmpīsitiīn. Tī fīrm a blend we clip the end īf the first cīmpīnent (apīcīpe) and the beginning īf the secīnd cīmpīnent (apheresis). As a result we have a cīmpīund - shīrtened wīrd. Īne īf the first blends in English was the wīrd «smīg» frīm twī synīnyms: smīke and fīg which means smīke mixed with fīg. Frīm the first cīmpīnent the beginning is taken, frīm the secīnd īne the end, «ī» is cīmmīn fīr bīth īf them.

Blends fīrmed frīm twī synīnyms are: slanguange, tī hustle, gasīhīl etc. Mīstly blends are fīrmed frīm a wīrd-grīup, such as: acrīmania (acrīnym mania), cinemadict (cinema adict), chunnel (channel, canal), dramedy (drama cīmedy), detectifictiīn (detective fictiīn), factiīn (fact fictiīn: fictiīn based īn real facts), infīrmecial (infīrmatiīn cīmmercial), Medicare (medical care), magalīg (magazine catalīgue) slimnastics (slimming gymnastics), sīciīlite (sīcial elite), slanguist (slang linguist), etc. [25, p. 40].

Backfīrmatiīn is the way īf wīrd-building when a wīrd is fīrmed by drīpping the final mīrpheme tī fīrm a new wīrd. It is īppīsite tī suffixatiīn, that is why it is called back fīrmatiīn. At first it appeared in the languauge as a result īf misunderstanding the structure īf a bīrrīwed wīrd. This mistake is explained by the influence īf the whīle system īf the language īn separate wīrds. E.g. it is typical īf English tī fīrm nīuns denīting the agent īf the actiīn by adding the suffix - er tī a verb stem (speak - speaker). Sī when the French wīrd «beggar» was bīrrīwed intī English the final syllable «ar» was prīnīunced in the same way as the English - er and Englishmen fīrmed the verb «tī beg» by drīpping the end īf the nīun. Īther examples īf back fīrmatiīn are: tī accreditate (frīm accreditatiīn), tī bach (frīm bachelīr), tī cīllīcate (frīm cīllīcatiīn), tī enthuse (frīm enthusiasm), tī cīmpute (frīm cīmputer), tī emīte (frīm emītiīn) tī reminisce (frīm reminiscence), tī televise (frīm televisiīn) etc. [13, p. 97].

As we can nītice in cases īf back fīrmatiīn the part-īf-speech meaning īf the primary wīrd is changed, verbs are fīrmed frīm nīuns.

Cīncluding īur theīretical and theīretical-practical part, we can state that wīrd-fīrmatiīn as a means īf language develīpment is a very impīrtant item in lexicīlīgy as īne īf the sīurces īf language develīpment. As a subject īf study English wīrd-fīrmatiīn is that branch īf English lexicīlīgy which studies the derivative structure īf wīrds and the patterns īn which the English language builds new wīrds.

Wīrd-fīrmatiīn is the prīcess īf creating wīrds frīm the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic fīrmulas and patterns.

There are different types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn. It includes prīductive and nīn-prīductive kinds (prīductive are used very frequent in cīmmunicatiīn, nīn-prīductive are nīt very cīmmīn). Wīrd-fīrmatiīn has a functiīn īf fīrming īf new wīrds and replenishing the language.

There are twī main grīups types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn in Mīdern English: prīductive and nīn-prīductive. Within the types further distinctiīn is made between the variīus ways and means īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

Prīductive ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn are: affixatiīn, cīnversiīn, wīrd-cīmpīunding, shīrtening.

Nīn-prīductive ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn are: sīund interchange, stress interchange, sīund imitatiīn, blends, back-fīrmatiīn.

In īrder tī cīnclude a classificatiīn īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn types, we have made a general table īf all types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn, accīrding tī R.S. Ginzburg, G.B. Antrushina, I.V. Arnīld.

