"Allbest"

. . - . .

07.06.2014
523,1 K

. ,

, , , , .

ࡱ> 9<,-./012345678[;bjbjD<ΐΐ2 80 n.n0n0n0n0n0n0n$pcsDTnETnn....n..n..ej#Tg8nn0n$hs'spjj:sj .TnTn.ns ( :!>45@60=852545=85;020 1.3@5AA8O. A=>2=K5 ?>4E>4K : 8AA;54>20=8N 03@5AA88 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 8 70@C156=>9 ?A8E>;>3881.1 ?@545;5=85 8 284K 03@5AA881.2 3@5AA8O :0: 8=AB8=:B82=>5 ?>2545=851.2.1 A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:89 ?>4E>41.2.2 -B>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>41.2.3 !>F8>18>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>41.3 3@5AA8O :0: ?>1C645=851.3.1 $@CAB@0F8O 8 03@5AA8O1.4 3@5AA8O :0: ?@8>1@5B5==>5 ?>2545=851.5. 5ABL1.2.1 5AB :0: 70I8B=0O @50:F8O;020 2. AA;54>20=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB82.1 K1>@:0 8AA;54>20=8O2.2 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O2.2.1 "5AB =0 >?@545;5=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB82.2.2 "5AB D@CAB@0F8>==KE @50:F89 >75=F259302.2.3 5B>48:0 =5>:>=G5==K5 ?@54;>65=8O (<>48D8F8@>20==0O)2.2.4 "5AB @C:8 03=5@02.2.5 ?@>A=8: 4803=>AB8:8 <AB8B5;L=>AB82.3 57C;LB0BK M<?8@8G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O2.3.1 57C;LB0BK ?> 02B>@A:><C B5ABC =0 >?@545;5=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB82.3.2 57C;LB0BK ?> <5B>48:5 =5>:>=G5==K5 ?@54;>65=8O2.3.3 57C;LB0BK ?> <5B>48:5 >75=F259302.3.4 57C;LB0BK B5ABC @C:8 03=5@02.3.5 57C;LB0BK ?> >?@>A=8:C 4803=>AB8:8 03@5AA82=>AB8 0AA0  0@:8;020 3. !2O7L C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8 A 03@5AA82=K<8 B5=45=F8O<8 8 B8?>< @50:F88 =0 D@CAB@0F8N3.1 !2O7L C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8 A C@>2=5< 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F893.2 !2O7L C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8 A B8?>< @50:F88 8 =0?@02;5==>ABLN ?>2545=8O =0 D@CAB@0F8N0:;NG5=85!?8A>: ;8B5@0BC@K@8;>65=8O 2545=85 A>60;5=8N, A>2@5<5==K9 <8@ A>2A5< =5;L7O ?@54AB028BL 157 03@5AA88. 3@5AA8O 25745, 2 :8=>, 2 :=830E, 2 6C@=0;0E 8 3075B0E, ?> B5;52845=8N 8 =0 C;8F0E 3>@>4>2. 064K9 45=L 87 A2>4:8 =>2>AB59 <K C7=05<, GB> :B>  B> AB0; 65@B2>9 C189AB20, =0A8;8O 8;8 4@C38E 03@5AA82=KE 459AB289. %>BO >1I5AB2> 8 =0:;04K205B A>F80;L=K5 @0<:8 =0 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85, : A>60;5=8N =5 2A5 E>BOB 8E ?@845@6820BLAO. K @0AB5< 8 @0728205<AO 2 65AB>:>< <8@5 :>=:C@5=F88 8 =0A8;8O, 8, GB>1K 2K68BL <K 4>;6=K :0:  B> ?@>B82>AB>OBL 4C@=K< 2>7459AB28O<, B5< A0<K< >B25B=> ?@81530BL : 0:B0< 03@5AA88. '0I5 2A53>, ?@8 2708<>459AB288 A 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8, <K =5 E>B8< 25AB8 A51O 65AB>:> 8;8 03@5AA82=>, => =0H5 ?>2545=85 ?@8=>A8B 1>;L =0H8< 1;87:8<.8 4;O :>3> =5 A5:@5B, GB> ;N48, : :>B>@K< 03@5AA82=> >B=>AOBAO 4@C385, AB@5<OBAO >B?;0B8BL B5< 65. ;O :>3>  B> >B<I5=85  2>AAB0=>2;5=85 A?@0254;82>AB8, :B>  B> ?>;CG05B C4>2>;LAB285 >B B>3>, GB> >B25G0O :>=B@0B0:>9, =5 :065BAO A;0159 A2>53> >184G8:0, 8 B5< A0<K< =5 ?>72>;O5B C@>=8BL A2>5 4>AB>8=AB2>, 0 4;O :>3>  B> <5ABL  70I8B=0O @50:F8O =0 ?@8G8=5==K9 2@54. 0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, ;N48 <ABOB, 8 <ABOB 4>2>;L=> G0AB>.0==0O 48?;><=0O @01>B0 ?>A2OI5=0 B5<5 03@5AA88 8 <5AB8. KBC5B <=>3> B>G5: 7@5=8O, :0:>5 ?>2545=85 <>6=> AG8B0BL 03@5AA82=K<. !59G0A @01>G8< >?@545;5=85< 03@5AA88 O2;O5BAO A;54CNI55: 03@5AA8O  ;N10O D>@<0 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@0O =0F5;5=0 =0 ?@8G8=5=85 2@540 (<>@0;L=>3> 8;8 D878G5A:>3>) 4@C3><C 682><C ACI5AB2C, :>B>@>5 =5 65;05B ?>4>1=>3> >1@0I5=8O. [32]:BC0;L=>ABL @01>BK: 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25 =01;N405BAO 2A?;5A: 03@5AA88, 0 2A;54AB285 =0A8;8O 8 <AB8B5;L=>AB8. 5ABL AB0;0 ?>>I@OBLAO, 8 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 >B><AB8; A2>5<C >184G8:C AG8B05BAO A8;L=K<, 0 53> 459AB28O ?@028;L=K<8.  B0:8< ?>A;54AB28O ?@82>48B 45OB5;L=>ABL !, =0;8G85 2 A>2@5<5==>< :8=5<0B>3@0D5 AF5= =0A8;8O, =5AB018;L=0O A8BC0F8O 2 AB@0=5 8 @>AB :>=:C@5=F88. @02AB25==>ABL 8 <>@0;L CE>4OB =0 2B>@>9 ?;0=, 0 2K6820=85 2 A>2@5<5==>< <8@5 B5?5@L E>@>H> ;N1K<8 <5B>40<8. 0==K5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 8 >1CA;>28;8 2K1>@ =0H59 B5<K.&5;L @01>BK: >?@545;5=85 A2O78 <564C ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 3>B>2=>ABLN : <5AB8 8 C@>2=5< 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F89.1J5:B 8AA;54>20=8O: 03@5AA82=>ABL.@54<5B 8AA;54>20=8O: <AB8B5;L=>ABL.8?>B570: =0;8G85 ?@O<>9 ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=>9 A2O78 <564C <AB8B5;L=>ABLN 8 03@5AA82=K<8 B5=45=F8O<8.>438?>B57K:!CI5AB2>20=85 @07;8G89 B8?>2 @50:F88 =0 D@CAB@8@CNICN A8BC0F8N C ;N459 A 2KA>:8< 8 =87:8< C@>2=5< <AB8B5;L=>AB8;!CI5AB2CNB @07;8G8O 2 =0?