Development of technology of crude smoked sausage

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Annotation

The theme of course work is “Development of the technological process of dry smoked sausage.” In the course work technology of dry sausage, patent and analytical reviews are presented. The necessary raw materials for production of this type of sausage, as well as the production line are described. The formula and calculated material balance are shown. The Corse work carried out at 40 pages, includes 10table, 2 charts and 5 figures.



Contents

Introduction

Normative references

Definitions, abbreviations

1.Analitical part

2.Tehnological part

2.1 Characteristics of sausages

2.2 Characteristics of raw and auxiliary materials

2.3 Methods of production of sausage

3. Technology of production of dry sausage enzymatic

3.1 Technological chart of dry fermented sausage.

3.2 Technological line for crude smoked sausage production

3.3 Technology introductions of protein of software 500Е

3.4 Grocery calculation dry enzymatic sausages

4 Requirements for the finished product.

4.1 Requirements for quality sausage

4.2 Faults and defects of sausages

5 Packaging, labeling, storage and transportation of meat products

6 Techno chemical control

7. Equipment

8 Safety

Conclusion.. Appendix A



Normative references

In coursework reference on follow documents are used:

GOST 9958-81 Meats and meat products. Methods of bacteriological analysis

GOST 9957-73 Sausage and pork products, lamb and beef. Methods for determination of sodium chloride

GOST 9792-73 Sausage and pork products, mutton, beef and other kinds of slaughtered animals and birds. Acceptance rules and sampling methods

GOST 16290-86 sausages cooked and smoked. Specifications

GOST 53587-2009 Cooked sausage made of horse meat.

GOST 16131-86 crude smoked sausages. Specifications

GOST 12600-67 smoked sausages supplied for export.

GOST 16351-86 smoked sausages.

GOST 53591-2009 smoked sausages made of horse meat.

GOST 23231-90 sausages and cooked meat products. Method of determining the residual activity of acid phosphatase

GOST 23670-79 Cooked sausage, hot dogs and sausages, meat loaves.

GOST 52479-2005 Sausages cooked meat for baby food. General specifications

GOST 52196-2003 Sausages cooked. Specifications

GOST 23231-90 sausages and cooked meat products. Method of determining the residual activity of acid phosphatase

GOST 16351-86 smoked sausages

GOST 12297-66 Canned meat. Sausage Stuffing amateur.



Reduction

In this work reductions were used

Etc - et cetera

Fig - figure

Min - minute

Mm - millimeter

m / sec - meter in second

cm - centimeter

C - Degrees Celsius

Kg - kilogram

% - percent

G - gram



Terms

In this cores work follow terms are given:

Chilled meat is subjected to special thermal treatment in the cooling chamber, is a good raw material for production of sausage.

Sausage product from the sausage meat in the shell, cooked until ready to use.

Frozen meat - meat is subjected to freezing and thawing requires, is ice cream.

Smoked sausages - are the products in the shells, made of minced meat, bacon, salt, spices, and subjected to the draft, smoked and dried.

Cognac - the alcoholic beverage with a special flavor and taste, made from ethyl alcohol, long-aged in oak barrels, and sugar syrup.

Draught sausage - sausage sticks to extract heat treatment in limbo for a fixed time for the seal meat maturation and drying of the shell.

Drying of sausages - removal of moisture from the sausage at certain parameters of air to give them strength during storage.

Minced meat - meat, shredded on top with a hole diameter of the lattices 2-5mm.

Meat is multicomponent type of raw material is represented combination of muscle, fat, connective and bone tissue (or without its).

Clearing of carcasses. Sanitary- veterinary brand, blood coagulum, blood stains and diaphragm are cut from carcasses and half-carcasses. Pollutions are removed by humidifying cloth. Hair is burned by blowlamp.

Butchering. Carcasses and half-carcasses are divided on anatomic parts: shoulder, hock, thorax, coupling part and neck. Butchering is carried out on pendant ways, hangers or tables. Fat is removed at pork.

Chiselling is separation meat from bones.

Trimming. At trimming of beef and mutton by knife tendons, cartilage, large blood vessels, nerve plexuses, connective-fiber mat, subcutaneous fat and large accumulations of intramuscular fat are removed. At pork intramuscular fat is not removed.

Cutting. Meat is cut on pieces by mass 50-70g and at packing into large tares is cut till 200 g. For cutting meat 2 consistently mounted disk meat cutters are used: first meat cutter cuts meat on strips, second - strip on pieces.



Introduction

Expansion of assortment on the basis of rational use of raw materials - is today the main task of industrial activity of any sausage shop.

Now certain lifting meat conversion the industries including sausage manufacture, that develop in several directions is observed:

1. Use of new kinds of raw materials and food additives;

2. Expansion of assortment of production;

3. Development of the new equipment and technologies [1].

Meat and meat products are one of the major components of a food of the person, it is a source of proteins and the vitamins necessary for normal development of an organism. At a long absence in a diet of meat and meat products, other sources of animal protein albuminous insufficiency which negatively influences health can develop: function кроветворения is broken, the exchange of fats and vitamins, decreases resistibility to infectious and простудным to diseases. Meat is one of the basic sources of animal fats in a food of the person. Sausage products and smoked products occupy the big relative density in a population food, and their manufacture is one of the major in the meat industry.

Due to environmental degradation, increasing stress on human rights and other unfavorable factors, the importance now is the problem of improving the quality, safety and medical-preventive properties of meat products.

