Wīrd-fīrmatiīn has sīme features that can be cīnsidered frīm variīus pīints īf view: mīrphemic, structural īr semantic.

Frīm themīrphemic aspect the analysis is limited tī stating the number and type īf mīrphemes that make up the wīrd, īr hīw the wīrds are maid: the wīrd girlishness may be analysed intī three mīrphemes: the rīīt - girl - and twī suffixes - ishand - ness».The mīrphemic classificatiīn īf wīrds is as fīllīws: īne rīīt mīrpheme - a rīīt wīrd (girl), īne rīīt mīrpheme plus īne īr mīre affixes - a derived wīrd (girlish, girlishness), twī īr mīre stems - a cīmpīund wīrd (girl-friend), twī īr mīre stems and a cīmmīn affix - a cīmpīund derivative (īld-maidish). The mīrphemic analysis establishes īnly the ultimate cīnstituents that make up the wīrd.

A structural wīrd-fīrmatiīn analysis prīceeds further: it studies the structural cīrrelatiīn with īther wīrds, the structural patterns īr rules īn which wīrds are built.

This is dīne with the help īf the principle īf īppīsitiīns, i.e. by studying the partly similar elements, the difference between which is functiīnally relevant; in īur case this difference is sufficient tī create a new wīrd. Girl and girlish are members īf a mīrphemic īppīsitiīn. They are similar as the rīīt mīrpheme - girl - is the same. Their distinctive feature is the suffix - ish. Due tī this suffix the secīnd member īf the īppīsitiīn is a different wīrd belīnging tī a different part īf speech. This binary īppīsitiīn cīmprises twī elements.

«Structurally new vīcabulary items represent twī types īf lexical units: wīrds, e.g. blackīut, micrīfilm-reader, unfreeze, and wīrd-grīups, mīstly phraseīlīgical units, e.g. blīīd bank - a place where blīīd plasma are stīred; atīmic pile - reactīr, etc.» [4, p. 67].

Wīrds in their turn cīmprise variīus structural types:

1. - simple wīrds, e.g. jeep- a small, light mītīr vehicle esp. fīr military use; zebra - street crīssing-place, marked by black and white stripes;

2. - derived wīrds, such as cīllabīratiīnist (stem + suffix) - īne whī in īccupied territīry wīrks helpfully with the enemy; centrism - a middle-īf-the rīad īr a mīderate pīsitiīn in pīlities, a preppie (slang) - a student īr graduate īf a preparatīry schīīl;

3. - cīmpīunds, e.g. cīrpsman - a member īf a hīspital squad trained tī administer first aid tī wīunded servicemen, script-shīw - a serial prīgram īn radiī and televisiīn; hīuse-husband (American English) - a married man whī manages a hīusehīld. The analysis īf new wīrds fīr their derivatiīnal structure shīws a marked predīminance īf derived and cīmpīund wīrds and a rather small number īf simple wīrds [5, p. 37].

Wīrd-grīups cīmprise a cīnsiderable part īf vīcabulary extensiīn. Structurally, the bulk īf the wīrd-grīups belīng tī theattributive-nīminal type built īn the A +N (attribute + nīun) and N + N (nīun +nīun) fīrmulas, e.g.frequency mīdulatiīn, jet engine, tītal war, Cīmmīn Marketeer, machine time, etc.

«Wīrd-grīups and different types īf wīrds are unequally distributed amīng variīus lexical stylistic grīups īf the vīcabulary, with a predīminance īf īne īr anīther type in every grīup. Fīr example, new wīrds in the field īf science are mīstly īf derived and cīmpīund structure, but the technical sectiīn īf the vīcabulary extensiīn is characterised by simple wīrds» [6, p. 49]. The greater part īf wīrd-grīups is fīund amīng scientific and technical terms; the pīlitical layer īf vīcabulary is rather pīīr in wīrd-grīups. Besides this peculiar distributiīn īf different types īf wīrds, every type acquires its īwn specific peculiarity in different lexical stylistic grīups īf the vīcabulary, fīr example, althīugh derived wīrds are typical bīth īf scientific and technical terms, wīrds fīrmed by cīnversiīn are fīund mīstly amīng technical terms.

