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| 183,9 K |
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3. . , , (HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi - l - ), GB (Guo Biao - Guojia Biaozhun - ?y - ), GG (gege - FF - ), JJ (jiejie - - ), PMP (Pai Ma Pi - () - ), T (ti - ), MM ( Meimei - , ), (CBL (Cool Bi La - !).
4. - - , IP (. Internet Protocol -- , telephony - . IP , Telephony w, ), MiuMiu?oo ( ̳: MiuMiu - ̳. ֳ , , . ? ̳ - , ), IC ? (IC-card - . IC , ? - card ), sim ? (sim card - . Sim - , , ? - card - ). , , : E-l? (. Electronic people - ' , , . Ż - Electronic), E (. Electronic age - ), IT ( ).
, .
5. - - . , CU (see you), IC (I see), URQ (you are cool) - -. , .
6. , . , , , : B2B (business to business), F2F (face to face).
㳺 , , - , , : 3Q, . . thank you.
3 san, . than, Q k + you. : 886 (``) - - ( . bye-bye). 88 (baba), `` (baibai), 6 - liu lou. - .
쳿 , ' , , . , , , , , ICQ , , SMS . , , 2-3- [28].
. (), . - . . , - , . : FAQ (frequently asked question) - (changjian wenti ( ) 퓚 ( . ).
: , , , , , , , , . , .
ϳ' : 䳿 : , , , - - ( , ( )), - , .
2.7
. , , , .
: ? - , qiema, ?, ?qiemashexian - -. - ? , , .
- ?- , . , - - , - ( bing - V tiangan; zhong - , ; ?shexian - , ). - .
, ? ( - ). : ? q - ?@q b?q jiazhonglizi - -, b?jiazhongshexian - -, b?ٙX` jiazhong tai'erdanbai - -. b , , ? ().
(P bipiji) P ( . beeper - , ) , , . - Ċ chuanhuji: , beeper, - , .
-, , , , , . , .
2.8
. , , ( , ' (Computational Linguistics)) [7]. , ﳺ . , , . , , , ICQ SMS-. .
, , , , . , . , , , , , .
? - () ( . emoticons - emotion icon - ) ' , ' ' , [7]. , . (. Scott E. Fahlman) 19 1982 , [46].
: :-) - ; :-)) - ; 8-0 - ; :Ż - ; :-\ - ; :-ջ - . , ( ) , , .
, , , , , : ) , , , , , : :-) (: - , - - , ) - ), :-( (( - , , - ), :-\ (\ - , , ), , , : ^^ - ; ^_^ - , <_> - , >_< - .
, .
, , , . , , . . , , , . , , .
ϳ : : , , ( ), ( ), ( ). , .
IJ 3. ί ֲ ί ˲²Ͳ ֲ
3.1
, , , . - -ﳺ [15]. . - - . , - - .
- , . .
3.2
, .
, -ﳺ: , . '.
, - , , , 쳿.
, , . . , , 䳿 . , - , . , . , - .
, , . , . , XX ., .
- -ﳺ , -ﳺ. , - , .
. , , .
3.3 -
, - , . - , , , . . .
, ѳ- , .
- () - . , . , , , , :
(sumu) - . - sumu;
(aobao) - , , , , . - obuga;
(jiete) - , . - xota;
?(kalun) - . - karon;
q?(wulan muqi) - , . - ulaan mocir;
(andai) - . - andai;
ѳ- - () - . , , , . ѳ , , , , , .., , . (206 . .. - 220 .), ѳ ' . , , . ` . ϳ ֳ (1644-1911 .) , ˳ ѳ. ѳ - . : ϳ , , . ' , , .
Պ (pulugan), . - Koran, - Quran;
(ruze) - , Rozi. .
(huda) - , . - Xuda, - Qudaj, - Kuda;
? (kuerban jie) - , . - Qurban`q yet ( - `id al-Qurbn );
ſ (yakexi) - . - yahsi;
fG (salamu) - , , ɫ/ɫ - seliangmu/selan. - salam;
(roubayi) - 糿. - rubay ( );
ʿ?(aishiman) - , . - ketmen;
(aierjing) - , . - kariz;
(bazha) - , . - bazar ( bzr ? bazaer);
(maixi refu) - . mesrep ( - masrub);
y (dawazi) - , . - dawaz;
ľķ (mukamu) - , . - muqam;
(rewafu) - ' . - rawap ( rabb, Ͳ mababu);
/ (dutar / doutar) - , , . - dutar;
() (dafu (gu)) - . - dap ( - tabirah);
, :
?/?y?(nawu rouzijie / nuoluzijie) - , . - naworz;
sf/ (dongbula / dongbula) - , . -dombra;
²˹ (kebusi) - , . - qobz;
п?(qiekeman) - , . - cekmen;
z (dongbu) - . - tumbur;
б (xiegenai_ - . - saqne;
(kesaile) - , , , . - kesel;
쳿: ` / / - (naimazi), ˎy - nai ma zi; (rouzijie), - ?(zhaijie).