@02;5==>AB8 ?>2545=8O =0 D@CAB@8@CNICN A8BC0F8N C ;N459 A @07=K<8 C@>2=O<8 <AB8B5;L=>AB8.040G8 8AA;54>20=8O:7<5@8BL C@>25=L <AB8B5;L=>AB8 2 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 8 :>=B@>;L=>9 3@C??0E;?@545;8BL @07;8G8O B8?>2 @50:F88 =0 D@CAB@0F8N C ;N459 A @07=K< C@>2=5< <AB8B5;L=>AB8;?@545;8BL A2O7L 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F89 C ;N459 A @07=K< C@>2=5< <AB8B5;L=>AB8;?@545;8BL @07;8G85 2 =0?@02;5==>AB8 ?>2545=8O =0 D@CAB@8@CNI85 A>1KB8O C ;N459 A @07=K< C@>2=5< <AB8B5;L=>AB8.K1>@:0: =0H5< 8AA;54>20=88 ?@8=O;8 CG0AB85 34 G5;>25:0  2A5 <C6G8=K. K1>@:0 2K@02=5=0 ?> 2>7@0ABC, C@>2=N >1@07>20=8O, AB06C @01>BK. >7@0AB =0H59 2K1>@:8 A>AB028;0 35 ;5B.;O ?@>2545=8O M<?8@8G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O 1K;8 8A?>;L7>20=K A;54CNI85 <5B>48:8:"5AB @C:8 (Hand Test) -. 03=5@0;5B>48:0 @8AC=>G=>9 D@CAB@0F88 !. >75=F25930;?@>A=8: C@>2=O 03@5AA82=>AB8 0AA0  0@:8;5B>48:0 =5>:>=G5==K5 ?@54;>65=8O (<>48D8F8@>20==K9);2B>@A:89 >?@>A=8: =0 >?@545;5=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8. 40==>9 @01>B5 O 1C4C @C:>2>4AB2>20BLAO @01>B0<8 8 B5>@8O<8 @07=KE H:>; ?A8E>;>388  70@C156=K<8 8 >B5G5AB25==K<8. ;020 1. 3@5AA8O. A=>2=K5 ?>4E>4K : 8AA;54>20=8N 03@5AA88 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 8 70@C156=>9 ?A8E>;>3881.1 ?@545;5=85 03@5AA88;O ?>;=>3> @0A:@KB8O =0H59 B5<K =5>1E>48<> >?@545;8BL GB> 65 B0:>5 03@5AA8O 8 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85. "5@<8= 03@5AA8O A59G0A <>65B C?>B@51;OBLAO 2 >G5=L H8@>:>< A<KA;5, ?>MB><C =C6=> CB>G=8BL, GB> 8<5==> A:@K205BAO ?>4 MB8< ?>=OB85<.!>3;0A=> 0AAC , 03@5AA8O  ;N1>5 ?>2545=85, :>B>@>5 A>45@68B C3@>7C 8;8 =0=>A8B 2@54 4@C38<.[5] 5@:>28F AG8B05B, GB> 03@5AA82=>5 459AB285 4>;6=> A>45@60BL =0<5@5=85 >184K 8;8 >A:>@1;5=8O, 0 =5 B>;L:> ?@82>48BL : B0:8< ?>A;54AB28O<.[10],[43] 8;L<0== ?>;0305B, GB> 03@5AA8O >3@0=8G5=0 =0=5A5=85< D878G5A:8E 8;8 B5;5A=KE ?>2@5645=89.[46] 5A<>B@O =0 @07=>3;0A8O, 03@5AA8O MB> 2A5340 =0<5@5==>5 =0=5A5=85 2@540 G5;>25:C, 1C4L B> D878G5A:89 8;8 <>@0;L=K9 CI5@1.3@5AA8N =5 AB>8B @0AA<0B@820BL :0: <>B82 8;8 =530B82=CN M<>F8N, 254L 03@5AA8O  MB> <>45;L ?>2545=8O. ;O ?@>O2;5=8O 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O G5;>25:C =5 >1O70B5;L=> 8A?KBK20BL 7;>ABL 8;8 =5=028ABL : >1J5:BC 03@5AA88. 0G0ABCN 4065 1;87:85 ;N48 ?@8G8=ONB 4@C3 4@C3C AB@040=8O, ?@8<5@>< MB>3> <>65B A;C68BL A5<59=0O 03@5AA8O.>2>@O >1 03@5AA88 =5;L7O >1>9B8AL 157 B5@<8=0 =0<5@5=85, 254L 2A5 03@5AA82=K5 459AB28O A>25@H0NBAO G5;>25:>< =0<5@5==>. 0AA [5] 3>2>@8B, GB> =0<5@5=85  =54>ABC?=K5 4;O =01;N45=8O 4@C3><C G5;>25:C ;8G=K5 70<KA;K. 7 MB>3> A;54C5B, GB> 03@5AA8O >?@545;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> :0: ?>2545=85, ?@8G8=ONI55 2@54 4@C3><C, => 8 :0: ;N1>5 459AB285, F5;LN :>B>@KE O2;O5BAO 4>AB865=85 MB8E =530B82=KE ?>A;54AB289.> <=5=8N . 0AA0, 03@5AA8N <>6=> @0745;8BL ?> B@5< H:0;0<:$878G5A:0O  25@10;L=0O:B82=0O  ?0AA82=0O@O<0O  =5?@O<0O A2>N >G5@54L MB8 H:0;K >1@07CNB 8 B8?>2 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O:$878G5A:0O 03@5AA8O::B82=0O - ?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O ?@O<K<8 459AB28O<8: 87185=85, @0=5=85 E>;>4=K< 8;8 >3=5AB@5;L=K< >@C685<:B82=0O  =5?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, >ACI5AB2;5==0O ?@8 ?><>I8 ?@8A?>A>1;5=89 8;8 4@C38E ;N459: A>>@C65=85 ;>2CH5:, =05<=>5 C189AB2>0AA82=0O  ?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, ?@8 :>B>@>9 G5;>25: AB@5<8BAO =5 ?>72>;8BL 4@C3><C 4>AB8GL 65;05<>3>0AA82=0O  =5?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O ?CB5< >B:070 >B 2K?>;=5=8O B@51>20=89 8;8 7040G5@10;L=0O 03@5AA8O::B82=0O  ?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, ?CB5< >A:>@1;5=8O 8;8 C=865=8O G5;>25:0:B82=0O  =5?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O ?>A@54AB2>< @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O A;CE>2 8 :;525BK > 4@C3>< G5;>25:50AA82=0O  ?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O ?CB5< >B:070 >B @073>2>@00AA82=0O  =5?@O<0O  03@5AA8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O ?CB5< >B:070 40BL >1JOA=5=8O, 2KABC?8BL 2 70I8BC G5;>25:0 [32]0: <>6=> 1K;> C2845BL, <>45;L . 0AA0 ?@54AB02;5=0 2 2845 48E>B><88, 8 A59G0A <K @0AA<>B@8< 5I5 >48= 20@80=B 48E>B><8G5A:>9 <>45;8 03@5AA88  03@5AA8N 2@06451=CN 8 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=CN.[31]"5@<8= 2@06451=0O 03@5AA8O ?@8<5=8< : A8BC0F8O<, 345 F5;L 03@5AA88  ?@8G8=5=85 AB@040=89 65@B25. 45AL ?@8G8=5=85 2@540  A0<>F5;L, G53> =5;L7O A:070BL ?@> 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=CN 03@5AA8N. -B>B 284 03@5AA88 =5 ?@5A;54C5B F5;8 ?@>AB> =02@548BL 4@C3><C, 0 ?KB05BAO 4>AB8GL 4@C385 F5;8.  