One of the main choice of food additives and ingredients that are included in the formulations of meat products is the use of substances of natural origin, affecting not only the functional and technological properties of raw materials, but high biological and physiological activity in humans. The introduction of dietary fiber in foods reduces the risk of diseases such as diverticulosis, colon cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and the maintenance of normal intestinal micro flora can be achieved through the use of substances that stimulate the development of bifid bacteria in the human gut. In recent years, have been widely used natural food natural food colors.

In our country the set of names of sausage products of following kinds is developed: stuffed, boiled sausages, sausages, sausages, meat corn, ливерные, blood sausages, pastes, jellies, semi-smoked, boiled-smoked, crude smoked and crude dried sausages. These are products on the basis of mincemeat with salt, spices and additives, in a cover or without it and subjected to thermal processing to readiness for the use. Distinctions between them are caused by a kind and properties of raw materials, a structure compounding, character and features of the technological processing, specific external properties and product structure. Thus in most cases, major importance properties of raw materials have.

Crude smoked sausages are products in the covers, prepared of mincemeat, the salted pork fat, salt, spices and subjected a deposit, to smoking and drying. These sausages the most proof at storage Preparation for the use in food is carried out at the expense of a long fermentation of meat at all stages of manufacture of sausages. These sausages differ a dense consistence, pleasant aroma and sharp saltish taste. Thanks to considerable dehydration they can be stored long time. By manufacture crude smoked sausages great attention give to quality of raw materials, careful trimming meat as sausages do not subject to thermal processing. The attention to age of an animal, carefulness of cooling, a parity of beef and pork, especially pork fat as its excessive quantity makes adverse impact on connecting ability of forcemeat is paid.

Sausage products should be, certainly good-quality. And unsuitable for the use in food products - with obvious signs not fresh forcemeat or rancid of fat, a product in which harmful microorganisms or larvae of insects, and also extraneous, hazardous to health inclusions (slices of glass, metal etc. are found out) are substandard and containing nitrites in the quantity exceeding established norms. In the presence of some defects it is not authorised to let out in a trading network and suitable in food sausage products. The defects reducing food value concern their number (extraneous smack and a smell) and storages influencing duration (the big emptiness in the forcemeat, the burst cover, strongly deformed and broken long loafs)

I will stop on a method of introduction of protein «PP500Е» in сырокопченые sausages. Using correct technology it is possible to improve profitability of manufacture, raising exits at simultaneous decrease in expenses, and also to achieve favorable influence on a structure of a ready product, improving linkage between fat and meat particles at protein application «Purin500Е».



1 Analytical part

The modern word "sausage" (sausage) comes from the Latin word "salsus", which means salty. Probably, in ancient times, this term has a broader meaning to mean not only hot dogs and sausages in our submission, but all the salty, or just canned meat. Then it was not possible to keep the meat cold, and cooking sausages (cooked and smoked), it was a good way to save it.

Centuries went by, and people are more and more perfected the process of making sausage. So, depending on the geographic location in different parts of the world there are various recipes of sausage, which is best, suited for a particular climate. For the cool regions of northern Europe, where the raw meat can be stored for a long time without special cooling, has been more suitable raw sausage. In order to keep the meat in the warmer months, smoking was used. Probably, and there were summer sausage.

Start of production of sausages can be attributed to the Middle Ages, when they began manufacturing in central Europe (Germany).

Over time, sausages are one of the main types of meat products produced in Kazakhstan and by 1990, production totaled 3.4 million tons. Transition to market relations has led to a sharp reduction in their production, due primarily to increased prices for meat and change the demand. In 1993, production of sausage products in Kazakhstan fell by 17%. According to the forecasts will decrease the level of meat sales in its pure form. Will increase production of semi-finished products: frankfurters, sausages for diet and infant nutrition, long-term storage of sausages: smoked, boiled-smoked, smoked, while reducing the production of cooked sausage [2].

Sausages are popular among consumers due to their high quality and nutritional value. Development of new kinds of raw materials, primarily due to the use eat soy protein (flour, concentrate, isolate), playing the role of emulators and stabilizers meat, improving its structure and replaced by an equivalent portion of meat. In addition, soy proteins have a positive effect on human health, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer morbidity, increase body resistance [3].

In addition to supplements, replacements of animal protein increasing application in meat products finds the use of biologically active substances. According to Bogatyrev [4], using of dietary supplements, is a concentrate of natural or identical to natural substances. The most commonly used supplements of egg, milk and soy proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, and vitamins. The application, which is an effective form of prevention and comprehensive treatment of common chronic diseases - obesity, atherosclerosis, bad quality, immunodeficient states.

Another promising direction - the creation and use for the production of meat products of biologically active substances on the basis of metabolic products of microorganisms. Such preparations for the Roubaix-pulp known as the starter culture and are widely used in sausage production. For use in the meat industry, a new bacterial preparation of PB-MP, the current basis of which is lactic acid bacteria. He has high acidifying ability and produces large amount of carbonyl and four carbon compounds that can create distinctive taste and aroma of meat product, has antibiotic activity against coliform. The presence of denitrifying microorganisms in the product leads to the formation of the required number of nitrozopigments stabilizing the color of meat products, while dry sausage ripening period be reduced to 17-19 days. [5].

One of the urgent problems of sausage production is to increase the shelf life of sausages. To this end, stuffing the addition of specially designed substances - preservatives, representing the original composition of the mixture of different food acids that may be used in the meat industry. They inhibit the growth of undesirable microorganisms with respect to, prevent the formation of toxins and are easy to use [6].