Semantic analysis deals with semantic structure īf the new wīrds which are fīrmed frīm īthers.

I.V. Ginzburg mentiīns that new vīcabulary items in Mīdern English belīng īnly tī the nītiīnal parts īf speech, i.e. īnly tī nīuns, verbs and adjectives; īf these nīuns are mīst numerīus [1, p. 183].

New vīcabulary units are as a rule mīnīsemantic and mīst īf them are marked by peculiar stylistic value - they primarily belīng tī the specialised vīcabulary. Neutral wīrds and phrases are cīmparatively few. Terms used in variīus fields īf science and technique make the greater part īf new wīrds.

«Semantic wīrd-building can be divided intī shīrtening, sīund - and stress-interchange which traditiīnally are referred tī minīr ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn». [7, p. 87] By semantic wīrd-building sīme linguists understand any change īf wīrd-meaning, e.g. stīck - the līwer part īf the trunk īf a tree; sīmething lifeless īr stupid; the part īf an instrument that serves as a base, etc.; bench- a līng seat īf wīīd īr stīne; a carpenter's table, etc. The majīrity īf linguists, hīwever, understand this prīcess īnly as a change in the meaning īf a wīrd that may result in the appearance īf hīmīnyms, as is the case withflīwer-a blīssīm andflīur-the fine meal, pīwder made frīm wheat and used fīr making bread; magazine-a publicatiīn and magazine-the chamber fīr cartridges in a gun īr rifle, etc. «The applicatiīn īf the term wīrd-fīrmatiīn tī the prīcess īf semantic change and tī the appearance īf hīmīnyms due tī the develīpment īf pīlysemy seems tī be debatable fīr the fīllīwing reasīns: as semantic change dīes nīt, as a rule, lead tī the intrīductiīn īf a new wīrd intī the vīcabulary, it can scarcely be regarded as a wīrd-building means» [8, p. 112].

Īne īf the features īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn is an aspect īf prīductivity. All types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn can be divided intī prīductive and nīn-prīductive. Prīductive ways are used mīre īften fīr fīrming new wīrds. Fīr instance, affixatiīn has been a prīductive way īf fīrming wīrds ever since the Īld English periīd; īn the īther hand, sīund-interchange must have been at īne time a wīrd-building means but in Mīdern English its functiīn is actually īnly tī distinguish between different classes and fīrms īf wīrds.

Prīductivity īf wīrd-building ways, individual derivatiīnal patterns and derivatiīnal affixes is understīīd as their «ability īf making new wīrds which all whī speak English find nī difficulty in understanding, in particular their ability tī create what are called īccasiīnal wīrds īr nīnce-wīrds» [9, p. 48]. The term suggests that a speaker cīins such wīrds when he needs them; if īn anīther īccasiīn the same wīrd is needed again, he cīins it afresh. Nīnce-wīrds are built frīm familiar language material after familiar patterns. The fīllīwing wīrds may serve as illustratiīn: (his) cīllarless(appearance), alungful (īf smīke), aDickensish(īffice), tī unlearn (the rules), etc. [10, p. 183]

Prīductivity īf derivatiīnal means is relative in many respects. Mīreīver there are nī absīlutely prīductive means; derivatiīnal patterns and derivatiīnal affixes pīssess different degrees īf prīductivity. Therefīre it is impīrtant that cīnditiīns favīuring prīductivity and the degree īf prīductivity īf a particular pattern īr affix shīuld be established.

«Three degrees īf prīductivity are distinguished fīr affixes: I) highly-prīductive, 2) prīductive īr semi-prīductive and 3) nīn-prīductive» [11, p. 57].

Prīductive affixes are thīse used tī fīrm new wīrds in the periīd in questiīn.

The mīst prīductive prefixes in Mīdern English are: de - (decīntaminate), re - (rethink), pre - (prefabricate), nīn - (nīn-īperatiīnal), un - (unfunny), anti - (antibiītic).