40==>< A;CG05, 03@5AA82=K5 459AB28O 2KABC?0NB :0: 8=AB@C<5=B 4;O 4>AB865=8O A2>8E 65;0=89.&5;8, :>B>@K5 =5 ?@54?>;030NB ?@8G8=5=85 2@540 4@C38< ;N4O<, 2:;NG0NB ?@8=C645=85 8 A0<>CB25@645=85. ;> <>65B ?@8G8=OBLAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >:070BL 2;8O=85 =0 4@C38E ;N459. @8<5@>< <>65B A;C68BL 45BA:>5 ?>2545=85, :>340 @515=>: :0?@87=8G05B, B>?05B =>30<8. "0:8< ?>2545=85< >= E>G5B 702;045BL G5;>25G5A:8< 2=8<0=85<, 0 =5 >B:@KB> =0=5AB8 CI5@1. "0: 65 ?@8<5@>< <>65B A;C68BL >3@01;5=85, 345 F5;LN O2;O5BAO ?>;CG5=85 <0B5@80;L=KE 1;03, 0 =5 ?@8G8=5=85 2@540 74>@>2LN G5;>25:0. 54L 4;O ?>;CG5=8O =0682K 8=>340 =C6=> ?@8<5=8BL =0A8;85.> CB25@645=85 =0AG5B B>3>, GB> 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=0O 8 2@06451=0O 03@5AA8O =5 >4=> 8 B> 65 O2;5=85, 2K720;> ?>;5<8:C, 8 ?>MB><C, 8;L<0== [46] 70<5=8; ?>=OB8O 2@06451=0O 03@5AA8O 8 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=0O 03@5AA8O =0 >1CA;>2;5==CN @074@068B5;5< 8 >1CA;>2;5==CN ?>1C645=85<. 3@5AA8O, >1CA;>2;5==0O @074@068B5;5<, =0?@02;5=0 =0 =59B@0;870F8N =5?@8OB=>9 A8BC0F88, 0 03@5AA8O, >1CA;>2;5==0O ?>1C645=85<, =0 ?>;CG5=85 8;8 4>AB865=85 2K3>4K.>46 8 >98 ?@54;>68;8 @50:B82=CN 8 ?@>0:B82=CN 03@5AA8N. 50:B82=0O 03@5AA8O  2>7<57485 2 >B25B =0 C3@>7C, ?@>0:B82=0O  A@>4=8 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=>9 =0?@02;5=0 =0 ?>;CG5=85 65;05<>3>.[44]3@5AA8O :0: 8=AB8=:B82=>5 ?>2545=851.2.1 A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:89 ?>4E>47=0G0;L=> $@594 3>2>@8;, GB> 2A5 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 ?@>8AE>48B 87 M@>A0, 8=AB8=:B0 687=8. # M@>A0 5ABL M=5@38O, =07K205<0O ;8184>, :>B>@0O =0?@02;5=0 =0 A>E@0=5=85 8 2>A?@>872545=85 687=8. >A;5 5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K $@594 ?>=O;, GB> ACI5AB2C5B =5 B>;L:> M@>A, => 8 B0=0B>A  2;5G5=85 : A<5@B8, 53> M=5@38O =0?@02;5=0 =0 @07@CH5=85 8 AB@5<;5=85 A<5@B8. "0:8< >1@07><, $@594 3>2>@8B, GB> 2A5 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85  :>=D;8:B <564C M@>A>< 8 B0=0B>A><. 5E0=87< 03@5AA88 2@>645==K9 8 15@5B =0G0;> 87 2@>645==>3> 8=AB8=:B0 A<5@B8. A;8 B0=0B>A =5 =0E>48B 2KE>40 2>2=5, B> MB> ?@82>48B : @07@CH5=8N A0<>3> 8=482840. > >?0A=KE 459AB289 <>6=> 871560BL A ?><>ILN 2K?;5A:0 M<>F89. ! ?@>O2;5=85< M<>F89 @07@CH8B5;L=0O M=5@38O @07@O605BAO.[1]1.2.2 -B>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>4@54AB028B5;5< MB>3> ?>4E>40 O2;O5BAO >@5=F. 3> ?>78F8O 45<>=AB@8@C5B AE>4AB2> A ?>78F859 $@5940. >@5=F 3>2>@8B, GB> 03@5AA8O 15@5B =0G0;> >B 2@>645==>3> 8=AB8=:B0 1>@L1K 70 2K6820=85, >= ?@8ACBAB2C5B C ;N459 B0: 65 :0: C 682>B=KE. = ?>;0305B, GB> 40==K9 8=AB8=:B ?@>87>H5; ?CB5< 4>;3>3> M2>;NF8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0. > A@02=5=8N A $@594><, C :>B>@>3> =5 1K;> B>G=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > =0:>?;5=88 03@5AA88 8 @07@O4:5, >@5=F 8<5; A2>N >?@545;5==CN B>G:C 7@5=8O. > 53> <=5=8N 03@5AA8O ?>AB>O==> 8 =5?@5@K2=> :>?8BAO 2 >@30=87<5. = 3>2>@8;, GB> G5< 1>;LH5 03@5AA82=>9 M=5@388 A35=5@8@>20=> 2 >@30=87<5, B5< <5=LH89 AB8<C; <>65B 2K?;5A=CBL 55 =0@C6C. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> >@5=F AG8B0; 03@5AA8N =587156=>9, >= AG8B0;, GB> 5ABL A?>A>1K :>=B@>;O 8 ?@54>B2@0I5=8O >?0A=KE 459AB289 ?CB5< 2K?>;=5=8O 4@C3>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, =5 B@51CNI59 =0=5A5=8O 2@540. @8B><, >= 3>2>@8B, GB> B0:85 ?@>O2;5=8O :0: ;N1>2L 8 4@C610, <>3CB ?>402;OBL 8 1;>:8@>20BL 03@5AA82=K5 B5=45=F88.[21, 45]1.2.3 !>F8>18>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>40==K9 ?>4E>4 ?>;0305BAO =0 35=5B8:C 8 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> G5;>25: A:>@59 2A53> 1C45B 70I8I0BL, A>459AB2>20BL 2K6820=8N, ?@>O2;OBL 0;LB@C87< : B5<, C :>3> 8<55BAO 1>;LH55 :>;8G5AB2> AE>68E 35=>2, B> 5ABL : @>4AB25==8:0<, 8 1C4CB 25AB8 A51O 03@5AA82=> ?> >B=>H5=8N : B5<, :B> =5 AE>6 A =8<8 35=5B8G5A:8.[32]4=0:> >10 ?>4E>40 4>2>;L=> A?>@=K, B0: :0: 01A>;NB=> =5 >1@0I0NB 2=8<0=8O =0 87<5=G82>ABL G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O.B0:, ?>42>4O 8B>3 =0?8A0==><C <=>9, 2A5 B5>@88 03@5AA88 :0: 8=AB8=:B0 1;87:8 ?> A<KA;C, E>BO 8 @07;8G0NBAO 2 45B0;OE. 7 MB8E B5>@89 <K 2848<, GB> 03@5AA8O  A;54AB285 2@>645==KE D0:B>@>2, 0, A;54>20B5;L=>, 55 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =52>7<>6=> CAB@0=8BL. >7<>6=> ;8HL >A;018BL 8=B5=A82=>ABL 03@5AA88 8;8 2@5<5==> =5 4>?CA:0BL 55 ?@>O2;5=85.3@5AA8O :0: ?>1C645=850==K9 ?>4E>4 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> 03@5AA8O 15@5B =0G0;> 87 ?>1C645=8O, 0, A;54>20B5;L=>, >?@>25@305B B>G:C 7@5=8O > B><, GB> 03@5AA8O ACI5AB2C5B =0 C@>2=5 8=AB8=:B>2.[1]1.3.1 $@CAB@0F8O 8 03@5AA8O.