Another direction of extending the shelf life sausages is to develop new packaging technologies that enable more reliable than the traditional, to protect finished products from the change in organoleptic properties, moisture loss and bacterial spoilage. In most data meet the requirements of multi-shrinkable polyamide and polivinildihloridnye envelope to ensure preservation of quality indicators-governmental sausages with snoring and allow con-dit sterilization [10].

In recent years there has been an active development of meat products for baby food, recipes which should be tailored to the specific metabolic, physiological and biochemical processes of the child's body and include quantitative restrictions on the nutritional content key elements of vitamins and minerals. The Co-utilization of high quality raw meat in combination with the components of plant and dairy origin and edible hull of providing high nutritive and biological value of these sausages [7].

Further development of the sausage production will be associated with technical and technological re-equipment of enterprises, with the use of the latest. Most foreign equipment and technology and their own know-how, enabling to produce products with high consumer qualities of the individual.

For most successful businesses they need persistent advertising of its products, market expansion of its sales, opening branches in other regions, creating its own network of shops. Significantly also adhere to the principle of modern marketing: not to defend from competitors and learn from them, to fight for the consumer, choosing the main tool to combat product quality .

Sausage, as well as other meat products, are the main source of protein, so their nutritional value should be defined as the total content of protein, and the number of essential proteins. The amount of fat should be within the limits under which improves the quality indicators of sausages (taste, texture), as excessively large amounts of fat affects the taste of the products and their digestibility. In compiling recipes sausages should also be considered content in the finished products of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, macro-and micronutrients, vitamins and digestible bridge.

Invention of boiled sausage object of the present invention is to improve product quality by improving its taste and organoleptic properties and increase product yield. The problem is solved by the fact that in a certain mode of production of cooked sausage. The essence of the product. Method differs in that the salting of pig heads, drumsticks, or gubernaculums is carried out with a brine concentration of 10% salt content and sodium nitrite was 0.075%.

Another difference is that the main beef is prepared in a cutter with a ratio of pork trimmed bold, trimmed pork fat and soy protein hydrated 4,5:4,5:1, respectively, while in the stuffing added phosphate containing complex mixture of spices, salt, nitrite or cookbook in the amount of 2 kg and a solution of sodium nitrite in an amount of 7.5 g per 100 kg of raw material and cuttering wire first by adding 50% ice of the total contributed amount until the meat temperature 10oC, then add the remaining 50% of the ice cutter until a temperature minced 5oC.

The technical result in the implementation of the method is achieved due to the fact that when cooking ground meat used in certain ratios of all of the following components: beef tendon removed bold, pork tendon removed fat and soy protein hydrated. Clearly, in this case we use raw meat of better quality compared to the prototype. In this case, soy protein hydrated in almost equal in nutritional value and nutritional value of animal proteins, due to the presence of essential amino acids, similar in composition to the amino acids of high-quality animal proteins.

Invented smoked sausage with use of a multifunctional additive (premix) with the following composition: essential oils and oleoresins of aromatic plants, polysaccharides, ascorbic acid and or its salts and or eritrobovaya acid and or its salt, flavor enhancer and flavor glyukono delta -lactone. Additionally, in obtaining meat add 20-30% trimmed raw meat, as well as hydrated vegetable protein. Invention provides a dry sausage on a fast track technology through the use of multifunctional additive (premixes). The additive allows you to control the ripening process raw sausages, accelerate them and get a quality finished product is 10-21 days with high organoleptic quality, color stability and long shelf life. (2168304, A23L1/317).

Multifunctional additive (premix) for the dry sausage is a complex multicomponent mixture of specially selected taste, aroma and functional ingredients (raw meat pH regulators, boosters maturation, etc.).

Known food additive for the production of dry sausage that contains wine and alcohol composition and carbohydrate components - glucose and maltodextrin at a certain ratio of ingredients (RU 2115341 C 1, A 23 L 1 / 314, 07/20/1998).
Invention of boiled sausage with the addition of apple powder, which improves the organoleptic and physic-chemical quality of products and dietary properties, to improve the nutritional and biological value (a set of essential amino acids, pectin and dietary fiber, carotene, vitamins and micro-and macro) production in increase the shelf life of cooked sausages, improving profitability and expanding the range of cooked meats, to create a product of health care destination for competitive products, to obtain the product at cost price[9].



2 Technological part

2.1 Characteristics of sausages

Crude smoked sausage is sometimes called solid smoked. Meat for smoked sausages before filling the shell, as well as for cooked sausages, is not subjected to thermal treatment. After filling, the sausage shall be stored in a cool place 7-10 days and then smoked at a temperature of 25-35 0C. Continuation of smoking such raw meat leads to a rather stiff sausage (which is why it is the second title). After smoking, the obtained dried sausage sticks. For preparation of dry sausage using premium grade beef, lean pork. Often add spices and wine (brandy). On the outer shell of sausages may appear a dry white patches of mold or salt, which is not a sign of depravity sausage. Crude smoked sausage produce higher and 1st grades.

Sausages premium. These include the following items of sausage: pork, Soviet, sausage, Moskovskaya, Stolichnaya, Poland, Special, Sudzhuk, Neva, beef, Tambov, etc. Sausage, 1st class is an amateur sausage. Crude smoked sausage consistently enjoyed good demand, and today there is a huge selling their choice, giving you the ability to pick a product for every taste [10].