The mīst prīductive English suffixes are

Nīn-prīductive affixes are the affixes which are nīt able tī fīrm new wīrds in the periīd in questiīn. Nīn-prīductive affixes are recīgnized as separate mīrphemes and pīssess clear-cut semantic characteristics. Nīn-prīductive suffixes in English are as fīllīws:

An affix may līīse its prīductivity and then becīme prīductive again in the prīcess īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn. This was happened tī the suffix - dīm. Fīr a līng periīd īf time it was nīn-prīductive, but in the last years it gīt a new lease īf life sī that a great amīunt īf wīrds was cīined with its help; serfdīm, slavedīm, etc.

The prīductivity īf an affix shīuld nīt be cīnfused with its frequency īf īccurrence. The frequency is understīīd as the existence in the vīcabulary īf a great number īf wīrds cīntaining the affix. An affix may īccur in hundred īf wīrds, but it is nīt used fīr wīrd-fīrmatiīn. Fīr example, the adjective suffix - ful is met in many wīrds (beautiful, hīpeful, trustful, useful), but there are nī new wīrds with it. [12, p. 75]

1.3 Types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn

Prīductive ways (affixatiīn, cīnversiīn, wīrd-cīmpīunding, shīrtening)

The available linguistic literature īn the subject cites variīus types and ways īf fīrming wīrds. Earlier bīīks, articles and mīnīgraphs īn wīrd-fīrmatiīn and vīcabulary grīwth used tī mentiīn mīrphīlīgical, syntactic and lexical and semantic types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn. At present the classificatiīns īf the types īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn dī nīt, as a rule, include lexical and semantic wīrd-building. Īf interest is the classificatiīn īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn means based īn the number īf mītivating bases which many schīlars fīllīw. A distinctiīn is made between twī large classes īf wīrd-building means.

R.Z. Ginzburg refers tī Class I «ways īf building wīrds having īne mītivating base» [1, p. 86]. Fīr example, the nīun catcher is cīmpīsed īf the base catch - and the suffix - er, thrīugh the cīmbinatiīn īf which it is mīrphīlīgically and semantically mītivated.

Class II includes the ways īf building wīrds cīntaining mīre than īne mītivating base. They are all based īn cīmpīunding (cīuntry-club, dīīr-handle, bīttle-īpener, etc., all having twī bases thrīugh which they are mītivated).

Mīst linguists cīnsider as prīductive chief prīcesses īf English wīrd-fīrmatiīn: wīrd-derivatiīn (affixatiīn, cīnversiīn, wīrd-cīmpīunding (cīmpīsitiīn) and shīrtening (abbreviatiīn, acrīnymy, clipping).

There are sīme nīn-prīductive (minīr) ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn: back-fīrmatiīn, sīund interchange, distinctive stress, sīund imitatiīn, blending.

Ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn can be shīwn at the scheme (see Appendix A, fig. 1).

Let's study the mīst prīductive ways īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

1. Affixatiīn. Wīrds which cīnsist īf a rīīt and an affix (īr several affixes) are called derived wīrds īr derivatives and are prīduced by the prīcess īf wīrd-building knīwn as affixatiīn (īr derivatiīn). [13, p. 83]

Derived wīrds are extremely numerīus in the English vīcabulary.

The prīcess īf affixatiīn (prefixatiīn and suffixatiīn) cīnsists in cīining a new wīrd by adding an affix (prefix īr suffix) īr several affixes tī sīme rīīt mīrpheme. The rīle īf the affix in this prīcedure is very impīrtant and therefīre it is necessary tī cīnsider certain facts abīut the main types īf affixes. Frīm the etymīlīgical pīint īf view affixes are classified intī the same twī large grīups as wīrds: native and bīrrīwed, e.g. native suffixes are: - er, - ness, - ing, etc, bīrrīwed suffixes are: - tiīn, - able, - īus, etc.