>;;0@4 AD>@<C;8@>20; B5>@8N 03@5AA88, : :>B>@>9 D83C@8@CNB 420 >A=>2=KE ?>;>65=8O:$@CAB@0F8O 2A5340 ?@82>48B : 03@5AA88 2 ;N1>9 55 D>@<5;3@5AA8O 2A5340 O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< D@CAB@0F88.0==>5 ?>;>65=85 CB25@6405B > B><, GB> D@CAB@0F8O ?@>2>F8@C5B 03@5AA8N, 0 =5 2K7K205B 55 =0?@O<CN. 4=0:> >10 MB8 CB25@645=8O @0A?;K2G0BK, 254L =5 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE D@CAB@8@>20==K9 G5;>25: ?@>O2;O5B 03@5AA8N. 50:F8O<8 =0 D@CAB@0F8N <>3CB 2KABC?0BL B0: 65 @07>G0@>20=85, C=K=85, 8;8 65 =0>1>@>B =0AB>9G82>ABL 8 C?>@AB2>.[22] 5@:>28F 8  8;, =0 >A=>20=88 A2>8E 8AA;54>20=89 3>2>@OB, GB> 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 2 >B25B =0 D@CAB@0F8N 45<>=AB@8@CNB A:>@59 2A53> B5 ;N48, :>B>@K5 CA2>8;8 BC <>45;L ?>2545=8O, 345 @50:F859 =0 D@CAB@0F8N 2KABC?05B 03@5AA8O.[32] 8;;5@ , AD>@<C;8@>202 B5>@8N 03@5AA88 3>2>@8; > B><, GB> ?>A;54AB28O<8 D@CAB@0F88 <>3CB 1KBL @07=>>1@07=K5 <>45;8 ?>2545=8O, 03@5AA8O 745AL 2KABC?05B ;8HL >4=8< 87 2>7<>6=KE 20@80=B>2 A>1KB89. [32]>;;0@4 87=0G0;L=> ?@54?>;>68;, GB> 2 ?>1C645=88 : 03@5AA88 83@0NB 206=CN @>;L =5A:>;L:> D0:B>@>2:#@>25=L >6840=89 C4>2;5B2>@5=8O >B 4>AB83=CB>3>;!8;0 ?@>B82>459AB28O =0 ?CB8 : F5;8;>;8G5AB2> D@CAB@0F89."> 5ABL G5< 1>;LH5 AB5?5=L C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 ?>A;5 4>AB865=8O F5;8, G5< A8;L=59 ?@>B82>459AB285 8, G5< 1>;LH5 ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE D@CAB@0F89, B5< A8;L=55 1C45B ?>1C645=85 : 03@5AA82=><C ?>2545=8N. "0: 65 8<5;> <5AB> ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> G5< 1>;LH5 D@CAB@0F89 1C45B A;54>20BL 4@C3 70 4@C3><, B5< 1>;LHCN 8=B5=A82=>ABL 03@5AA82=>9 @50:F88 MB> 2K7>25B. >A;5 B>3>, :0: 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> >B25B=>9 @50:F859 =0 D@CAB@0F8N =5 2A5340 O2;O5BAO 03@5AA8O, >;;0@4 ?>?KB0;AO 2KOA=8BL ?>G5<C B0: ?@>8AE>48B, 8 ?@8H5; : 2K2>4C, GB> 8=48284CC<K =5 2A5340 >B25G0NB 03@5AA859 87  70 C3@>7K =0:070=8O. "> 5ABL, 4065 5A;8 G5;>25: 2 >B25B =0 D@CAB@0F8N E>G5B >B@5038@>20BL 03@5AA82=>, A45@6820NI8< D0:B>@>< 2 B0:8E A8BC0F8OE O2;O5BAO 1>O7=L 1KBL =0:070==K<. <5==> MB> 8 >A;01;O5B ?>1C645=85 : 03@5AA82=><C ?>2545=8N.[45]>A;5 B>3>, :0: >;;0@4 2KOA=8;, GB> 1>O7=L =0:070=8O >A;01;O5B ?>1C645=85 : 03@5AA82=><C ?>2545=8N, >= ?@54?>;>68;, GB> 5ABL =5:85 D0:B>@K, :>B>@K5 >A;01;ONB 03@5AA82=CN <>B820F8N. 45AL >= >1@0I05BAO : B5>@88 :0B0@A8A0. > 53> <=5=8N, 2A5 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 =0?@02;5=> =0 A=865=85 C@>2=O A>1AB25==>9 03@5AA82=>AB8, =0 ?>402;5=85 ?>A;54CNI59 03@5AA88. >MB><C, 8=48284CC<, =0?@8<5@, <>65B >A:>@18BL 8;8 =0=5AB8 2@54 4@C3><C, GB>1K CAB@0=8BL A2>N <>B820F8N : 03@5AA88. "0:8< >1@07><, G5;>25: =0?@02;O5B A2>N 03@5AA8N 4@C3><C, 70G0ABCN 8<5==> B><C G5;>25:C, :>B>@K9 =5 40; 4>AB83=CBL 65;05<>3> @57C;LB0B0. > B0: 65, 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 <>65B 1KBL =0?@02;5=> =0 01A>;NB=> =528=>2=>3> G5;>25:0.[32]8;;5@ ?@54AB028; <>45;L 70<5I5==>9 03@5AA88.  40==>9 <>45;8 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 =0?@02;5=> =5 =0 D@CAB@8@CNI53>, 0 =0 01A>;NB=> 157>184=>3>, =5 8<5NI53> >B=>H5=8O : 45;C G5;>25:0. 8;;5@ >1JOA=O5B MB> AB5?5=LN AE>4AB20 65@B2K, =0 :>B>@CN =0?@02;5=0 03@5AA8O A B5<, :B> 53> D@CAB@8@>20;.  A>60;5=8N, 8;;5@ =5 B0: ?>4@>1=> >?8A0;, ?> :0:8< :@8B5@8O< ?@>8AE>48B A@02=5=85 G5;>25:>< A2>59 ?>B5=F80;L=>9 65@B2K A D@CAB@8@CNI8< 8=48284><, 1K;8 ;8 MB> 2=5H=85 AE>4AB20, AB5?5=L @>4AB20 8;8 :0:85  ;81> 4@C385 :@8B5@88.  MB> O2;O5BAO 1>;LH>9 =54>@01>B:>9 2 53> B5>@88 70<5I5==>9 03@5AA88.[34]I5 >4=0 87 B5>@89  B5>@8O ?>AK;>2 : 03@5A88 5@:>28F0. = 2=5A =081>;55 7=0G8B5;L=K5 4>?>;=5=8O 8 ?>?@02:8 2 B5>@8N D@CAB@0F8O  03@5AA8O. = CB25@6405B, GB> D@CAB@0F8O  A>2>:C?=>ABL @07;8G=KE D0:B>@>2, :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?@>2>F8@>20BL 03@5AA8N, => 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 =5 O2;O5BAO >1O70B5;L=K< A;54AB285< D@CAB@0F88, 0 ;8HL <>3CB A>740BL 3>B>2=>ABL : 03@5AA82=><C ?>2545=8N. >7=8:=>25=8N ?>4>1=>9 @50:F88 ?@54H5AB2CNB >?@545;5==K5 ?>AK;K : 03@5AA88  MB> AB8<C;K, :>B>@K5 A2O70=K A ?>:070B5;O<8, :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?@>2>F8@>20BL 7;>ABL 8 03@5AA8N. "> 5ABL 157 ?>AK;>2 : 03@5AA88, 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 =5 =0ABC?8B, 0 1C45B =0E>48BLAO =0 AB0488 3>B>2=>AB8 : 459AB28N.[10]!;54CNI89 206=K9 <><5=B, 5@:>28F CB25@6405B, GB> <>45;L 70<5I5=8O 03@5AA88, ?@8 A8;L=>9 D@CAB@0F88 8=48284CC<0, =5 @01>B05B. A;01;5=85 03@5AA82=>3> ?>1C645=8O, 2 40==>< A;CG05, ?@>8AE>48B B>;L:> B>340, :>340 CI5@1 ?@8G8=O5BAO 8<5==> G5;>25:C, :>B>@K9 53> D@CAB@8@>20;, 0 =5 70<5I5==>9 F5;8. 0B0@A8A ?@>8AE>48B B>;L:> ?@8 ?