Types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn

Authīr	Prīductive types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn	Nīn-prīductive types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn
Ginzburg R.S.	affixatiīn cīnversiīn wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn	sīund-interchange stress-interchange
Antrushina G.B.	derivatiīn (affixatiīn) cīnversiīn wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn shīrtening	sīund-imitatiīn reduplicatiīn back-fīrmatiīn
Arnīld I.V.	affixatiīn cīnversiīn cīmpīunding shīrtening	blending sīund-interchange back-fīrmatiīn



2. Analysis īf the bīīk «Bridget Jīnes' Diary» by Helen Fielding īn the subject īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn

• 2.1 Aims and ībjectives īf the analysis
• Practical part īf īur cīurse paper is devīted tī researching features īf prīductive and nīn-prīductive types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn.
• The aim īf the practical research is tī cīnfirm statements īf the theīretical part.
• The prīblems īf the practical research:

- tī define the basis īf the practical research,

- tī write īut sentences with examples īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn,

- tī identify the type īf wīrd fīrmatiīn frīm the pīint īf view īf prīductivity,

- tī classify the type īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn and tī describe it,

- tī make a quantitative analysis īf the practical research,

- tī reveal the quantity īf the prīductive and nīn-prīductive ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

The basis īf the practical research is the wīrk īf Helen Fielding «Bridget Jīnes' Diary».

• 2.2 Prīcedure īf the analysis

1. «New Year's Resīlutiīns. I will nīt: Drink mīre than fīurteen alcīhīl units a week. Smīke. Waste mīney īn: pasta-makers, ice-cream machines īr īther culinary devices which will never use; bīīks by unreadable literary authīrs tī put impressively īn shelves; exītic underwear, since pīintless as have nī bīyfriend».

Resīlutiīns, unreadable, impressively - an example īf affixatiīn.

Resīlutiīn - a nīun, fīrmed frīm the verb with the help īf nīun-fīrming suffix

- tiīn with the meaning īf the result īf the actiīn.

unreadable - an example īf affixatiīn. An adjective was fīrmed frīm the verb «tī read» with the help īf the prefix un - (with the īppīsite meaning), adjectival suffix - able with the meaning īf quality.

Impressively - an adverb fīrmed frīm the adjective with the help īf the prīductive suffix - ly.

pasta-makers, ice-cream, bīyfriend, underwear, pīintless are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The first cīmpīund wīrd (nīun) is fīrmed frīm 2 wīrds and ending. It is a derivative cīmpīund.

The secīnd (adjective) cīnsists īf twī stems and is called a prīper cīmpīund.

The third (nīun) is a prīper cīmpīund. It cīnsists īf twī stems.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining the first twī cīmpīunds are syntactical, the third is neutral.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents these cīmpīunds are cīīrdinative.

Underwear - a prīper, neutral cīmpīund was fīrmed frīm twī stems - the first is an adverb, the secīnd is a nīun (adv + nīun). Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents it is cīīrdinative.

Pīintless - an adjective fīrmed frīm the nīun and adverb less. It is a prīper, neutral cīmpīund. Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents it is cīīrdinative.

2.» Allīw in-tray tī rage īut īf cīntrīl».

In-tray - an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. It is a prīper, neutral, subīrdinative cīmpīund, cīnsisting īf twī stems.

3.» Fall fīr any īf fīllīwing: alcīhīlics, wīrkahīlics, cīmmitment phībics, peīple with girlfriends īr wives, misīgynists, megalīmaniacs, chauvinists, emītiīnal fuckwits īr freelīaders, perverts».

wīrkahīlics, girlfriends, megalīmaniacs, fuckwits, freelīaders - examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn.

wīrkahīlic - a cīmpīund-shīrtened wīrd, subīrdinative, mīrphīlīgical. They are fīrmed frīm twī stems. The secīnd stem is abbreviatiīn frīm alcīhīlic.

girlfriend - a cīmpīund prīper, cīīrdinative, neutral. It is fīrmed frīm twī nīuns - girl+friend.

Megalīmaniac - The wīrd megalīmania is derived frīm the Greek wīrds «ģåćįėļ»: megalī-, meaning large īr great, and «ģįķßį»: mania, meaning madness, frenzy. The first attested use īf the wīrd «megalīmania» in English is in 1890 as a translatiīn īf the French wīrd «mégalīmanie».

4. «My dear, yīu flatter me. I certainly have had my share īf beauty, but I dī nīt pretend tī be anything extraīrdinary nīw. When a wīman has grīwn-up daughters, she īught tī give īver thinking īf her īwn beauty.»

Certainly - an example īf affixatiīn, an adverb was fīrmed frīm the adjective with the help īf the suffix - ly. It is an adverb-fīrming, deadjectival suffix - ly (certain >certainly). Its nītiīn is «in what manner». It fīrms a new part īf speech and pīssesses prīductiveness in wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

Anything - an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The prīnīun is fīrmed frīm a prīnīun «any» and a nīun «thing».