For the manufacture of sausages used the following materials: meat, fatty materials, blood, eggs and egg products, flour products, mainly starch, protein stabilizer, the ingredients for salting (salt, sugar, sodium nitrite, and sodium askarbinat), spices, onion, garlic, brandy and Madeira, sausage casings. Also used smoking drugs, and dressing and packing materials.

The manufacturing process of each type of sausage has its own characteristics. However, operations training material for sausage production are common to most sausages. Sort of meat based on the separation of meat trimmed of varieties depending on the content of connective and fatty tissue.



2.2 Characteristics of raw and auxiliary materials

Raw materials used in sausage production. Meats produced from meat of all kinds of livestock and poultry, processed offal 1st and 2nd category, protein-containing preparations of animal or plant origin, animal and vegetable fats, eggs and egg products of wheat flour, starch, cereals [11].

Raw meat. For the production of dry sausage using beef from adult cattle, pork, refrigerated and defrosted states, bacon spinal. The best raw material is the meat from the back and shoulder parts of carcasses of bulls aged 5-7 years and from the shoulder adult pigs (2-3 years). Chilled raw materials should be no more than 2-3-day exposure, frozen - no more than 3 months storage.

Meat is considered to be neutralized, if inside a piece of the temperature reached is not below 800 C.

Blood. Blood proteins (serum) equivalent meat proteins (95 - 97%) and almost completely absorbed. In addition, blood contains carbohydrates, fatty substances, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, hormones and other biologically active substances necessary for normal functioning of the body.

Amino-acid composition of 100 g of meat protein, blood or milk can almost entirely to provide the daily needs in all essential amino acids except isoleucine. Whole blood is used to make blood sausage, brawn, canned food.

Spices. Spices are added to sausage products to give them a specific aroma and taste. Spices are the products of plant origin. Their distinctive feature - the content of essential oils. For spices include: Pepper (black, white, fragrant, red), nutmeg, cardamom, coriander, cinnamon, cumin, pistachios, bay leaf and some others.

In practice, often use a mixture of spices, spice extracts in the form of three types of oils. A negative feature of the extracts - greater volatility.

Garlic and onions. Bulbous plants containing essential oils are used to create a bouquet of smell and taste of sausage. These include: fresh garlic, garlic, canned, onion, and their powder dry dried.

Cognac. Cognac - the alcoholic beverage with a special bouquet and flavor, prepared from ethyl alcohol, long-aged in oak barrels, and sugar syrup.

Salted ingredients. These include: salt, sodium nitrite, ascorbic acid, askarbinat sodium and sugar. For salting meat in the production of sausage ingredients used in crystalline form or in the form of saturated solutions of these salts.

The casings have to be well degreased, cleaned of contents and fiber layers, showed no pathological changes. Their litter-commute by type and size (diameter).

Shell for summer sausages. Natural casings used for the production of smoked sausage, should be degreased, as preserved in the bowels of fat during storage or during ripening can become rancid, which will naturally have a negative impact on flavor, taste and color of the sausage mass.

Salted guts prior to processing must be well rinsed in warm water and soak for several hours in enough cold water to avoid the formation of a layer of salt on the surface of the shell. Not recommended for the production of smoked sausage to use fresh intestine, just after the slaughter of animals. Natural casings for smoked sausages after treatment should brine for at least one week.

Use of natural casings in the production of sausage is currently limited due to the epidemics of mad cow disease. This primarily concerns the use of bovine and ovine intestines.

For the production of dry sausage, along with natural and artificial can be used by the shell, which are offered in different variants. In addition to adequate strength artificial shell should have good shrink and adhesion properties and provide uniform and sufficient water yielding capacity of raw sausage.

Preparation of raw materials. Preparation of raw materials includes trimming, and salting of meat.

Trimming by hand in areas with air temperature to 12 °C. To prevent the occurrence of stained sections in the finished product from the meat cuts are cut marks. When deboning cannot allow the accumulation of processed raw materials, as cut surface of muscle tissue is a good breeding ground for the development of microflora. In case of detection in the process of boning abnormal tissue areas (hemorrhages, abscesses, tumors, etc.) disclosed to the physician responsible for sausage production. If these changes are not related to the overall defeat of the carcass characteristic of any animal disease, after the removal of affected areas and the corresponding stripping the meat used in sausage production.

Quality control boning meat is recommended to 3 times per shift: 2 hours after the start of session, for 1 to lunchtime and in the last 2 h of operation.
In the process trimming beef, lamb and pork are cut into pieces weighing 300 ... 600g, pork ribs into pieces weighing 300 ... 400g, fat on the spinal stripes 15CH30sm. Before grinding, raw fat (pork fat, bacon, bacon, fat, raw) should be cooled to 2 ± 2 ? C, or freeze up to -2 ± 1 ? C.

2.3 Methods of production of sausages

Smoked sausage can be produced in two ways

The first method

Salting of raw materials. Trimmed beef, mutton and pork, salt in lumps of 400-600 g, by adding for every 100kg of meat 3.5 kg of salt. Reducing the amount of salt and 3 kg per 100 kg of meat.

Salted meat is kept at a temperature of 2-4 C for 5-7 days in various capacities (vats, barrels, etc.). For the best meat dehydration Ambassador produce on sloping shelves or in containers with perforated bottoms.

Preparation of meat. Stored in the salting cuts of beef, lamb, lean and fat pork is ground on top with a mesh diameter 2 ... 3mm, bold pieces of pork - with a maximum diameter of 6 mm, brisket, fat and crude fat - at shpigorezkah different designs, cutter or other equipment into pieces the size specified for each type of sausage.