>@065=88 A2>59 03@5AA82=>9 F5;8  D@CAB@0B>@0. "0: 65 >= 3>2>@8B, GB> B>;L:> CA?5H=K5 ?>?KB:8 ?@8G8=5=8O 2@540 <>3CB >A;018BL ?>1C645=85 : 03@5AA88, =5CA?5H=K5 65 ?>?KB:8 O2;ONBAO 4>?>;=8B5;L=K< D@CAB@8@CNI8< AB8<C;><, 8 B>;L:> CA8;820NB 03@5AA82=CN <>B820F8N.[43]!;54CNI8<, :B> 2=>A8B 2:;04 2 B5>@8N D@CAB@0F8O  03@5AA8O, O2;O5BAO 8;L<0==. = AG8B05B, GB> 03@5AA8O 4>;6=0 1KBL >1CA;>2;5=0 B5<, GB> <>6=> 87<5@8BL 8 ?@>=01;N40BL. = 22>48B =>2>5 4;O B5>@88 D@CAB@0F88  03@5AA88 ?>=OB85  2>71C645=85. <5==> 2>71C645=85<, ?> <=5=8N 8;L<0==0 >1CA;>2;5=0 03@5AA8O.  :>=B5:AB5 53> B5>@88, 2>71C645=85 8<55B >B=>H5=85 : 2>7459AB28N =0 A8<?0B8G5A:CN =5@2=CN A8AB5<C, B> 5ABL : A><0B8G5A:8< @50:F8O<, B0:8< :0: ?>B>>B45;5=85, ?>2KH5=85 0@B5@80;L=>3> 402;5=8O 8 4@C38<.[44] A2>8E 8AA;54>20=8OE >= ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;, GB> 53> B5>@8O C<5AB=0. 57C;LB0BK 8AA;54>20=89 ?>:07K20NB, GB> @07;8G=K9 284 2>71C645=8O, B0:8E :0: D878G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL, ?@>A<>B@ D8;L<>2 A M;5<5=B0<8 =0A8;8O, HC<, A?>A>1AB2CNB 2>7=8:=>25=8N 8 ?@>O2;5=8N 03@5AA88.!. >75=F2593 2 A2>59 :>=F5?F88 2K45;O5B 2 2840 D@CAB@0F88:5@28G=0O (A8BC0F8O ;8H5=8O, :>340 G5;>25: =5 8<55B 2>7<>6=>AB8 C4>2;5B2>@8BL ?>B@51=>ABL 2 G5<-;81>)B>@8G=0O (A8BC0F8O ?@8 :>B>@>9 ACI5AB2C5B ?@5?OBAB285, :>B>@>5 <5H05B C4>2;5B2>@5=8N ?>B@51=>AB8)!2>N B5>@8N 8 B5AB @07@01>B0; =0 >A=>25 ?>;>65=8O > B><, :0:85 C@>2=8 ?@8ACBAB2CNB 2 70I8B5 >@30=87<0, >= A0< 2K45;O; 3 C@>2=O 70I8BK:;5B>G=K9 (8<<C=>;>38G5A:89) C@>25=L, ?A8E>18>;>38G5A:0O 70I8B0 >A=>20=0 745AL =0 459AB288 D03>F8B>2, 0=B8B5; :>68 8 B. 4. 8 A>45@68B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 70I8BC >@30=87<0 ?@>B82 8=D5:F8>==KE 2>7459AB289.2B>=><=K9 C@>25=L, =07K205<K9 B0:65 C@>2=5< =5<54;5==>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 (?> B8?>;>388 5==>=0). = 70:;NG05B 70I8BC >@30=87<0 2 F5;>< ?@>B82 >1I8E D878G5A:8E 03@5AA89.  ?A8E>;>38G5A:>< ?;0=5 MB>B C@>25=L A>>B25BAB2C5B AB@0EC, AB@040=8N, O@>AB8, 0 =0 D878>;>38G5A:>< - 18>;>38G5A:8< 87<5=5=8O< B8?0 AB@5AA0.KAH89 :>@B8:0;L=K9 C@>25=L 70:;NG05B 2 A515 70I8BC ;8G=>AB8 ?@>B82 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 03@5AA88. -B>B C@>25=L, :>B>@K9 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2:;NG05B B5>@8N D@CAB@0F88."0: 65 @50:F8O G5;>25:0 =0 D@CAB@0F8N 7028A8B >B 2>7459AB2CNI53> =0 =53> D@CAB@0B>@0. ABL 3 2840 D@CAB@0B>@>2, ?> !. >75=F2593C. A5 3 2840 45;OBAO B0: 65 =0 2=CB@5==85  B>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2=CB@8 A0<>3> G5;>25:0, 8 2=5H=85 - =0;8G85 :0:>3> ;81> D0:B>@0, ?>2;5:H53> D@CAB@0F8N: ;8H5=85, ?>B5@O 8 :>=D;8:B.[22]!. >75=F2593 8A?>;L7CO 40==K5 B5>@5B8G5A:85 >A=>2K A>740; B5AB 2 :>B>@>< ?@>?8A0=K 6 B8?>2 @50:F88 =0 @07;8G=K5 D@CAB@0F8>==K5 A8BC0F88:-:AB@0?C=8B82=K9 B8?, 2=5H=5 >128=ONI89, =0?@02;5==K9 =0 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, ;81> D8:A0F8O =0 ?@5?OBAB288;=B@0?C=8B82=K9 B8?, A0<>>128=ONI89, G5;>25: 15@5B =0 >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 A;>682HCNAO A8BC0F8N, >128=O5B A51O 2 A;CG82H5<AO;<?C=8B82=K9 B8?, B8? ?@8 :>B>@>< D@CAB@0F8O 2>A?@8=8<05BAO G5;>25:>< :0: =5GB> =587156=>5, =5 >128=O5B =8 A51O, =8 4@C38E;@5?OBAB25==>-4><8=0=B=K9 B8?, ?@8 40==>< B8?5 G5;>25: D8:A8@C5BAO =0 ?@5?OBAB288, :>B>@>5 2K720;> 40==CN A8BC0F8N;!0<>70I8B=K9 B8?, 2 :>B>@>< >B@8F05BAO ;8G=0O >B25BAB25==>ABL, >B@8F05BAO A2>O 28=0, ?>@8F0=85 4@C38E;5>1E>48<>AB=>-C?>@AB2CNI89 B8?, 2 :>B>@>< ?@>8AE>48B D8:A0F8O =0 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 ?>B@51=>AB8, =0?@02;5=> =0 :>=AB@C:B82=>5 @5H5=85 A;>682H59AO A8BC0F88, G5;>25: 55 @07@5H05B ;81> A0<, ;81> ?@815305B : ?><>I8 4@C38E ;N459.[19]>42>4O 8B>3 40==><C @0745;C <>59 @01>BK <>6=> A:070BL, GB> CG5=K5, :>B>@K5 ?@845@6820;8AL 40==KE ?>4E>4>2 AB028;8 A2>8 B5>@88 2 ?@>B82>25A 2@>645==>9 ?@54@0A?>;>65==>AB8 : 03@5AA88, 0 ?@8?8AK20NB 03@5AA8N 2;8O=8N 2=5H=8E AB8<C;>2  2>71C645=8N, D@CAB@0F88. "0: 65 >=8 >1@0I0NB 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> ?>;=>5 8A:>@5=5=85 03@5AA88 =52>7<>6=>.1.4 3@5AA8O :0: ?@8>1@5B5==>5 A>F80;L=>5 ?>2545=85.0==0O B5>@8O @07@01>B0=0 0=4C@>9, 8 03@5AA8O 745AL 2KABC?05B 2 @>;8 <>45;8 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@>5 CA208205BAO =0@O4C A 4@C38<8 <>45;O<8. !>3;0A=> MB>9 B5>@88, 03@5AA8O ?@8>1@5B05BAO ?>A@54AB2>< 18>;>38G5A:8E D0:B>@>2, B0:8E :0:, =0?@8<5@, 3>@<>=K, 8 ?>A@54AB2>< =0CG5=8O, A>1AB25==>3> >?KB0.[3]45O =0CG5=8O A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> =02K:8 03@5AA88 =5 40NBAO ?@8 @>645=88, >=8 ?@8>1@5B5==K5, 8 CA20820NBAO G5@57 A>F80;L=>5 =0CG5=85.;02=CN @>;L 2 B5>@88 A>F80;L=>3> =0CG5=8O 8 CA2>5=8O 03@5AA88 83@0NB =01;N45=85 8 >?KB, => 8 @>;L 18>;>38G5A:8E D0:B>@>2 =5 >B@8F05BAO, B0: :0: ;N1>5 459AB285 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?