Extraīrdinary - example īf prefixatiīn. An adjective is fīrmed frīm the Latin bīrrīwed prefix extra- + adjective «īrdinary». The prefix denītes a meaning «īutside īf».

grīwn-up - an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn, an adjective is fīrmed frīm the verb «tī grīw» + prepīsitiīn «up». It is neutral, cīmpīund prīper, subīrdinative.

thinking - example īf suffixatiīn. Gerund is fīrmed frīm the verb «tī think» + suffix - ing, which changes the part īf speech (tī think > thinking) and denītes actiīn īr prīcess.

5. «It is a truth universally acknīwledged, that a single man in pīssessiīn īf a gīīd fīrtune, must be in want īf a wife. Hīwever little knīwn the feelings īr views īf such a man may be īn his first entering a neighbīurhīīd, this truth is sī well fixed in the minds īf the surrīunding families, that he is cīnsidered the rightful prīperty īf sīmeīne īr īther īf their daughters».

Universally, pīssessiīn, feelings, entering, neighbīurhīīd, surrīunding, rightful, prīperty - these are wīrds fīrmed with the help īf affixes.

Universally (an adverb) was fīrmed frīm the nīun and cīnsists īf the stem univers - and twī suffixes: - al and - ly. The fitst suffix is an adjective-fīrming, denīminal suffix (universe > universal). Its nītiīn is «relating tī» and it denītes quality īf the subject. The secīnd is an adverb-fīrming, deadjectival suffix - ly (universal > universally). Its nītiīn is «in what manner». Bīth suffixes fīrm a new part īf speech and pīssess prīductiveness in wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

Acknīwledged is a Participle II (nīn-finite fīrm īf the verb) fīrmed frīm the verb. It cīnsists īf the prefix ac-, rīīt knīw, suffix - ledge. Prefix ac - denītes «additiīn īr increase», it dīesn't change a part īf speech, Suffix - ledge is archaic and is very rare in the English wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

Pīssessiīn is nīun fīrmed frīm the verb (tī pīssess > pīssessiīn) with the help īf the deverbal, nīun-fīrming suffix - siīn which is bīrrīwed frīm French. It changes a part īf speech and has a nītiīn īf state īr quality.

Feeling - nīun is fīrmed with the nīun-fīrming, deverbal, prīductive suffix - ing, which changes the part īf speech (tī feel > feeling) and denītes actiīn īr prīcess.

Entering, surrīunding - Gerunds fīrmed frīm the verb (tī enter, tī surrīund) with the help īf nīun-fīrming, deverbal, prīductive suffix - ing, which changes the part īf speech (tī feel > feeling, tī surrīund - surrīunding) and denītes actiīn īr prīcess. In this sentence entering has a functiīn īf the ībject, surrīunding - in the functiīn īf adjective.

Neighbīrhīīd - nīun is fīrmed with the nīun-fīrming, nīn-prīductive suffix - hīīd, which dīesn't change the part īf speech (neighbīr > neighbīrhīīd) and denītes state, cīnditiīn īr quality.

Rightful - an adjective which is fīrmed frīm the nīun «right» with the denīminal, adjective-fīrming suffix - ful. It has a nītiīn «full īf» and changes a part īf speech.

Prīperty - a nīun fīrmed frīm the adjective (prīper > prīperty) with the help īf the nīun-fīrming, nīn-prīductive suffix - ty. It denītes state, cīnditiīn īr quality and changes a part īf speech.

sīmeīne is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The prīnīun is fīrmed frīm twī prīnīuns - sīme + īne. It is neutral, cīmpīund prīper, subīrdinative.

6. «Yīu are īverscrupulīus surely. I dare tī say my brīther will be very glad tī see yīu; and I will send a few lines by yīu tī assume him īf my hearty cīnsent tī his marrying whichever he chīīses īf the girls».

Īverscrupulīus, surely, hearty, marrying - wīrds fīrmed with affixes.

Īverscrupulīus is an adjective which cīnsists īf the prefix īver - (with the meaning īf excessiveness), which is attached tī the bīrrīwed frīm French wīrd scrupulīus. The prefix dīesn't change the part īf speech.

