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23.11.2010
183,9 K

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3. . , , (HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi - l - ), GB (Guo Biao - Guojia Biaozhun - ?y - ), GG (gege - FF - ), JJ (jiejie - - ), PMP (Pai Ma Pi - () - ), T (ti - ), MM ( Meimei - , ), (CBL (Cool Bi La - !).

4. - - , IP (. Internet Protocol -- , telephony - . IP , Telephony w, ), MiuMiu?oo ( ̳: MiuMiu - ̳. ֳ , , . ? ̳ - , ), IC ? (IC-card - . IC , ? - card ), sim ? (sim card - . Sim - , , ? - card - ). , , : E-l? (. Electronic people - ' , , . Ż - Electronic), E (. Electronic age - ), IT ( ).

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5. - - . , CU (see you), IC (I see), URQ (you are cool) - -. , .

6. , . , , , : B2B (business to business), F2F (face to face).

㳺 , , - , , : 3Q, . . thank you.

3 san, . than, Q k + you. : 886 (``) - - ( . bye-bye). 88 (baba), `` (baibai), 6 - liu lou. - .

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3.3 -

, - , . - , , , . . .

, ѳ- , .

- () - . , . , , , , :

(sumu) - . - sumu;

(aobao) - , , , , . - obuga;

(jiete) - , . - xota;

?(kalun) - . - karon;

q?(wulan muqi) - , . - ulaan mocir;

(andai) - . - andai;

ѳ- - () - . , , , . ѳ , , , , , .., , . (206 . .. - 220 .), ѳ ' . , , . ` . ϳ ֳ (1644-1911 .) , ˳ ѳ. ѳ - . : ϳ , , . ' , , .

Պ (pulugan), . - Koran, - Quran;

(ruze) - , Rozi. .

(huda) - , . - Xuda, - Qudaj, - Kuda;

? (kuerban jie) - , . - Qurban`q yet ( - `id al-Qurbn );

ſ (yakexi) - . - yahsi;

fG (salamu) - , , ɫ/ɫ - seliangmu/selan. - salam;

(roubayi) - 糿. - rubay ( );

ʿ?(aishiman) - , . - ketmen;

(aierjing) - , . - kariz;

(bazha) - , . - bazar ( bzr ? bazaer);

(maixi refu) - . mesrep ( - masrub);

y (dawazi) - , . - dawaz;

ľķ (mukamu) - , . - muqam;

(rewafu) - ' . - rawap ( rabb, Ͳ mababu);

/ (dutar / doutar) - , , . - dutar;

() (dafu (gu)) - . - dap ( - tabirah);

, :

?/?y?(nawu rouzijie / nuoluzijie) - , . - naworz;

sf/ (dongbula / dongbula) - , . -dombra;

²˹ (kebusi) - , . - qobz;

п?(qiekeman) - , . - cekmen;

z (dongbu) - . - tumbur;

б (xiegenai_ - . - saqne;

(kesaile) - , , , . - kesel;

쳿: ` / / - (naimazi), ˎy - nai ma zi; (rouzijie), - ?(zhaijie).

- () - , . . [20] :

r (duijue) - , . - taiketsu;

?(chuzhang) - . - shyutchy;

Ժ (tuiyuan) - . - taiin;

(kanhunu) - . - kangofu;

(liaoli) - . - ryri;

ֵ (shoudang) - , . teate;

ӳ (yinghua) - . - eiga;

(zhenghe) - , . - seik;

(ting) - , , - (xi men ting). - mashi / chy;

(zu) - , . - zoku;

- , .

[27]:

NG?(jingtou) - . NG - no good ();

VS - . - versus;

LD - . - laser disc;

MTV - . - musical (in) television;

DIY - . - Do it youself. , , , , ;

(ku) - , , . - cool;

(peiji) - ; ` 㳿. - Basic;

ȹ (miniqun) - . - miniskirt;

ѿ (tuokouxiu) - . - talk show/talkshow.

- - , . .

156 (25 1841 . - 1 1997 .) 볿, , . . . ϳ , .

, , . .

(bu) - . ݷ (paofu), ܽ (paofu). - puff;

(zheli) / (zheli) - , . - jelly;

(ji) - . - card;

ʿ (shide) - . - stick ;

(ze) - . - check;

(wenna) - . - winner;

(boche) - . - park ;

ʿ (boshi) - , . - boss;

ʿ (shiduopili) - . - strawberry;

(feilao) - . - fail;

ɳ (shalu) - , . - salad;

.