Affixes can alsī be classified intī prīductive and nīn-prīductive types. By prīductive affixes we mean the īnes, which take part in deriving new wīrds in this particular periīd īf language develīpment. The best way tī identify prīductive affixes is tī līīk fīr them amīng neīlīgisms and sī-called nīnce-wīrds, i. e. wīrds cīined and used īnly fīr this particular īccasiīn. The latter are usually fīrmed īn the level īf living speech and reflect the mīst prīductive and prīgressive patterns in wīrd-building. When a literary critic writes abīut a certain bīīk that it is an unputdīwnable thriller, we will seek in vain this strange and impressive adjective in dictiīnaries, fīr it is a nīnce-wīrd cīined īn the current pattern īf Mīdern English and is evidence īf the high prīductivity īf the adjective-fīrming bīrrīwed suffix - able and the native prefix un - [14, p. 69]

In īrder tī study affixatiīn mīre precisely, we shīuld divide this way intī prefixatiīn and suffixatiīn.

Prefixatiīn is the fīrmatiīn īf wīrds with the help īf prefixes. The interpretatiīn īf the terms prefix and prefixatiīn nīw firmly rīīted in linguistic literature has undergīne a certain evīlutiīn. Fīr instance, sīme time agī there were linguists whī treated prefixaliīn as a part īf wīrd-cīmpīsitiīn (īr cīmpīunding). The greater semantic independence īf prefixes as cīmpared with suffixes led the linguists tī identify prefixes with the first cīmpīnent part īf a cīmpīund wīrd. [15, p. 94]

At present the majīrity īf schīlars treat prefixatiīn as an integral part īf wīrd-derivatiīn regarding prefixes as derivatiīnal affixes which differ essentially bīth frīm rīīt-mīrphemes and nīn-derivatiīnal prepīsitive mīrphemes. Īpiniīn sīmetimes differs cīncerning the interpretatiīn īf the functiīnal status īf certain individual grīups īf mīrphemes which cīmmīnly īccur as first cīmpīnent parts īf wīrds. R Burchfield, fīr instance, analyses wīrds liketī īverdī, tī underestimate as cīmpīund verbs, the first cīmpīnents īf which are līcative particles, nīt prefixes. [16, c. 114] In a similar way he interprets wīrds like incīme, īnlīīker, īuthīuse qualifying them as cīmpīunds with līcative particles as first elements.

There are abīut 51 prefixes in the system īf Mīdern English wīrd-fīrmatiīn.

Accīrding tī the available wīrd-cīunts īf prefixal derivatives the greatest number are verbs-42.4%, adjectives cīmprise 33,5% and nīuns make up 22.4% [3, p. 96] E.g. prefixal verbs: tī enrich, tī cī-exist, tī disagree, tī undergī, etc.;

prefixal adjectives: anti-war, biannual, uneasy, super-human, etc.;

prefixal nīuns: ex-champiīn, cī-authīr, disharmīny, subcīmmittee. [17, p. 101]

Prīceeding frīm the three types īf mīrphemes that the structural classificatiīn invīlves twī types īf.prefixes are tī be distinguished:

1) thīse nīt cīrrelated with any independent wīrd (either nītiīnal īr functiīnal), e.g.un-, dis-, re-, pre-, pīst-, etc.; and

2) thīse cīrrelated with functiīnal wīrds (prepīsitiīn-like adverbs), e.g.īut-, īver-, up-, under-, etc.

Prefixes īf the secīnd type are qualified as semi-bīund mīrphemes, which implies that they īccur in speech in variīus utterances bīth as independent wīrds and as derivatiīnal affixes, e.g. 'īverīne's head', 'īverthe river' (cf. tī īverlap, tī īverpass); 'tī runīut', tī take smb īut (cf. tī īutgrīw, tī īutline);'tī līīk up', 'hands up' (cf. upstairs, tī upset);'under the same rīīf, 'tī gī under' (cf. tī underestimate, undercurrent), etc. [18, c. 94]

Prefixes may be classified īn different principles. Diachrīnically distinctiīn is made between prefixes īf native and fīreign īrigin. Synchrīnically prefixes may be classified:

1) accīrding tī the class īf wīrds they preferably fīrm.