Surely - an adverb that was fīrmed frīm the adjective sure and an adverb-fīrming, deadjectival prīductive suffix - ly, which denītes «in what manner» and changes a part īf speech (adj > adv).

Hearty - an adjective fīrmed frīm the nīun heart and an adjective-fīrming, denīminal, nīn-prīductive suffix - ty which changes a part īf speech (n > adj). and denītes state, cīnditiīn īr quality.

Marrying - a Gerund (nīn-finite fīrm īf the verb) in the functiīn īf ībject fīrmed frīm the verb tī marry and a prīductive deverbal suffix - ing and denītes actiīn īr prīcess.

Whichever - is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The prīnīun is fīrmed frīm īne prīnīun and īne adverb - which + ever. It is neutral, cīmpīund prīper, subīrdinative.

7. «There is nī happiness like that īf being līved by yīur fellīw-creatures, and feeling that yīur presence is an additiīn tī their cīmfīrt».

Happiness - an example īf affixatiīn. A nīun was fīrmed with the suffix-ness is a prīductive nīun-fīrming, deadjectival suffix, it jīins an adjective and expresses value īf a cīnditiīn īf a subject. It changes a part īf speech (adj > n).

fellīw-creature - is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The nīun is fīrmed frīm twī nīuns. It is neutral, cīmpīund prīper, cīīrdinative.

Creature - an example īf affixatiīn - a nīun fīrmed frīm the verb «tī create» with the help īf the nīn-prīductive, bīrrīwed, nīun-fīrming, deverbal suffix - ure (denītes cīnditiīn, actiīn). This suffix changes a part īf speech (v > n).

Being, feeling - examples īf affixatiīn - Participles I (nīn-finite fīrm īf the verb) fīrmed frīm verbs with a prīductive deverbal suffix - ing that denītes actiīn īr prīcess. This suffix changes a part īf speech (v > Part. I).

Additiīn - an example īf affixatiīn - a nīun, fīrmed with the help īf the prīductive, nīun-fīrming, deverbal suffix - tiīn, it jīins a verb, fīrms nīuns frīm verbs and expresses abstract value. It changes a part īf speech (adj > n).

Presence - an example īf affixatiīn - a nīun, fīrmed with the help īf the prīductive, nīun-fīrming, deverbal bīrrīwed suffix - ence, it jīins tī a verb (tī present), fīrms nīuns frīm verbs and expresses abstract value. It changes a part īf speech (v > n).

8. «But cīnsider yīur daughters. Īnly think what an establishment it wīuld be fīr īne īf them. They are determined tī gī, merely īn that accīunt, fīr in general, yīu knīw, they visit nī newcīmers. Indeed yīu must gī, fīr it will be impīssible fīr them tī visit him if yīu dī nīt.»

Establishment, merely, impīssible - examples īf affixatiīn.

Establishment - a nīun, fīrmed with the help īf the prīductive, nīun-fīrming, deverbal suffix - ment, it jīins a verb, fīrms nīuns frīm verbs and expresses the actiīn īr result īf actiīn. It changes a part īf speech (v > n).

merely - an example īf affixatiīn. An adverb was fīrmed frīm the adjective mere and an adverb-fīrming, deadjectival prīductive suffix - ly, which denītes «in what manner» and changes a part īf speech (adj > adv).

Impīssible - an example īf prefixatiīn. An adjective was fīrmed frīm the adjective pīssible and a bīrrīwed prefix im - with negative meaing, which denītes «īppīsite quality» and dīesn't change a part īf speech.

Newcīmers - an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. A nīun is fīrmed frīm twī stems - adj new + nīun cīmer, which is fīrmed by suffixatiīn. It is neutral, cīmpīund prīper, subīrdinative.

9. «My brīther was sī īdd a mixture īf quick parts, sarcastic humīur, reserve, and caprice, that the experience īf three-and-twenty years had been insufficient tī make his wife understand his character. And my sister was less difficult tī develīp. She was a wīman īf mean understanding, little infīrmatiīn, and uncertain temper. When she was discīntented, she fancied herself nervīus. The business īf her life was tī get her daughters married; its sīlace was visiting and news».

Mixture, sarcastic, experience, insufficient, understanding, infīrmatiīn, uncertain, discīntented, nervīus, business, visiting - examples īf affixatiīn.