>A@54AB2>< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<>9.;02=K< M;5<5=B>< CA2>5=8O 03@5AA88 O2;O5BAO ?>>I@5=85 03@5AA82=KE 459AB289. A;8 03@5AA82=>5 459AB285 ?>>I@O5BAO, B> >=> 1C45B ?>2B>@OBLAO 8 40;LH5.  ?@>F5AA5 CA2>5=8O 03@5AA88 B0: 65 =5 <0;CN @>;L 83@05B :0G5AB2> ?>4:@5?;5=8O. "0:8< >1@07>< <0B5@80;L=>5 ?>>I@5=85 >B=>A8BAO : D0:B>@0<, :>B>@K5 ?>;>68B5;L=> 2;8ONB =0 CA8;5=85 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F89.[4]@><5 =5?>A@54AB25==>3> >?KB0, ?> <=5=8N 0=4C@K, 206=CN @>;L 83@05B =0CG5=85 G5@57 =01;N45=85. 5B>4 ?@>1 8 >H81>: 2 40==>< A;CG05 <>65B ?@825AB8 : >?0A=K< ?>A;54AB28O<, ?>MB><C 3>@074> 157>?0A=59 =01;N40BL 70 03@5AA82=K< ?>2545=85< 4@C38E 8, >A=>2K20OAL =0 ?>A;54AB28OE MB8E 459AB289, ?@>O2;OBL ?>4>1=>5 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85.A;8 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 C65 CA2>5=>, B> 2ABC?0NB B0:85 <5E0=87<K :0: :>=B@>;L, CA8;5=85 8 A>E@0=5=85  @53C;OB>@K CA2>5==>3> 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O. !CI5AB2CNB =5A:>;L:> 284>2 @53C;OB>@>2:0B5@80;L=>5 ?>>I@5=85 8;8 =0:070=858:0@=K9 >?KB!0<>=0:070=85 8;8 A0<>?>>I@5=85 ?5@2><C ?C=:BC >B=>AOBAO 2=5H=85 8AB>G=8:8, B0:85 :0: ?>E20;0, <0B5@80;L=>5 ?>>I@5=85 ?>2545=8O, =530B82=>5 >B=>H5=85 A> AB>@>=K 4@C38E ;N459.B>@>9 ?C=:B 405B G5;>25:C ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?>A;54AB28OE B>3> 8;8 8=>3> 459AB28O, =0AB@08205B =0 A>>B25BAB2CNI55 =0:070=8O 8;8 ?>E20;C 70 =53>. 45AL ?@>8AE>48B A@02=5=85 C65 CA2>5==>3> >?KB0 A A>F80;L=K<8 >1@07F0<8 ?>2545=8O."@5B89 ?C=:B 3>2>@8B > A0<>@53C;OF88 G5;>25:>< A2>53> ?>2545=8O. 45AL CAB0=02;820NBAO @0<:8, ?>>I@O5BAO 8;8 =0:07K205BAO A>1AB25==>5 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85. >>I@5=85< <>65B A;C68BL E>@>H55 =0AB@>5=85, 4>2>;LAB2> A>1>9 2 @57C;LB0B5 CA?5H=>3> 03@5AA82=>3> 459AB28O, =0?@02;5==>3> =0 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0. 0:070=85< 65 <>65B A;C68BL C3@K75=85 A>25AB8, GC2AB2> 28=K 70 A>25@H5==>5. 065 :@09=5 03@5AA82=K5 ;N48 <>3CB >AC640BL A2>5 ?>2545=85.[3]I5 >48= 206=K9 <><5=B 2 CA2>5=88 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O  :>340 65 8 >B:C40 15@5B =0G0;> 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85, 8 745AL =C6=> >1@0B8BLAO : 45BAB2C.ABL B@8 >A=>2=KE 8AB>G=8:0, >B:C40 45B8 <>3CB G5@?0BL 7=0=8O >1 03@5AA82=>< ?>2545=88:!5<LO!25@AB=8:8!8<2>;8G5A:85 ?@8<5@KB0:, A5<LO <>65B 4020BL ?@O<>9 ?@8<5@ 03@5AA82=>9 <>45;8 ?>2545=8O 8;8 65 ?>4:@5?;OBL 03@5AA82=>5 ?>2545=85 A0<>3> @515=:0. 5@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> C @515=:0 1C4CB B5=45=F88 : 03@5AA82=><C ?>2545=8N, =0?@O<CN 7028A8B >B B>3>, 2848B ;8 >= 03@5AA8N 2 A2>59 A5<L5.B>@>9 ?CBL  G5@57 2708<>459AB285 A> A25@AB=8:0<8. 515=>: <>65B CA20820BL 03@5AA82=CN <>45;L ?>2545=8O G5@57 83@K."@5B89 ?CBL  A8<2>;8G5A:85 ?@8<5@K. -B8 ?@8<5@K =0< 40NB A@54AB20 <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88  =0A8;85 2 :8=> 8 =0 B5;52845=88.!5<LO O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< 8AB>G=8:>< B>3>, :0:85 <>45;8 ?>2545=8O CA208205B @515=>:, 254L 8<5==> 2 A5<L5 @515=>: ?@>E>48B ?5@28G=CN A>F80;870F8N. 45AL @515=>: =0CG05BAO 2708<>459AB2>20BL A 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 >1I5AB20. 06=CN @>;L 83@05B 30@<>=8O 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C @515=:>< 8 @>48B5;O<8, @515=:>< A 1@0BLO<8 8 A5AB@0<8, @50:F8O @>48B5;59 =0 =5?>4>10NI55 ?>2545=85. [32]!CI5AB2C5B B5>@8O ?@82O70==>AB8, :>B>@0O ?>:07K205B, GB> >B=>H5=8O <0B5@8 A @515=:>< 83@0NB 1>;LHCN @>;L. ">B @515=>:, :>B>@K9 8A?KBK20; CAB>9G82>5 8 GCB:>5 >B=>H5=85 A2>59 <0B5@8, 1K; A =59 =0456=> A2O70=, 4>25@O5B 2?>A;54AB288 ;N4O< 8 E>@>H> @0728205B A2>8 A>F80;L=K5 =02K:8."0: 65 745AL 8<55B <5AB> @C:>2>4OI89 AB8;L, :>B>@K9 8A?>;L7CNB @>48B5;8. 5:>B>@K5 87 =8E @54:> 2<5H820NBAO 2 687=L @515=:0, @515=>: =5 GC2AB2C5B @0<>:, 2545B A51O :0: 70E>G5BAO. @C385 65 459AB2CNB ?> AE5<5 ?>>I@5=8O 8;8 =0:070=8O, B> 5ABL 40NB >F5=:C :064><C 459AB28N A2>53> @515=:0, GB> ?><>305B CAB0=>28BL @0<:8 ?@85<;5<>3> 8 =5?@85<;5<>3> ?>2545=8O. !;54>20B5;L=>, 45B8, 70 :>B>@K<8 25;AO :>=B@>;L, ?@>O2;ONB <5=LH5 03@5AA88 2 459AB28OE.0:070=8O B0: 65 1K20NB =5A:>;L:8E 284>2. ABL @>48B5;8, :>B>@K5 ?CB5< ?@>AL1 AB0@0NBAO 87<5=8BL ?>2545=85 @515=:0, 4@C385 <>3CB ?@8<5=OBL A;>25A=CN 1@0=L, B@5BL8  D878G5A:85 =0:070=8O. > @57C;LB0B0< 8AA;54>20=8O -@>=0, 45B8, :>B>@KE G0I5 =0:07K20;8 D878G5A:8, AG8B0;8AL 4@C38<8 1>;55 03@5AA82=K<8.[40]7 2KH5 =0?8A0==>3> <>6=> A45;0BL 2K2>4, GB> D878G5A:85 =0:070=8O, >BACBAB285 =0456=>9 A2O78 A <0B5@LN 8 >BACBAB285 :>=B@>;O 70 ?>2545=85<, =51;03>?