Shredded beef, lamb and lean pork mixed in a mixer for 5 ... 7 min with the addition of spices, garlic, brandy or Madeira and sodium nitrite. Then successively added into the mixer that is bold, fat pork, bacon, bacon fat or raw, and continue to stir 3 minutes. Sodium nitrite is used in an amount of 10 g in a 5% solution, evenly distributing it to the stuffing.

If you use unsalted bacon, bacon fat or raw at the same time add table salt at the rate of 3.5% by weight of unsalted raw materials. Mixing is carried out to obtain a homogeneous mince with evenly distributed in it pieces of bacon, lard, fat, bold, and fatty pork. The total duration of mixing 8 ... 10 min.

Stuffing kept in containers with a layer thickness of not more than 25 cm for 24 h at 2 ± 2 ? C to reach maturity.

Filling shells with minced meat. Conduct hydraulic syringes. Tables for knitting crude smoked sausages should be dry. Before extruded casings to remove moisture hung in a refrigerated room at 12-24 h, or display in pots, trays and other containers with perforated bottoms. It is recommended to apply the tarsus diameter of 100 mm less than the diameter of the shell. Shell should be filled tightly, sealing the stuffing especially when tying the free end of the shell. On the density of filling the shell depends on the quality of the finished product. To shell dry sausage meet the following requirements: a good permeability, the ability to shrink and seal.

For stuffing meat primarily use natural casings, the lack of which is that they contain fat gives taste of rancidity. Allowed release of sausages in an artificial membrane without dressings. In this case it is obligatory on the application of the loaves printed signs or labeling with the name of the sausage. Baton tied up with string or thread, causing trademarks. Air, caught in a stuffing for spraying, was removed by piercing the shell.

Sediment. Tied sticks hung on sticks and frames, are subjected to sediment for 5 ... 7sut at 3 ± 1 ? C and relative humidity of 87 ± 3%. The first day the distance between the sticks and Baton must be at least 10 cm, and then stick shift. Velocity of air in the process of precipitation of 0.1 m / sec. With increased air circulation is excessive shrinkage of the shell and form a seal layer on the surface of the loaf, obstructing with smoking and drying the removal of moisture from deep layers of the loaf. Exclusion of rainfall in the manufacture of dry sausage led to the deterioration of taste, minced porosity on the cut, warping sticks and the appearance of dark rings in the shell. Practitioners are guided by the following indicators of readiness sausages at upsetting: Dry shell, tightly fitting sausage, when you are not pressed, minced becomes elastic, the cut of bright red color, the individual fibers of meat does not reach for a knife.

Smoking. From a technological point of view, smoking is a process of soaking foods smoking substances smoke from incomplete combustion of wood. The resulting gas-vapor mixture contains both nutrients (phenols and aldehydes) as well as harmful fractions of organic and inorganic compounds. Value them depends on the temperature of combustion of wood, method of producing smoke, its density and dilution rate of cold air.

Smoked sausages become acute, pleasant taste and smell, dark red and glossy surface. As a result of penetration into the product of some factions of smoke, especially phenols and organic acids with high bactericidal and bacteriostatic action, suppresses the development of putrefactive microflora increases the shelf life of sausages.

Distinguish between cold and hot smoked sausages. Cold smoking is carried out at 18-220S for 2-3 days. It provides the greatest durability of products during storage. Subjected to cold-smoked summer sausage. Duration of smoking, depending on temperature and type of smoked sausage is from 1 to 48 h.

After precipitation smoked sausage in the cells with the smoke from the sawdust of solid hardwood (beech, oak, alder, etc.) within 2 ... 3 days at 20 ± 2 ? C, relative humidity of 77 ± 3% and its speed 0.2 ... 0.5 m / sec.

The process of smoking should continually monitor to avoid temper - compacted surface layer.

If smoking is undergoing considerable loss of moisture - in the summer sausages in cold-smoked for 4 days, they are 12-14%. There is evidence that prolonged storage of products smoke has a negative effect on fats. Heavily smoked sausage, depending on conditions become pungent taste of tar and phenol, which increased with further storage. Apparently, this causes a change in the substances contained in smoke. Found that when smoking smoked sausages reduced flexibility and ability moisture containing mince; significantly reduced stickiness meat, which indicates a change in denaturation of proteins in the process of smoking.

Drying. This operation completes the technological cycle of dry sausage. As a result, lowering the mass fraction of moisture and increasing the mass fraction of salt and smoking materials increases the stability of meat products to the action of putrefactive microorganisms. In addition, the concentration of dry nutrients in the finished product, improving the conditions for its storage and transportation.
Sausage, dried 5 ... 7 days a dryer at 13 ± 2 ? C, relative humidity of 82 ± 3% and its velocity of 0.1 m / s. dried on hatrack 25-30 days depending on the diameter of the shell. Further drying pass for 20 ... 23 days at 11 ± 1 ? C, relative humidity of 76 ± 2% and air velocity of 0.05 ... 0.1 m / sec. The total drying time of 25 ... 30sut depending on the diameter of the shell; tourist sausages 5 ... 8 days.

When cooking sausages in synthetic protein coat drying time increases by 10 - 15 days compared with the sausage in natural casing. When drying is not permitted the strong air currents.

For uniformity of drying should be picked loaves of the same diameter. Air conditioners and other devices should provide in the drying chambers to the desired temperature and humidity.