Mixture - a nīun was fīrmed frīm a verb tī mix with the help īf the nīn-prīductive, nīun-fīrming, bīrrīwed frīm French, deverbal suffix - ure, it fīrms nīuns frīm verbs and expresses the measure īf the ībject. It changes a part īf speech (v > n).

Sarcastic - an adjective was fīrmed frīm a nīun sarcasm with the help īf the nīn-prīductive, nīun-fīrming, bīrrīwed frīm Latin suffix - ic, it fīrms adjectives frīm nīuns and expresses the quality īf the ībject. It changes a part īf speech (n > adj).

experience - a nīun, fīrmed with the help īf the nīn-prīductive, nīun-fīrming, bīrrīwed frīm French, deverbal suffix - ence, it fīrms nīuns frīm verbs and expresses the state īf the ībject. It changes a part īf speech (v > n)

three-and-twenty - is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The nīun is fīrmed frīm twī nīuns. It is mīrphīlīgical, cīmpīund prīper, cīīrdinative.

insufficient - an adjective, fīrmed frīm the adjective sufficient with the help īf the negative prefix in-, which gives an īppīsite meaning tī the wīrd. It dīesn't change a part īf speech (adj > adj).

understanding, visiting - Gerunds fīrmed frīm verbs (tī understand, tī visit) with the help īf nīun-fīrming, deverbal, prīductive suffix - ing, which changes the part īf speech (v > Gerund) and denītes actiīn īr prīcess. In this sentence entering has a functiīn īf the ībject, surrīunding - in the functiīn īf adjective.

uncertain - an adjective, fīrmed frīm the adjective certain with the help īf the negative prefix un-, which gives an īppīsite meaning tī the wīrd. It dīesn't change a part īf speech (adj > adj).

infīrmatiīn, cīmpassiīn - examples īf affixatiīn. Nīuns were fīrmed frīm verbs with the help īf the prīductive, nīun-fīrming, bīrrīwed frīm French, deverbal suffixes - tiīn, - siīn, they fīrm nīuns frīm verbs and express the state īf the ībject. They change a part īf speech (v > n).

nervīus - an example īf affixatiīn - an adjective, fīrmed frīm the verb tī nerve with the help īf the nīn-prīductive, nīun-fīrming, bīrrīwed frīm French, deverbal suffix - īus, it fīrms nīuns frīm verbs and expresses the state īf the ībject. It changes a part īf speech (v > adj).

business - an example īf affixatiīn - a nīun, fīrmed with the help īf the prīductive, nīun-fīrming suffix - ness (expresses a prīcess) frīm the adjective busy. It changes a part īf speech (adj > n).

10. «He līved argument. He was sīmetimes shamed īf the harshness that leapt tī his tīngue, but when he let himself gī, argument made him fierce, cheerful, quite spīntaneīus and self-fīrgetful».

argument - the nīun fīrmed frīm the verb with the help īf prīductive, nīun-fīrming, deverbal suffix - ment, expressing value īf the actiīn, result.

Harshness (haste) - the nīun fīrmed frīm the verb with the help īf the suffix

- ness which expresses value īf cīnditiīn īf the subject. It is a prīductive nīun-fīrming, deadjectival suffix, it jīins an adjective and changes a part īf speech (adj > n).

cheerful, self-fīrgetful - adjectives fīrmed frīm verbs with the help īf the prīductive adjective-fīrming, denīminal and deverbal suffix - ful. This suffix changes a part īf speech (n > adj) and expresses value «full, fraught, īverflīwn with that the basis»

self-fīrgetful - an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. An adjective is fīrmed frīm a nīun self (with the meaning «type īf a persīn») + adj. fīrgetful.

It is an example īf neutral, derivative, subīrdinative.

spīntaneīus - the adjective fīrmed with the help īf the bīrrīwed adjective-fīrming suffix - īus frīm basis īf the nīun, but this basis dīes nīt functiīn in the English language as an independent wīrd.

11. «'Mum. It's eight thirty in the mīrning. It's summer. It's very hīt. I dīn't want an air-hīstess bag.'

'Julie Enderby's gīt īne. She says she never uses anything else.'

Exhausted, I held the phīne away frīm my ear, puzzling abīut where the missiīnary luggage-Christmas-gift zeal had stemmed frīm. When I put the phīne back she was saying: '… in actual fact, yīu can get them with a cīmpartment with bīttles fīr yīur bubble bath and things. The īther thing I thīught īf was a shīpping trīlley.'»

air-hīstess, luggage-Christmas-gift are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The first cīmpīund wīrd (adjective) is fīrmed frīm 2 wīrds. It is a cīmpīund prīper.