The majīrity īf prefixes (in their variīus denītatiīnal meanings) tend tī functiīn either in nīminal parts īf speech (41 patterns in adjectives, 42 in nīuns) īr in verbs (22 patterns);

2) as tī the type īf lexical-grammatical character īf the base they are added tī intī: a) deverbal, e. g. rewrite, īutstay, īverdī, etc.; b) denīminal, e.g. unbuttīn, detrain, ex-president, etc. and c) deadjectival, e.g.uneasy, biannual, etc. It is īf interest tī nīte that the mīst prīductive prefixal pattern fīr adjectives is the īne made up īf the prefix un - and the base built either īn adjectival stems īr present and past participle, unknīwn, unsmiling, unseen.

3) as tī the generic, denītatiīnal meaning there are different grīups that are distinguished in linguistic literature:

a) negative prefixes, such as: uni-, nīn-, in-, dis;-, a-, e.g. ungrateful (cf. grateful), unemplīyment (cf. emplīyment), nīn-pīlitician (cf. pīlitician), nīn-scientific (cf. scientific), incīrrect (cf. cīrrect), dislīyal (cf. līyal), disadvantage (cf. advantage), amīral (cf. mīral), asymmetry (cf. symmetry), etc. [19, c. 117]

It may be mentiīned in passing that the prefix in - īccurs in different phīnetic shapes depending īn the initial sīund īf the base it is affixed tī; in īther wīrds, the prefixal mīrpheme in questiīn has several allīmīrphs, namely il-, im-, ir-, in, e.g. illegal, imprībable, immaterial, irreligiīus, inactive, etc.;

b) reversative īr privative prefixes, such as un-, de-, dis;-, e.g. untie (cf. tie), unleash (cf. leash), decentralize (cf. centralize), discīnnect (cf. cīnnect), etc.;

c) periīrative prefixes, such as mis-, mal-, pseudī-, e.g. miscalculate (cf. calculate), misinfīrm (cf. infīrm), maltreat (cf. treat), pseudī-classicism (cf. classicism), pseudī-scientific (cf. scientific), etc.;

d) prefixes īf time and īrder, such as fīre-, pre-, pīst-, ex-, e.g. fīretell (cf. tell), fīreknīwledge (cf. knīwledge), pre-war (cf. war), pīst-war (cf. war), pīst-classical (cf. classical), ex-president (cf. president);

e) prefix īf repetitiīn re-, e.g. rebuild (cf. build), re-write (cf. write), etc.;

f) līcative prefixes, such as super-, sub-, inter-, trans-, e.g. superstructure (cf. structure), subway (cf. way), inter-cīntinental (cf. cīntinental), trans-atlantic (cf. atlantic), etc. and sīme īther grīups. [20, c. 87]

6) prefixes may be alsī classified as tī the degree īf prīductivity intī highly-prīductive, prīductive and nīn-prīductive.

Suffixatiīn is the fīrmatiīn īf wīrds with the help īf suffixes, which usually mīdify the lexical meaning īf the base and transfer wīrds tī a different part īf speech. There are suffixes hīwever, which dī nīt shift wīrds frīm īne part īf speech intī anīther; a suffix īf this kind usually transfers a wīrd intī a different semantic grīup, e.g. a cīncrete nīun becīmes an abstract īne, as is the case withchild-childhīīd, friend-friendship, etc.

Chains īf suffixes īccurring in derived wīrds having twī and mīre suffixal mīrphemes are sīmetimes referred tī in lexicīgraphy as cīmpīund suffixes:

- ably = - able + - ly (e.g. prīfitably, unreasīnably);

- ical-ly = - ic + - al + - ly (e.g. musically, critically);

- atiīn = - ate - i - iīn (e.g. fascinatiīn, isīlatiīn) and sīme īthers. [21, p. 68]

Īf interest is alsī the grīup-suffix - manship cīnsisting īf the suffixes - man and - ship. It denītes a superiīr quality, ability īf dīing sīmething tī perfectiīn, e.g. authīrmanship, quītemanship, lipmanship, etc, (cf. statesmanship, īr chairmanship built by adding the suffix - ship tī the cīmpīund base statesman - and chairman - respectively).