@8OB=> 2;8ONB =0 ?>2545=85 @515=:0. "0:85 45B8 G0I5 ?@>O2;ONB 03@5AA8N."5?5@L, :>340 <K @0AA<>B@5;8 3;02=K5 ?>;>65=8O, :0A0NI85AO 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O G5;>25:0, <>6=> ?5@59B8 : G0AB=><C @0745;C ?@>O2;5=8O 03@5AA88  G5;>25G5A:>9 <AB8B5;L=>AB8.1.5 5ABLB0:, G0AB=K< ?@>O2;5=85< 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O O2;O5BAO <5ABL. 5ABL 2KABC?05B 2 @>;8 2>7<5748O 70 ?@8G8=5==K9 CI5@1, MB> >B25B=0O @50:F8O G5;>25:0 =0 ?@8G8=5==CN @0=55 =5A?@0254;82>ABL. 5ABL A>25@H05BAO =0<5@5==>, => =0<5@5==>ABL 40;5:> =5 A8=>=8< >14C<0==>AB8. /2;5=85 MB> 2>7=8:;> >G5=L 402=>, 8 ?@8=F8? >:> 70 >:>, 7C1 70 7C1 4> A8E ?>@ 8<55B <5AB> 2 G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8. &5;L <5AB8  2>AAB0=>2;5=85 A?@0254;82>AB8.  AC451=>9 ?@0:B8:5 1>;LHCN G0ABL ?@5ABC?;5=89 ?@>B82 ;8G=>AB8 ?@54AB02;ONB ?@5ABC?;5=8O, =0 >A=>25 <5AB8. [18]!0<K9 G0AB> 2AB@5G0NI89AO 284 <5AB8  1KB>20O <5ABL. -B>B 284 <5AB8 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO A2>59 8<?C;LA82=>ABLN 8 =5>14C<0==>ABLN.  MB>< A;CG05 G5;>25: =5 >A>7=05B ?>A;54AB289 A2>53> 459AB28O, 8 53> <>6=> E0@0:B5@87>20BL, :0: 0DD5:B82=>5. '5;>25:, =0E>4OAL ?>4 459AB285< ?5@2>=0G0;L=>9 =530B82=>9 M<>F88, A>25@H05B ?>ABC?>:, :>B>@K9 =0 E>;>4=CN 3>;>2C >= A45;0BL 1K =5 A<>3. >A;54AB28O B0:>3> 2840 <5AB8 <>3CB 4>E>48BL 2?;>BL 4> =0=5A5=8O BO6:8E B5;5A=KE ?>2@5645=89 8;8 ?@8G8=5=8O A<5@B8 >184G8:C. > <>5<C <=5=8N, MB>B 284 <5AB8  A0<K9 >?0A=K9. [14]!;54CNI89 284 <5AB8 <>6=> >7=0<5=>20BL :0: 2>7<57485. -B>B 284 <5AB8 >14C<0=, G5;>25: A2>8< 459AB285< ?@5A;54C5B ?5403>38G5A:CN F5;L  ?@>CG8BL >184G8:0, ?>:070BL, GB> 53> ?>ABC?>: =5 ?@55<;5BAO 2 >1I5AB25. [14]"@5B89 284 <5AB8  <5ABL A8<2>;8G5A:0O. 0==K9 284 <5AB8 >G5=L 8=B5@5A5=, B0: :0: G5;>25:, :>B>@><C 1K; =0=5A5= CI5@1, <AB8B =5 A2>5<C >184G8:C, 0 =528=>2=K< ;N4O<. -B>B D5=><5= AE>6 A D5=><5=>< A<5I5==>9 03@5AA88, :>340 ?@8 D@CAB@0F88, G5;>25: ?@>O2;O5B 03@5AA8N =5 : A2>5<C D@CAB@0B>@C, 0 : G5;>25:C, :>B>@K9 =5 8<55B =8:0:>3> >B=>H5=8O : ?@>8AH54H5<C. [14] ?>A;54=89 284 <5AB8  A0<K9 4@52=89  :@>2=0O <5ABL. A?>:>= 25:>2, MB>B 284 <5AB8 8A?>;L7>20;AO =0H8<8 ?@54:0<8 8 ?@>4>;605B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25. [14] @>2=0O <5ABL =5 <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL ;8HL 87  70 =57=0G8B5;L=>3> 2@540 8;8 >184K, MB0 <5ABL 2>7=8:05B ?> A5@L57=K< ?@8G8=0<, :>B>@K5 <>3CB =0;>68BL :;59<> =0 25AL @>4. @8<5@>< MB>3> <>65B A;C68BL 87=0A8;>20=85 =570<C6=59 452CH:8 2 <CAC;L<0=A:>< >1I5AB25, B0: :0: ?>4>1=>5 459AB285 ?> 8E >1KG0N =0:;04K205B ?>7>@ =0 2AN A5<LN. "0:8< >1@07><, 5A;8 <C6G8=K 87 MB>9 A5<L8 A<>3CB =09B8 ?@5ABC?=8:0, =04 =8< 1C45B CAB@>5= A0<>AC4. [20]# =0@>4>2 !525@=>3> 02:070 B0: 65 =53;0A=> ACI5AB2C5B 70:>= :@>2=>9 <5AB8, 4065 ACI5AB2C5B =5?8A0==K9 :>45:A G5AB8, 2 :>B>@>< C:070=K 284K ?@5ABC?;5=89 ?@>B82 G5;>25:0, :>B>@K5 ?>2;5:CB 70 A>1>9 >1KG09 :@>2=>9 <5AB8. >4G8=O5BAO ;8 B> 8;8 8=>5 ?@5ABC?;5=85 =53;0A=><C :>45:AC G5AB8 @5H0NB AB0@59H8=K. 0 =5A>1;N45=85 40==>3> 70:>=0, B> 5ABL, 5A;8 G5;>25: >B:070;AO 2>AAB0=02;820BL 4>1@>5 8<O @>40, B =53> >B2>@0G820NBAO 1;87:85 @>4AB25==8:8 8 4@C385 ;N48, :>B>@K5 >A254><;5=K > A;CG82H5<AO. 1J5:B>< 745AL O2;O5BAO 687=L >184G8:0, 0 B0: 65 :>3>  ;81> 4@C3>3> 87 53> A5<L8. [25]!CI5AB2CNB ACI5AB25==K5 @07;8G8O <564C C189AB20<8 ?> <>B820< ;8G=>9 <5AB8 8 ?> <>B820< :@>2=>9 <5AB8. #189AB2> ?> <>B820< ;8G=>9 <5AB8 A>25@H05BAO ;N1K< A?>A>1><, 0 C189AB2> ?> <>B820< :@>2=>9 <5AB8 >B;8G05BAO 65AB>:>ABLN 8 :@>2>?@>;8B85<. "0: 65 ?@8 C189AB25 ?> <>B820< ;8G=>9 <5AB8 C;8:8 BI0B5;L=> A:@K20NBAO, 70<5B0NBAO A;54K, 0 ?@8 C189AB25 ?> <>B820< :@>2=>9 <5AB8 ?@5ABC?=8: =5 ?KB05BAO A?@OB0BL 65@B2C 8 C=8GB>68BL C;8:8, >= <>65B ?@>AB> =54>3>20@820BL ?@8 4>?@>A5, CE>48BL >B >B25B0, 254L A0<> =0;8G85 65@B2K A8<2>;878@C5B 2K?>;=5==K9 4>;3 ?5@54 A2>59 A5<L59, >1I5AB2>< 8 @>4><. [27]B0:, :0: <K <>65< 2845BL, ?@8 A>25@H5=88 ?@5ABC?;5=89 ?> <>B82C :@>2=>9 <5AB8, ?@5ABC?=8: 15@5B =0 A51O @>;L ?@02>AC48O 8 =5 ?@87=05B =8:0:>3> 4@C3>3> 8AE>40. ;O =53> =5 2;0AB=K 70:>=K, ?@8=OBK5 2A5< >1I5AB2>< 2 F5;><, >=8 @C:>2>4AB2CNBAO A2>8<8 =53;0A=K<8 70:>=0<8 :>45:A0 G5AB8. "0: 65 40==K9 284 <5AB8 >B;8G05BAO B5<, GB> <AB8B5;L =5 AB>;L:> ?KB05BAO ?>;CG8BL C4>2;5B2>@5=85, A:>;L:> 2>AAB0=>28BL A?@0254;82>ABL, 4>1@>5 8<O @>40 8 8A?>;=8BL >1KG09. >6=> A:070BL, GB> :@>2=0O <5ABL 2 MB>9 :C;LBC@5 O2;O5BAO 0=B8:@8<8=>35==K< D0:B>@><, :>B>@K9 @53C;8@C5B ?>2545=85 40==KE 3@C?? ;N459. [38]B0:, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> ACI5AB2C5B =5A:>;L:> 284>2 <5AB8, 2A5 >=8 @07;8G0NBAO ?> >1J5:BC >B<I5=8O, A?>A>10< 8 ?>A;54AB28O<, 2A5 >=8 =0?@02;5=K =0 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 CB5@O==>9 A?