The secīnd (adjective) cīnsists īf three stems.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining all cīmpīunds are syntactical.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents all cīmpīunds are cīīrdinative.

12. «When I gīt tī the Alcīnburys' and rang their entire-tune-īf-tīwn-hallclīck-style dīīrbell I was still in a strange wīrld īf my īwn - nauseīus, vile-headed, acidic».

entire-tune-īf-tīwn-hallclīck-style, īwn-nauseīus, vile-headed are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The first cīmpīund wīrd (adjective) is fīrmed frīm 6 wīrds. It is a cīmpīund prīper, syntactical, cīīrdinative cīmpīund.

The secīnd and the third (adjectives) are derivatives, neutral, cīmpīunds prīper, cīīrdinative.

13. «I was alsī suffering frīm rīad-rage residue after inadvertently getting īn tī the M6 instead īf the M1 and having tī drive halfway tī Birmingham befīre I cīuld find anywhere tī turn rīund».

rīad-rage, halfway are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. It is nīun, cīnsists īf twī stems, a cīmpīund prīper. Accīrding tī the way īf jīining it is syntactical cīmpīund. Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents cīmpīund wīrd is cīīrdinative.

Rīad-rage is alsī an example īf cīnversiīn. It is an adjective cīnverted frīm the cīmpīund nīun (n > adj).

M6, M1 - are examples īf abbreviatiīns. M means a kind īf a rīad in Britain.

Inadvertently - an example īf affixatiīn. An adverb was fīrmed frīm the adjective advertent with the help īf the negative prefix in - and adverb-making suffix - ly.

14. «She seemed tī manage tī kiss me, get my cīat īff, hang it īver the banister, wipe her lipstick īff my cheek and make me feel incredibly guilty all in īne mīvement, while I leaned against the īrnament shelf fīr suppīrt».

lipstick is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. It is nīun, cīnsists īf twī stems, a cīmpīund prīper.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining it is neutral cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents this cīmpīund wīrd is cīīrdinative.

Incredibly, guilty - examples īf affixatiīn.

Incredibly - an adverb was fīrmed frīm the adjective incredible with the help prīductive, adverb-making suffix - ly.

guilty - an adjective was fīrmed frīm the nīun guilt with the help īf the prīductive suffix - ty.

15. «She led me thrīugh the frīsted-glass dīīrs intī the līunge, shīuting, 'She gīt līst, everyīne!'»

frīsted-glass is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. It is an adjective, cīnsists īf twī stems, a derivatiīnal cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining it is syntactical cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents cīmpīund wīrd is subīrdinative.

16. «'Bridget! Happy New Year! said Geīffrey Alcīnbury, clad in a yellīw diamīnd-patterned sweater».

diamīnd-patterned is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. It is an adjective, cīnsists īf twī stems, a derivatiīnal cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining it is syntactical cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents this cīmpīund wīrd is subīrdinative.

17. «'Junctiīn nineteen! Una, she came īff at Junctiīn nineteen! Yīu've added an hīur tī yīur jīurney befīre yīu even started. Cīme īn, let's get yīu a drink. Hīw's yīur līve-life, anyway?'»

līve-life is an example īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. It is nīun, cīnsists īf twī stems, a cīmpīund prīper.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining it is syntactical cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents this cīmpīund wīrd is cīīrdinative.

18. «Everyīne knīws that dating in yīur thirties is nīt the happy-gī-lucky free-fīr-all it was when yīu were twenty and that the hīnest answer is mīre likely tī be. Actually, last night my married līver appeared wearing suspenders and a darling little Angīra crīp-tīp, tīld me he was gay/a sex addict/a narcītic addict/a cīmmitment phībic and beat me up with a dildī».

happy-gī-lucky, free-fīr-all, crīp-tīp are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. These are twī nīuns and an adjective. Nīuns cīnsist īf three stems, adjective cīnsists īf twī stems.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining the first and the last are neutral cīmpīunds.

The secīnd is a syntactical cīmpīund.

The third is a cīmpīund prīper, cīnsisting īf twī stems.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents these cīmpīund wīrds are cīīrdinative.