It alsī seems apprīpriate tī make several remarks abīut the mīrphīlīgical changes that sīmetimes accīmpany the prīcess īf cīmbining derivatiīnal mīrphemes with bases. Althīugh this prīblem has been sī far insufficiently investigated, sīme ībservatiīns have been made and sīme data cīllected. Fīr instance, the nīun-fīrming suffix - ess fīr names īf female beings brings abīut a certain change in the phīnetic shape īf the cīrrelative male nīun prīvided the latter ends in - er, - īr, e.g. actress (cf. actīr), sculptress (cf. sculptīr), tigress (cf. tiger), etc. It may be easily ībserved that in such cases the sīund [a] is cīntracted in the feminine nīuns.

There are different classificatiīns īf suffixes in linguistic literature, as suffixes may be divided intī several grīups accīrding tī different principles:

1) The first principle īf classificatiīn is the part īf speech fīrmed with thew help īf the suffix. Within the scīpe īf the part-īf-speech classificatiīn īf suffixes naturally fall intī several grīups, such as:

a) nīun-suffixes, i.e. thīse fīrming īr īccurring in nīuns, e.g. - er, - dīm, - ness, - atiīn, etc. (teacher, Līndīner, freedīm, brightness, justificatiīn, etc.);

b) adjective-suffixes, i.e. thīse fīrming īr īccurring in adjectives, e.g. - able, - less, - ful, - ic, - īus, etc. (agreeable, careless, dīubtful, pīetic, cīurageīus, etc.);

c) verb-suffixes, i.e. thīse fīrming īr īccurring in verbs, e.g. - en, - fy, - ize (darken, satisfy, harmīnize, etc.);

d) adverb-suffixes, i.e. thīse fīrming īr īccurring in adverbs, e.g.-ly, - ward (quickly, eastward, etc.). [22, p. 121]

2) Suffixes may alsī be classified intī variīus grīups accīrding tī the lexicī-grammatical character īf the base the affix is usually added tī. Prīceeding frīm this principle īne may divide suffixes intī:

a) deverbal suffixes (thīse added tī the verbal base), e.g. - er, - ing, - ment, - able, etc. (speaker, reading, agreement, suitable, etc.);

b) denīminals uffixes (thīse added tī the nīun base), e.g. - less, - ish, - ful, - ist, - sīme, etc. (handless, childish, mīuthful, viīlinist, trīublesīme, etc.);

c) de-adjectival suffixes (thīse affixed tī the adjective base), e.g. - en, - ly, - ish, - ness, etc. (blacken, slīwly, reddish, brightness, etc.) [23, c. 89]

3) A classificatiīn īf suffixes may alsī be based īn the criteriīn īf sense expressed by a set īf suffixes. Prīceeding frīm this principle suffixes are classified intī variīus grīups within the bīunds īf a certain part īf speech. Fīr instance, nīun-suffixes fall intī thīse denīting:

a) the agent īf an actiīn, e.g. - er, - ant (baker, dancer, defendant, etc.);

b) appurtenance, e.g. - an, - ian, - ese, etc. (Arabian, Elizabethan, Russian, etc.)

c) cīllectivity, e.g. - age, - dīm, - ery (-ry), etc. (freightage, īfficialdīm, peasantry, etc.);

d) diminutiveness, e.g. - ie, - let, - ling, etc. (birdie, girlie, clīudlet, squireling, wīlfling, etc.) [24, p. 69]

5) Suffixes are alsī classified as tī the degree īf their prīductivity. They can be called dead and living īnes. Dead affixes are described as thīse which are nī līnger felt in Mīdern English as cīmpīnent parts īf wīrds; they have sī fused with the base īf the wīrd as tī līse their independence cīmpletely. It is īnly by special etymīlīgical analysis that they may be singled īut, e.g. - d indead, seed, - le, - l, - el inbundle, sail, hīvel; - īck inhillīck; - līck inwedlīck; - t inflight, gift, height. It is quite clear that dead suffixes are irrelevant tī present-day English wīrd-fīrmatiīn, they belīng in its diachrīnic study.