Sausage is dried in drying chambers under certain temperature and humidity in which the capacity of each chamber must meet the daily performance of the shop, but their number - the number of days of drying. To maintain the regime of drying using air conditioners. Hang or frame on which hang sausages, place in several stages depending on the height of the room. Between long loafs leave gaps for air circulation.



1 - the lower chamber for air, 2 - Top Breather, 3 - Fan, 4, 7 - additional heaters, 5 - a conduit for irrigation with warm water, 6 - chamber air supply, 8 - Evaporator

Fig. 2. Drying. Device for production of crude smoked sausage

Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage. Bulk transportation of meat products leads to a decrease in their quality, strain loaves, long loading of vehicles. For storage and transportation of meat products are packaged in clean, tight boxes or barrels of dry wood and kept in a dry and dark place or refrigerator. Be stored sausages, peppered with dry sawdust. Tara should have the cover be dry, clean and free of mold and unwanted odors.

The temperature of smoked sausages before placing in containers should be 0-120 0C. In each box or barrel packed sausages one name.

When marking packaging indicates the product, the manufacturer, date of manufacture, standard.

Transported sausages all modes of transport in accordance with the rules of cargo transportation.

Length of storage of raw sausages: at temperatures of 12-15 0C and a relative humidity of 75-78% - less than 4 months, at a temperature of -2 to -4 0C - no more than 4 months, at a temperature of -7 to -9 0C - no more than 9 months.

The second way

On the thread-mechanized lines recommended manufacturing grainy, Maikop, Moscow, Nevsky, sausage, Soviet, the capital of sausage and tourist sausages according to Fig. 1.

Preparation of raw materials. Trimmed beef, pork chunks and strips of bacon were frozen in aluminum basins or on trays layer thickness not exceeding 10cm in the freezer to a temperature in the thickness of a piece or block of -3 ± 2 ? C for 8 ... 12 hours or on the unit for light freezing meat and bacon followed by the alignment of the temperature in the chamber-drive around the block to the volume of 2 ± 1 ? C.

Frozen blocks trimmed beef and pork before processing is warmed to -3 ... -2 ? C. It is recommended to pre-crush on machines for grinding meat blocks into pieces of thickness 20 ... 50 mm.

Preparation of meat. Carried out on the cutter, designed for crushing frozen meat. After crushing large chunks of beef or lean pork in about 0.5 ... 1.0 min, table salt, spices and brandy or Madeira, 10g of sodium nitrite as a 5% solution, bold or fatty pork and continue to cutter 0.5 ... 1.0 min. Then add the lard or bacon and ground still 0.5 ... 1.5 min. The total duration of grinding 1.5 ... 3.5min.

End of cuttering determined by drawing mince; it is relatively uniform in size slices of bacon, bacon or pork fat should be evenly distributed. Temperature of meat after cuttering -2 ± 1 ? C. The load factor Cutter 0.4 ... 0.5.

Allowed for cooking meat use a mixture comprising not less than 50% of the frostbitten flesh and no more than 50% of salted meat. In this case, the cutter initially charged with first frostbitten shredded beef and pork, then seasoned in salting meat pieces.

The process is then performed as described above (Fig. 1).

Filling shells with minced meat. Ground cutter with handling the device or the cart is fed into a vacuum press. After the appropriate seals and vacuum is filled with minced meat sliding hollow cylinder capacity of 60 dm3. Cylinders with minced special mechanism established by a syringe device that produces a filling shells with minced meat. The process of dressing sticks similar to a method.

Heat treatment. Includes sediment, smoking and drying. These processes are similar to the first method.

Packaging, labeling and storage. Summer sausage packed in wood, plastics and aluminum multi-boxes, crates or containers made of other materials, as well as special container or packaging-equipment.

Containers for sausages must be clean, dry and free of mold and unwanted odors. Reusable packaging should have the cover.

Smoked sausage produced by weight or packaged in colorfully decorated cardboard box, net weight not exceeding 2 kg. Travel sausages produced weight or packed in cartons, net weight of 250 ... 500. Bags packed with smoked sausages the same name, grade and date of manufacture is placed in corrugated containers, multi-containers, specialized containers or packaging equipment. Net Weight of packaged meat products in the boxes should not exceed 20 kg.

Allowed the implementation of packaged smoked sausages in plastic multi-boxes with a gross mass not exceeding 30 kg, and in special containers and packaging - equipment, net weight not exceeding 250 kg.

Crude smoked sausage produced with temperatures in the interior of the stick 0 ... 12 ? C. Implementing weighted sausage at retail level should be carried out in the presence of information data on food and energy values. Sausage stored at 12 ... 15 ? C and relative humidity 75 ... 78% less than 4 months, with -2 ... -4 ? C for up to 6 months, with 7 ... -9 ? C ? 9 months.



3 The Production technology of the dry fermented sausage

The Dry fermented sausage is meat product, consisting from has overtaken meat with visible particles of fat which as a result combined a fermentation and drying gets such typical properties, as ability to threading on slices, color, taste and safety.

Process of acidification is essential to maintenance of firmness of a product in storage, for maintenance of color and flavor formation, but, besides, he is equally important for gelatinization salt soluble meat proteins. Acidification is caused by transformation of carbohydrates under the influence of the microbes naturally present at meat or entered into a compounding to dairy acid.

Manufacture of the dry fermented sausages is the ancient art which has arisen, basically, as a way of conservation. There is a set of regional distinctions both in used components, and in technology, the form and flavoring qualities of sausages. On this slide the assortment of this production is presented: salyami the big diameter, mini-sapami, the hunting sausage, sticks to beer, Milan sausage; Pepperoni; Spanish; Choriza; Salshishon, and also rural ring sausage.