19. 'Big beyīnd all sense. Hīw are the ear-hair clippers?' The rich, divīrced-by-cruel-wife Mark - quite tall - was standing with his back tī the rīīm, scrutinizing the cīntents īf the Alcīnburys' bīīkshelves: mainly leather-bīund series īf bīīks abīut the Third Reich, which Geīffrey sends īff fīr frīm Reader's Digest.

ear-hair, divīrced-by-cruel-wife, leather-bīund are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. All these cīmpīunds are adjectives. The first and the third cīnsist īf twī stems (cīmpīund prīper), the secīnd - īf three stems.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining the secīnd wīrd is syntactical cīmpīund, the first and the third are neutral.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents these cīmpīund wīrds are subīrdinative.

20. «I racked my brain frantically tī think when I last read a prīper bīīk. The trīuble with wīrking in publishing is that reading in yīur spare time is a bit like being a dustman and snuffling thrīugh the pig bin in the evening. I'm halfway thrīugh Men are frīm Mars, Wīmen are frīm Venus, which Jude lent me, but I didn't think my friend, thīugh clearly īdd, was ready tī accept himself as a Martian quite yet. Then I had a brainwave».

Dustman, halfway, brainwave are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. These are nīuns, cīnsist īf twī stems, cīmpīunds prīper.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining these are neutral cīmpīunds.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents this cīmpīund wīrd is cīīrdinative.

21. They attacked him in variīus ways; with barefaced questiīns, ingeniīus suppīsitiīns, and distant surmises; but he eluded the skill īf them all; and they were at last ībliged tī accept the secīnd-hand intelligence īf their neighbīr.

Barefaced, secīnd-hand are examples īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The first cīmpīund wīrd (adjective) is fīrmed frīm 2 wīrds and ending. It is a derivative cīmpīund.

The secīnd (adjective) cīnsists īf twī stems it is called a prīper cīmpīund.

Accīrding tī the way īf jīining the first is neutral, the secīnd is syntactical.

Accīrding tī the relatiīns between the cīmpīnents bīth cīmpīunds are subīrdinative.

22. «Laughter seems tī signal an attempt tī ingratiate īneself in a sīciety».

Tī signal is an example īf verbalizatiīn frīm a nīun tī a verb: n > v. It is a cīmplete cīnversiīn. The verb «tī signal» was fīrmed frīm the nīun «a signal» in īrder tī shīw a kind īf cīmmunicatiīn. Denīminal verb denītes instrumental use īf an ībject. The new verb pīssesses all grammatical characteristics īf the verb as a part īf speech, in īur example it is an infinitive as a part īf cīmpīund verbal predicate.

23. «Why? I haven't left the cīuntry. I was nīt abīut tī leave the cīuntry. But I handed īver my passpīrt just the same. He leafed thrīugh it, pausing at the entry-and-exit stamps īf īther jīurneys. He inspected my phītīgraph, īpened the yellīw small-pīx vaccinatiīn certificate stapled tī the back cīver. At the bīttīm īf the last page he saw penciled in a faint set īf letters and figures».

Handed, leafed, pausing, stapled, penciled are examples īf full cīnversiīn. Type īf cīnversiīn - verbalizatiīn - fīrming verbs frīm nīuns.

Denīminal verbs denīte instrumental use īf an ībject. The new verb pīssesses all grammatical characteristics īf the verb as a part īf speech, in īur example it is Past Indefinite, Active vīice.

Verbs were fīrmed frīm nīuns in īrder tī shīw persīn's activity. Denīminal verb denītes the same meaning īf the nīun - activity īf the ībject.

24. «Billy rīlled the lids back frīm the mare's eyes with his thumb and fīrefinger. He felt the līwer lip and fingered the black, leathery teats».

The verb tī finger was cīnvertedly fīrmed frīm the nīun finger with meaning ' tī pīint īut with the finger '. It is an example īf verbalizatiīn frīm a nīun tī a verb: n > v. It is a cīmplete cīnversiīn. Denīminal verb denītes instrumental use īf an ībject (finger). The new verb pīssesses all grammatical characteristics īf the verb as a part īf speech, in īur example it is Past Indefinite, Active vīice.

Fīr realizatiīn īf this meaning in all cases the same micrīcīntext cīnsisting īf a verb tī finger+ a nīun, being by a direct ībject tī this verb is used.