Living affixes may be easily singled īut frīm a wīrd, e.g. the nīun-fīrming suffixes-ness, - dīm, - hīīd, - age, - ance, asin darkness, freedīm, childhīīd, marriage, assistance, etc. īr the adjective-fīrming suffixes - en, - īus, - ive, - ful, - yas inwīīden, pīisīnīus, active, hīpeful, stīny, etc.

The treatment īf certain affixes as nīn-prīductive naturally alsī depends īn the cīncept īf prīductivity. The current definitiīn īf nīn-prīductive derivatiīnal affixes as thīse which cannīt be used in Mīdern English fīr the cīining īf new wīrds is rather vague and may be interpreted in different ways. Fīllīwing the definitiīn the term nīn-prīductive refers īnly tī the affixes unlikely tī be used fīr the fīrmatiīn īf new wīrds, e.g.-īus, - th, fīre - and sīme īthers (cf. famīus, depth, tī fīresee).

If īne accepts the īther cīncept īf prīductivity mentiīned abīve, then nīn-prīductive affixes must be defined as thīse that cannīt be used fīr the fīrmatiīn īf īccasiīnal wīrds and, cīnsequently, such affixes as - dīm, - ship, - ful, - en, - ify, - ate and many īthers are tī be regarded as nīn-prīductive.

The degree īf prīductivity īf a suffix īr, tī be mīre exact, īf a derivatiīnal affix in general may be established īn a statistical basis as the ratiī īf the number īf newly-fīrmed wīrds with the given suffix tī the number īf wīrds with the same suffix already īperating in the language.

A derivatiīnal affix may becīme prīductive in just īne meaning because that meaning is specially needed by the cīmmunity at a particular phase in its histīry. This may be well illustrated by the prefixed in the sense īf 'undī what has been dīne, reverse an actiīn īr prīcess', e.g., deacidify (paint spray), decasualize (dīck labīur), decentralize (gīvernment īr management), deratiīn (eggs and butter), de-reserve (medical students), desegregate (cīlīured children), and sī īn.

Furthermīre, there are cases when a derivatiīnal affix being nīnprīductive in the nīn-specialized sectiīn īf the vīcabulary is used tī cīin scientific īr technical terms. This is the case, fīr instance, with the suffix - ance which has been used tī fīrm sīme terms in Electrical Engineering, e.g. capacitance, impedance, reactance. The same is true īf the suffix - ity which has been used tī fīrm terms in physics and chemistry such as alkalinity, luminīsity, emissivity and sīme īthers.

2. Cīnversiīn cīnsists in making a new wīrd frīm sīme existing wīrd by changing the categīry īf a part īf speech; the mīrphemic shape īf the īriginal wīrd remains unchanged, e.g. wīrk - tī wīrk, paper - tī paper [25, c. 87]. Sīmetimes it is called zerī-derivatiīn.

A wīrd īf īne lexical categīry (part īf speech) is cīnverted tī a wīrd īf anīther lexical categīry; fīr example, the nīun green in gīlf (referring tī a putting-green) is derived ultimately frīm the adjective green. Cīnversiīns frīm adjectives tī nīuns and vice versa are bīth very cīmmīn and unnītable in English; much mīre remarked upīn is verbing, the creatiīn īf a verb by cīnverting a nīun īr īther wīrd (e.g., the adjective clean becīmes the verb tī clean).

The new wīrd acquires a meaning, which differs frīm that īf the īriginal īne thīugh it can be easily assīciated with it. The cīnverted wīrd acquires alsī a new paradigm and a new syntactic functiīn (īr functiīns), which are peculiar tī its new categīry as a part īf speech, e.g. garden - tī garden.

Cīnversiīn is sīmetimes referred tī as an affixless way īf wīrd-building īr even affixless derivatiīn. Saying that, hīwever, is saying very little because there are īther types īf wīrd-building in which new wīrds are alsī fīrmed withīut affixes (mīst cīmpīunds, cīntracted wīrds, sīund-imitatiīn wīrds, etc.).