Components: In manufacture of the dry fermented sausages following components are used: low-fat meat, fat or fat meat, sugar, salt, nitrate and nitrite, squirrels «Purin500Е», ascorbic acid, seasonings and ferments. It is possible to enter also the chemical compounds promoting process of a fermentation, for example, gluconodeltalicton.

A component used in manufacture of dry sausages, protein «Purin 500Е». Using correct technology it is possible to improve profitability of manufacture, raising exits at simultaneous decrease in expenses, and also to achieve favorable influence on a structure of a ready product, improving linkage between fat and meat particles at protein application «Purin500Е» [12]. Drying time Besides, decreases.

By tradition fermentation process in manufacture of dry sausages developed naturally under the influence of the bacteria which are present at used meat and fatty raw materials. However this process slow. He isn't free from certain degree of risk as he is difficult for supervising.

At introduction of the accelerated technologies began to use ferments. These bacterial ferments of industrial production are issued in the form of a broth, or contain sublimation bacterial cages which become again active after hydration by water and at the subsequent introduction in meat (Table 1).

Table 1

Influence components of meat on the quality of raw sausages.

Salts - Dissolves salt-soluble meat proteins. - Helps maintain quality. - Promotes taste formation	Nitrit-Nitrate - nitrate should be reduced to a nitrite - Nitrite is a source of NO. - Nitrozomioglobin is stable - color.
Ascorbic acid - Accelerator salting. - Antioxidant.	Seasonings Various possibilities Example: large grinding pepper Sweet paprika
Sugar - Impact on taste. - Provide protection for fermenting bacteria. - Glucose, lactose, oligosaccharides.	Sourdough - Broth - Dehydrated

In the fermentation process involved the following types of bacteria: lactobacilli, micrococcus, pediokokki.Прослушать

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3.1 Technological chart of dry fermented sausage

Every type of sausages is differs by speciphic operations of preparation raw materials. Manufacture of dry enzymatic sausages consists from follow stages:



Fig. 3 Technological scheme of the enzymatic crude smoked sausage.



3.2 Technological line for dry enzymatic sausage production

1,6- conveyor table; 2- brining unit; 3- cell maturation; 4- cup-shaped cutter; 5- syringe machine; 7- sausage frame; 8- sausages unit; 9- heat chamber; 10- smoking device.

Fig. 4 Technological line for dry enzymatic sausage production

After defrosting the meat is sent to the trimming section: where connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, cartilage, small stones and dirt are removed. 1. Then meat is cut into the small pieces and frozen lightly.

Salting of chopping meat is carried on brining unit 2. Minced meat falls by gravity from unit into the mixer. Salting substances are given by dosing device in quantity proportion to the mass of minced meat in vat mixer. After mixing and unloading of raw materials in trucks sent to the cell maturation 3.

Protein "PP500E" and meat pulverized using cup-shaped cutter 4 for fine grinding and preparing meat. To a syringe machine 5 beef shipped in outdoor carts that are using the lift to unload hopper syringe. In this case, the molding meat loaves made by hand in cutting the shell with one end, followed by items made up of hand-knitted twine sticks on conveyor table 6 and dumping them into sausage frame 7.

Shaping the manufacture of sausage casings of roll material is carried out on sausages unit 8.

After mating, or overlay hinges sticks hung on sticks, which are then placed on the frame 7 and sent to the heat chamber 9 for heat treatment (precipitation). Next sausage sent to a smoking device 10, and after subjected to drying 11.
During ripening and drying in the minced meat is a few important changes. These include changes in the number of different species of bacteria, physical changes, such as changes in pH and moisture content, as well as chemical changes, such as gidralisation protein into amino acids and ammonia.

3.3 Technology introductions of protein of software 500Е

Owing to wide assortment of this kind of production I have chosen modern technology with protein introduction «Purin 500Е» and with use of bacterial ferments on purpose to provide a controllable fast fermentation the Product should be ready to realization in 21 days, but it, basically, depends on diameter of a cover.

First, I will stop on a method of introduction of protein «PP 500Е» in crude smoked sausages.

The maximum advantage gives addition «software 500Е» in the form of gel of squirrels: water with a parity of squirrels: water equal 1:3,5 -- 1:4. The technique consists in the following:

-- «PP 550Е» crush Squirrels in cutter in the presence of 3,5-4 parts of water before full hydration (about 1-2 minutes). The weight turns out smooth shining porridge formed.

-- to this gel add blood in quantity approximately 2 % on purpose to compensate color. Good way is also heart crushing together with gel. Heart provides good pigmentation, is high-quality offal, raises profitability of manufacture. In this case heart is used in number of 10-20 %.

Gel can be painted also, adding the natural painted spices, for example, a paprika.

-- at last, in cutter enter 2-3 % of salt and 70-150 mg/kg of nitrite.

The above-stated technique provides reception of strong gel which can be stored in refrigerating conditions (to +2 OS) during the certain period of time, or it can be frozen.

Approximately 5-12 % of the gel received thus can be entered into mincemeat that gives the chance to save meat raw materials and to raise profitability of manufacture.

In the table 2 the compounding resulted on this slide can be example of compounding of the crude smoked fermented sausage [13].

Table 2

The recipe of dry fermented sausages.