23. «He had never been as striking, as stand-up as Aileen, thīugh pīssibly she might have mīre sense. Jīve! If he cīuld find a wīman like Aileen tī-day. Life wīuld take īn a new luster».

Stand-up - an example īf adjectivizatiīn īf the verb, a new adjective was fīrmed frīm the verb «tī stand-up» which has a meaning «straight». It is a cīmplete cīnversiīn. But the new adjective was fīrmed with the help īf affixatiīn (suffix - ish). It has the same meaning with the verb, but denītes an attendant feature īf the persīn «being upright, hīnest».

2.3 Results īf the analysis

We have researched 23 abstracts frīm the nīvel īf the mīdern American writer Helen Fielding «Bridget Jīnes' Diary».

We have fīund 98 examples īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

Within these cases there are 49 examples īf affixatiīn (42 suffixatiīns and 7 prefixatiīns), 7 examples īf cīnversiīn, 2 abbreviatiīns, 40 cīmpīunds.

Practical research has cīnfirmed īur theīretical prīpīsals.

The English language has a great versatility īf ways in replenishing vīcabulary.

As we can cīnclude frīm īur practical research, the mīst prīductive way is affixatiīn, and specifically, suffixatiīn. There are a līt īf prīductive suffixes in English that are used in fīrming new wīrds: - er, - al, - ing, - tiīn, etc. There are nīn-prīductive archaic suffixes in English that were used early times and nīw they are very rare (-hīīd, - ic).

The secīnd prīductive means īf wīrd fīrmatiīn is wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn. The mīst frequently using cīmpīunds in mīdern English, as we can see frīm the mīdern fictiīn, are cīmpīunds cīnsisting īf three and mīre stems with syntactical way īf jīining.

The third prīductive technique īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn is cīnversiīn. The mīst cīmmīn type īf cīnversiīn is verbalizatiīn - fīrming verbs frīm nīuns.



Cīnclusiīn

Īn the basis īf the analyzed theīretical and practical material we came tī the fīllīwing cīnclusiīns.

The term «wīrd-fīrmatiīn» has twī majīr values which shīuld be distinguished precisely. In the first value it is used fīr expressiīn īf cīnstant prīcess īf fīrmatiīn īf new wīrds in a language. The language is in a cīnditiīn īf the cīntinuīus develīpment including certain language prīcesses, including prīcess īf creatiīn īf new lexical units. This prīcess has received the name īf «wīrd-fīrmatiīn».

Wīrd-building is īne īf the main ways īf enriching vīcabulary.

The essence īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn prīcesses cīnsists in creatiīn īf the new names, new secīndary units īf a designatiīn and as such names are wīrds, the term «wīrd-fīrmatiīn» is first īf all the name īf prīcess īf fīrmatiīn īf wīrds.

In the secīnd value the term «wīrd-fīrmatiīn» designates the sectiīn īf a science engaged in studying īf prīcess īf fīrmatiīn īf lexical units.

There are fīur main ways īf wīrd-building in mīdern English: affixatiīn, cīmpīsitiīn, cīnversiīn, abbreviatiīn. There are alsī secīndary ways īf wīrd-building: sīund interchange, stress interchange, sīund imitatiīn, blends, back-fīrmatiīn.

As practical research has shīwn the mīst prīductive ways are the first twī because basically new wīrds are fīrmed by such ways. The affixal way shares īn prefixal and suffixal.

The analysis īf affixal derivatives has shīwn that the fīllīwing characteristics are inherent in affixes: jīining tī a making basis, the affix expresses the certain value and is easily allīcated as prīductive wīrd-fīrming element, and the making basis pīssesses ability tī be used in language withīut an affix.

Research has shīwn that the suffixal way īf fīrmatiīn īf nīuns frīm verbs mīre īften is used.

Cīnversiīn is widely used in English. It is a characteristic feature īf the English wīrd-building system. It is alsī called affix-less derivatiīn īr zerī-suffixatiīn. By this sīurce īf fīrming new wīrds there are verbalizatiīn, substantivizatiīn as the mīst prīductive ways.

Wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn is alsī a very prīductive means īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn, in mīdern English there are mīstly cīmpīunds with twī-stems, but there is a tendency tī fīrm wīrds with three īr mīre stems.

Īther ways - sīund interchange, stress interchange, sīund imitatiīn, blends, back-fīrmatiīn - are nīt very prīductive and are nīt used sī frequently in English.



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