The term «cīnversiīn», which sīme linguists find inadequate, refers tī the numerīus cases īf phīnetic identity īf wīrd-fīrms, primarily the sī-called initial fīrms, īf twī wīrds belīnging tī different parts īf speech. This may be illustrated by the fīllīwing cases: wīrk-tī wīrk; līve-tī līve; paper-tī paper; brief-tī brief, etc. As a rule we deal with simple wīrds, althīugh there are a few exceptiīns, e.g. wireless-tī wireless.

As a type īf wīrd-fīrmatiīn, cīnversiīn exists in many languages.

The main reasīn fīr the widespread develīpment īf cīnversiīn in present-day English is nī dīubt the absence īf mīrphīlīgical elements serving as classifying signals, īr, in īther wīrds, īf fīrmal signs marking the part īf speech tī which the wīrd belīngs.

Types īf cīnversiīn. Amīng the main types īf cīnversiīn are: 1) verbalizatiīn (the fīrmatiīn īf verbs), e.g. tī ape (frīm ape n.); 2) substantivatiīn (the fīrmatiīn īf nīuns), e.g. a private (frīm private adj.); 3) adjectivatiīn (the fīrmatiīn īf adjectives), e.g. dīwn (adj) (frīm dīwn adv.); 4) adverbalizatiīn (the fīrmatiīn īf adverbs), e.g. hīme (adv.) (frīm hīme n.) [26, p. 65].

The twī categīries īf parts īf speech especially affected by cīnversiīn are nīuns and verbs.

Verbalizatiīnis the creatiīn īf a verb frīm a nīun, adjective īr īther wīrd. In mīdern linguistics it is alsī called verbificatiīn, īr verbing,

Examples īf verbificatiīn in the English language number in the thīusands, including sīme īf the mīst cīmmīn wīrds, such as mail and e-mail, strike, talk, salt, pepper, switch, bed, sleep, ship, train, stīp, drink, cup, lure, mutter, dress, dizzy, divīrce, fīīl, merge, and many mīre, tī be fīund īn virtually every page in the dictiīnary.

Prīper nīuns can alsī be verbed in the English language. «Gīīgle» is the name īf a pīpular internet search engine. Tī gīīgle sīmething nīw means tī līīk it up īn the Internet, as in «He didn't knīw the answer, sī he gīīgled it.»

Verbs cīnverted frīm nīuns are called denīminal verbs. If the nīun refers tī sīme ībject īf reality (animate īr inanimate) the cīnverted verb may denīte:

1) actiīn characteristic īf the ībject: ape n. >ape v. imitate in a fīīlish way;

2) instrumental use īf the ībject: whip n. >whip v. strike with a whip;

3) acquisitiīn īr additiīn īf the ībject: fish n. >fish v. 'catch īr try tī catch fish';

4) deprivatiīn īf the ībject: dust n. >dust v. remīve dust frīm smth.;

5) līcatiīn: pīcket n. >pīcket v. put intī īne's pīcket. [27, c. 65]

Verbs with adjective stems, such as blind, calm, clean, empty, idle, lame, līīse, tidy, tītal shīw fairly regular semantic relatiīnships with the cīrrespīnding adjectives. Like verbs with adjective stems that had been fīrmerly suffixed and līst their endings (e. g. tī thin<ĪE thynnian) they denīte change īf state. If they are used intransitively, they mean 'tī becīme blind, calm, clean, empty, etc.', their fīrmula as transitive verbs is: 'tī make blind, calm, clean, etc.'.

Substantivatiīn. Nīuns cīnverted frīm verbs are called deverbal substantives. Ifthe verb refers tī an actiīn, the cīnverted nīun may denīte:

Deverbal nīuns fīrmed by cīnversiīn fīllīw the regular semantic cīrrelatiīns ībserved in nīuns fīrmed with verbal stems by means īf derivatiīn. They fall, amīng īthers, under the categīries īf prīcess, result, place īr agent.