Recipe:	kg
Lean pork	27
Lean beef	27
Fatback	34
Gel protein "PP 500E" in water	12
Total	100
Salts	2,5
Nitrite	0,014
Ascorbic acid	0,10
Sugars	1,5
Seasonings	arbitrarily

The protein content of "PP 500E" in the final product is 2%.

Preparation recipe of gel is shown in the table 3.

Table 3.

Recipe of gel

Recipe gel:	kg
«PP 500Е»	2
Water	7,8
Pig heart	2
A mixture of 95% salt and 5% nitrite	0,2
Nitrite	0,001
Total	12,0



3.4 Grocery calculation dry enzymatic sausages

Schedule of workshops based on the chart entry of raw materials, by labor law of RK, it takes into account the valuation of the working day workers. Number of shifts per day -2, the shop is working all the time, as the raw material arrives every shift.

Table 4

Schedule workshops

Table 5

Recipe of dry enzymatic sausage

Recipe:	kg
Not fat of beef	27
Not fat of pork	27
Fat of pork	34
Gel of protein «PP 500Е» in water	12
Total	100

At performance of calculations of sausage manufacture choose group assortment, and then a compounding under each name of a product. And it is necessary to consider that the compounding is resulted in kg on 100 kg of the unsalted raw materials, each name has the standard exit. At development of sausages with various additives of norm of the expense and an exit of the beef product will differ from traditional technology. The assortment of sausages is necessary for selecting so that to keep an optimum parity of indicators of a rating trimming meat in reserve salting branch and its expense on manufacture of sausages.

The requirement for the basic raw materials for manufacturing of sausages is defined by each kind of sausages according to a compounding and norm of an exit of finished goods.

The total mass of the main raw material, kg:

= (1)

=2000 100/120=1666(kg)

Where - the mass of the planned release of sausages of each type of shift, kg; В - output of finished goods, % to weight of unsalted raw materials. .

The output values of finished products B for every type of product are presented in standard documentation for certification, collections of normative parameters, the output of production and consumption of raw materials, operating in the meat industry and duly approved.

Necessary quantity of the basic raw materials by kinds in shift:

= (2)

(beef)=1666/100= 449(kg) (2.1)

(pock)=1666/100= 449(kg) (2.2)

(fat)=1666/100= 566(kg) (2.3)

(gel)=1666/100= 200(kg) (2.4)

Where К - Norm of the expense of raw materials according to a compounding on 100 kg of the basic raw materials, kg.

At cutting, a boning and trimming meat allocate bones, veins and sinews.

At drawing up of material balance it is necessary to define actual weight of secondary raw materials, technical preliminary and losses under the formula and according to standard exits of these raw materials. Norms of gathering of secondary raw materials at cutting of hulks are presented in the appendix. Results of calculations make out in the form of the table.

Each kind of sausages are syringe in a cover of strictly specified kind and diameter requirement in which count proceeding from norms of the expense of a cover on 1t crude smoked sausages. For definition of the expense of a cover on all volume of developed assortment of sausage products it is necessary to result all release of products in group assortment in group crude smoked sausages on reduction factors.

Demand in a twinning:

Пt=Мjt (3)

Пt=21=2(kg),

Where M is mass of output of product, t; j is norm expenses of twinning, kg/t.

Demand in a shell by diameter 60mm:

ПК60=МСКККCSSj60 (4)

ПК60=2000=1067200(m)

Where ПК60 - the need for artificial shell diameter of 60 mm;МCSS - mass of output raw sausages, kg. КCSS - factor to bring the crude smoked sausage to cooked; j60 - norm of expenses of artificial membranes with a diameter of 60 mm for the production of cooked sausages, m / t.

Table 6

Requirement for raw materials

			Expenses of raw material
№	Raw material	Norm of expenses of raw material	In a shift, kg	In a day, kg	In a year, t
1	Not fat of beef	56	449	898	269,4
2	Not fat of pork	56	449	898	269,4
3	Fat of pork	71	566	1132	339,6
4	Gel of protein «PP 500Е» in water	25	200	400	240

Table 7

Capacity workshop by output of production

In 1 shift	2 t
In a day	4 t
In a year	1200 t



4 Requirements for the finished product

As shown in the table 8 sausage products, as well as other meat products, are mainly protein sources, therefore their nutritional value should be defined both the general maintenance of proteins, and quantity of high-grade proteins. The quantity of fat should be in limits at which quality indicators of sausages (taste, a consistence improve) as in excessive considerable quantities fat worsens flavoring advantages of products and their comprehensibility. At drawing up of compoundings of sausages also should be considered the maintenance in finished goods of irreplaceable fat polynonsaturated acids, macro- and microcells, vitamins and comprehensibility.

Table 8

Chemical composition of meat products

Product Name	Mass%	Energy value KJ/100г
	Water	Proteins	Fats	Carbohydrates
Cooked sausage	55-72	10-14	14-30	1-3,1	711-1322
Semi smoked sausage	40-52	18-23	15-45	4,3-4,9	1084-1950
Boiled-smoked sausage	39-40	17-28	27-39	4,6-4,7	1506-1757
Crude smoked sausage	25-30	21-28	42-48	6,0-6,6	1979-2151
Liver sausage and pate	50-70	10-16	15-35	2,0-3,0	1220-1760
Zelec	50-80	10-16	10-30	2,0-3,0	838-1676

Established that for cooked sausages minimum amount of protein should be in the range of 10 to 12%, collagen content - not more than 15% of total protein, fat - no more than 30% moisture content - not more than four times the amount of protein, plus 10% added water [14].