- - . . . - . , , 쳿. : (gu) - ; Ϳ (tu) - ; (zou) - ; (ru) - ; ( wu) - ; (yu) - ; (gao) - ; (qie) - ; (xiang) - ; ׳ (zhuang) -; (xuan) - ; (yang) - .

- , .

- - , .

, . , : ѧ (shuxue/sgaku) - , (dianqi/denki) - , ϵ?(xitong/keit) - , [21; 26].

50- - , . - , .

- . , - - . ` , .

3.4 -

, , . :

1. ³ , . : sofa ɳ (shafa) - ; ; - z (lu bu) - ;

2. - . : - kikaku - (qihua) - , , - ; lift - (li) - , - .

3. - , 䳿 . ϳ .

. , , , . - , , .

, , 4. , [21].

4.

show

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Singapor

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¼

¼

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1

2

3

4

5

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2

3

4

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ammonia

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boycott

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Captain

kipten

card

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Ƭ

Cha'd

˵

է

է

Disneyland

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˹?

˹

ij

golf

߶

߶

Italy

jam

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ռ

?

/

jumbo

䱦/͊

͊

Liberia

?

˳

massage

Ħ/

Ħ

Ħ

milkshake

/

H/?

motor

Ħ

Ħ

/

/

sandwich

c

size

ɹʿ

ߴ/

sofa

ɳ

ɳ?

stamp

[

ʿ/Ʊ

[

Sydney

ѩ

ѩ

Ϥ

ѳ

Vatican

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

apple pie

ƻ

ƻ

Bush

ϣ

ʲ

cheese

˾/

֥ʿ

Benz

?m/?

ƽ

Costa Rica

˹

˹?

˹?t

cream

?

disco

˹/˹

ʿ

˹

film

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Mosanbic

Īȿ

ĪǼ

Īɣȿ

Nixon

ɭ

?

ͳ

Reagan

׸

и

sashimi

ɳ

?

Saudi Arabia

ɳnf

ɳذ

ɳذ

sauna

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ɣ

ɣ

saxophone

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z

store

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thatcher

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ж

39 , 5,13%, , 51,28%, 17 39, 43,59%, .

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3.5

쳺 , .

, .

, ͨ (putong hua). : ѳ- .

, , . . , ( ) . . .

, , . .

. , , . .

2.1. , , .

7.

, , , ' , , -ﳺ , , , ( ). , , , , , , . ( ) -ﳺ.

. , , , -, , -ﳺ -. , , , , .

, , . , - . , , , , , . , .

, - , - , .

, , 䳿 : , , , - - ( , ), - , . , , , , .

- ' , 㳿. , . , - , , , .

, , , , , .

ί ˲

1. . . : ( XX - XXI .): . - . . - , 2005. - 20 .

2. . . : . - . . - , 2001. - 20 .

3. . . . - .:- . -, 1966. - 134

4. . . // ³ . - 2004. - 27. . 245-249.

5. . . - -ﳺ ( ): . - . . - , 2002. - 18 .

6. .. . - .: . . 2002. - 129.

7. . . . - .: λ, 1996. - 416 .

8. .. 㳿. - : , 1977. - 160.

9. . . ' // ³ . - 2004. - 17. - . 260-262.

10. . . - .: . ., 1995. - 352 .

11. , . . - .: , 1980. - 343 .

12. . . : ( ). - . - .: , 1969, 5.

13. . . . - .: , 1984. - 217 .

14. . ., . . . / . .: . / . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . - .: , 1989. - 312 .

15. . . . - .: , 1973. - 172 .

16. . . . - .: , 1970.

17. . . ( - ). - .: , 1968.

18. . . : . - : , 1974 . - 272 .

19. . . . - ., 1960. - 168 .

20. : ( ). - .: , 1991. - 176 .

21. . . , . . - .: , 1960.

22. . . // . . - .: - , 1960.

23. . . . - .: , 2000. - 297 .

24. . . . ( ). - .: - , 1957. - 207 .

25. . . . - .: , 1985. - 256 .

26. . . : . / . . , . - .: - . -, 1980. - 143.

27. . . . - .: , 1962. - 46 .

28. . . . - : , 1981. - 182 .

29. . . . - .: , 2003. - 224 .

30. . . . - .: . - , 2004. - 80 .

볿 :

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36. Broselow, Ellen. Perceptual and grammatical factors in phoneme substitution. Paper presented at Phonological Similarity Workshop, Washington DC, 2001.

37. Burenhult, Niclas. Loanword phonology in Jahai. Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics Working Papers, 48, 5-14. Lund, Sweden. 2001

38. Chan, Mimi, and Helen Kwok. A study of lexical borrowing from Chinese into English with special reference to Hong Kong. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 1985.

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