@0254;82>AB8.1.5.1 5ABL :0: 70I8B0">, GB> ;N48 >B25G0NB =0 0B0:C 0B0:>9 <>6=> >1JOA=8BL B5<, GB> B0:8< A?>A>1>< <K 70I8I05<AO >B 2>7<>6=>3> 2@540. 065 <KA;L > B><, GB> :B>  B> <>65B =02@548BL =0< <>65B >:070BLAO AB8<C;>< 4;O ?@>O2;5=8O 03@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O. A;8 G5;>25: AG8B05B, GB> 4@C3>9 <>65B =0=5AB8 5<C CI5@1, B> ?KB05BAO 70I8B8BLAO ?CB5< 3>B>2=>AB8 : :>=B@0B0:5. > 254L G5;>25: =5 2A5340 <>65B ?@028;L=> >F5=8BL =0<5@5=8O 4@C3>3>, 8 MB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : B><C, GB> ?>2545< A51O 03@5AA82=> A B5< G5;>25:><, :>B>@K9 2>2A5 =5 E>B5; ?@8G8=8BL 2@54, 8 A0<8 =0=5A5< 2@54 =528==><C G5;>25:C 87 65;0=8O 70I8B8BL A51O >B <=8<>3> =0?045=8O. [32] ;020 2. AA;54>20=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8B0:, 2 MB>9 3;025 ?@54AB02;5=K <5B>4K, :>B>@K<8 <K ?>;L7>20;8AL ?@8 ?@>2545=88 8AA;54>20=8O, >?8A0=85 2K1>@:8 8 >1I85 @57C;LB0BK, :>B>@K5 1K;8 ?>;CG5=K 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@>2545=8O 8AA;54>20=8O.K1>@:0 8AA;54>20=8OK1>@:C =0H53> 8AA;54>20=8O A>AB028;8 2 3@C??K 27@>A;KE ;N459:17 A>B@C4=8:>2 ?@02>>E@0=8B5;L=KE >@30=>217 <C6G8= 4@C38E ?@>D5AA89, =5 A2O70==K5 A A8;>2K< AB@C:BC@0<8.K1>@:0 A>AB02;5=0 B>;L:> 87 <C6G8=.K1>@:0 2K@02=5=0 ?> 2>7@0ABC, AB06C @01>BK 8 >1@07>20B5;L=><C C@>2=N.>7@0AB 2K1>@:8 35 ;5B.5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O0H5 8AA;54>20=85 1K;> =0?@02;5=> =0 2KOA=5=85 A2O78 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F89 8 3>B>2=>AB8 : <5AB8. K 87<5@8;8 A0< C@>25=L <AB8B5;L=>AB8, 0 B0: 65 C@>25=L 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?>2;8OBL =0 C@>25=L <AB8B5;L=>AB8.  B0:8< ?>:070B5;O< <K >B=5A;8 B8? D@CAB@0F88 ?> <5B>48:5 >75=F25930, B8? @50:F88 =0 D@CAB@8@CNI85 A>1KB8O ?> <5B>48:8 <>48D8F8@>20==KE =5>:>=G5==KE ?@54;>65=89, C@>25=L 03@5AA82=KE B5=45=F89 ?> <5B>48:5 0AA0 - 0@:B 8 B5ABC @C:8 03=5@0."5AB =0 >?@545;5=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8 (02B>@A:0O)0==K9 B5AB =0?@02;5= =0 2KO2;5=85 C@>2=O <AB8B5;L=>AB8. = A>AB>8B 87 20 CB25@645=89, B8? B5AB0  70:@KBK5 2>?@>AK, =0 :>B>@K5 8A?KBC5<K5 >B25G0NB ?> AE5<5 0/ 5B, B> 5ABL ?>ABC?0NB >=8 B0: 65, :0: 3;0AOB CB25@645=8O 8;8 =5B. -B8 CB25@645=8O 1K;8 A>AB02;5=K >B ?5@2>3> ;8F0, 87 @50;L=KE A8BC0F89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 2AB@5B8BLAO =0 ?CB8 C :064>3> G5;>25:0. > @57C;LB0B0< 8AA;54>20=8O <K ?>;CG05< C@>25=L <AB8B5;L=>AB8. 57C;LB0BK @0745;ONBAO =0 =87:89 C@>25=L <AB8B5;L=>AB8 8 2KA>:89 ?> 3@C??0< 8A?KBC5<KE. KA>:89 C@>25=L <AB8B5;L=>AB8 ?>:07K205B 3>B>2=>ABL G5;>25:0 : >B25B=>9 03@5AA88 2 >B25B =0 ?@8G8=5=85 5<C 2@540 8;8 =5A?@0254;82>AB8. 87:89 C@>25=L ?>:07K205B, GB> G5;>25: =5 3>B>2 >B25G0BL =0 ?@8G8=5==K9 CI5@1 A ?><>ILN <5AB8.87:8<8 @57C;LB0B0<8 O2;O;8AL 7=0G5=8O >B 0 4> 10, 2KA>:8<8  >B 10 4> 20."5AB D@CAB@0F8>==KE @50:F89 >75=F25930. [19]5B>48:0 ?@54=07=0G5=0 4;O 8AA;54>20=8O @50:F89 =0 D@CAB@8@CNICN A8BC0F8N. 0B5@80; B5AB0 A>AB>8B 87 A5@88 24 @8AC=:>2, ?@54AB02;ONI8E :064>3> 87 ?5@A>=0659 2> D@CAB@0F8>==>9 A8BC0F88. (@8;>65=85 2)0 @8AC=:0E 87>1@065=0 A8BC0F8O. 48= G5;>25: >1@0I05BAO : 4@C3><C CG0AB=8:C A8BC0F88. ">B 5<C >B25G05B, => A0<>3> >B25B0 =5B, 2<5AB> >B25B0 ?CAB0O >1;0ABL. 5A?>=45=BK 70?8AK20NB B>, :0: 1K <>3 >B25G0BL G5;>25: 2 7040==>9 A8BC0F88.A5 >B25BK 8A?KBC5<KE 70=>AOBAO 2 A?5F80;L=K5 1;0=:8 8 >F5=820NBAO ?> A;54CNI8< :@8B5@8O<:- E  >B25BK 2=5H=5 >128=ONI85, ?>4G5@:8205BAO 28=0 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, ;81> ?>4G5@:8205BAO =0;8G85 ?@5?OBAB28O.- I  >B25BK A0<>>128=ONI85, G5;>25: ?>;=>ABLN 15@5B 28=C 8 >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 A;CG82H55AO =0 A51O- M  >B25BK, ?@8 :>B>@KE ?KB0NBAO 871560BL >128=5=8O :>3>- 8 G53>-;81>- $8:A0F8O =0 ?@5?OBAB288, ?@5?OBAB25==>-4><8=0=B=K9 (O-D)  G5B:> ?>4G5@:8205BAO =0;8G85 ?@5?OBAB28O, :>B>@>5 2K720;> D@CAB@8@CNICN A8BC0F8N- $8:A0F8O =0 A0<>70I8B5, M3>-70I8B=K9 (E-D)  >B25B ?@54?>;0305B 70I8BC / G5;>25:0, >= <>65B >128=OBL :>3>- 8;8 GB>-;81>, 8;8 ?>;=>ABLN >B:07K20BLAO >B >B25BAB25==>AB8- $8:A0F8O =0 C4>2;5B2>@5=88 ?>B@51=>AB8, =5>1E>48<>-C?>@AB2CNI89 (N-P)  B8? @50:F88 =0?@02;5= =0 @07@5H5=85 D@CAB@8@. 0 N ^ ` 68D 0@Bln@ npTټ

  • "" , , . . . - .

    [29,9 K], 18.01.2016

  • , . . . : . . . , . .

    [1,1 M], 25.04.2012

  • , . . (, , , ) - -, .

    [210,9 K], 10.05.2011

  • , , . . . "-", . , .

    [46,1 K], 24.09.2009

  • , . . , -.

    [587,5 K], 20.06.2012

  • . , . , .

    [93,5 K], 25.06.2011

  • , . " ", " ", - .

    [13,7 K], 04.06.2009

  • , . , . .

    [78,8 K], 17.05.2009

  • . . : , , , . . . .

    [26,9 K], 22.04.2013

  • - , , . . ( -).

    [123,6 K], 16.02.2015

, , ..
PPT, PPTX PDF- .
.

2000 2023,