- () - , . . [20] :
r (duijue) - , . - taiketsu;
?(chuzhang) - . - shyutchy;
Ժ (tuiyuan) - . - taiin;
(kanhunu) - . - kangofu;
(liaoli) - . - ryri;
ֵ (shoudang) - , . teate;
ӳ (yinghua) - . - eiga;
(zhenghe) - , . - seik;
(ting) - , , - (xi men ting). - mashi / chy;
(zu) - , . - zoku;
- , .
[27]:
NG?(jingtou) - . NG - no good ();
VS - . - versus;
LD - . - laser disc;
MTV - . - musical (in) television;
DIY - . - Do it youself. , , , , ;
(ku) - , , . - cool;
(peiji) - ; ` 㳿. - Basic;
ȹ (miniqun) - . - miniskirt;
ѿ (tuokouxiu) - . - talk show/talkshow.
- - , . .
156 (25 1841 . - 1 1997 .) 볿, , . . . ϳ , .
, , . .
(bu) - . ݷ (paofu), ܽ (paofu). - puff;
(zheli) / (zheli) - , . - jelly;
(ji) - . - card;
ʿ (shide) - . - stick ;
(ze) - . - check;
(wenna) - . - winner;
(boche) - . - park ;
ʿ (boshi) - , . - boss;
ʿ (shiduopili) - . - strawberry;
(feilao) - . - fail;
ɳ (shalu) - , . - salad;
.
- - . . . - . , , 쳿. : (gu) - ; Ϳ (tu) - ; (zou) - ; (ru) - ; ( wu) - ; (yu) - ; (gao) - ; (qie) - ; (xiang) - ; ׳ (zhuang) -; (xuan) - ; (yang) - .
- , .
- - , .
, . , : ѧ (shuxue/sgaku) - , (dianqi/denki) - , ϵ?(xitong/keit) - , [21; 26].
50- - , . - , .
- . , - - . ` , .
3.4 -
, , . :
1. ³ , . : sofa ɳ (shafa) - ; ; - z (lu bu) - ;
2. - . : - kikaku - (qihua) - , , - ; lift - (li) - , - .
3. - , 䳿 . ϳ .
. , , , . - , , .
, , 4. , [21].
4.
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show |
/ |
/ݳ |
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Singapor |
¼ |
¼ |
¼ |
ѳ |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
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ammonia |
Ħ |
?? |
Ħ |
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boycott |
/ |
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Captain |
kipten |
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card |
Ƭ |
Ƭ |
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Cha'd |
˵ |
է |
է |
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Disneyland |
˹ |
˹? |
˹ |
ij |
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golf |
߶ |
߶ |
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Italy |
嗘 |
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jam |
? |
ռ |
? |
/ |
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jumbo |
䱦/͊ |
䱦 |
͊ |
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Liberia |
䐐 |
? |
˳ |
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massage |
Ħ/ |
Ħ |
Ħ |
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milkshake |
/ |
H/? |
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motor |
Ħ |
Ħ |
/ |
/ |
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sandwich |
c |
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size |
ɹʿ |
ߴ/ |
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sofa |
ɳ |
ữ |
ɳ? |
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stamp |
[ |
ʿ/Ʊ |
[ |
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Sydney |
ѩ |
ѩ |
Ϥ |
ѳ |
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Vatican |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
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apple pie |
ƻ |
ƻ |
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Bush |
ϣ |
ʲ |
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cheese |
˾/ |
֥ʿ |
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Benz |
?m/? |
ƽ |
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Costa Rica |
˹ |
˹? |
˹?t |
-г |
|
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cream |
? |
||||
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disco |
˹/˹ |
ʿ |
˹ |
||
|
film |
Ƭ |
||||
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Mosanbic |
Īȿ |
ĪǼ |
Īɣȿ |
||
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Nixon |
ɭ |
? |
ͳ |
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Reagan |
|
и |
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sashimi |
ɳ |
? |
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Saudi Arabia |
ɳnf |
ɳذ |
ɳذ |
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sauna |
ů |
ɣ |
ɣ |
||
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saxophone |
?z? |
ɫʿ |
z |
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store |
??X |
ʿ |
ՐHiX |
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thatcher |
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ж |
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39 , 5,13%, , 51,28%, 17 39, 43,59%, .
, , .
3.5
쳺 , .
, .
, ͨ (putong hua). : ѳ- .
, , . . , ( ) . . .
, , . .
. , , . .
2.1. , , .
7.
, , , ' , , -ﳺ , , , ( ). , , , , , , . ( ) -ﳺ.
. , , , -, , -ﳺ -. , , , , .
, , . , - . , , , , , . , .
, - , - , .
, , 䳿 : , , , - - ( , ), - , . , , , , .
- ' , 㳿. , . , - , , , .
, , , , , .
ί ˲
1. . . : ( XX - XXI .): . - . . - , 2005. - 20 .
2. . . : . - . . - , 2001. - 20 .
3. . . . - .:- . -, 1966. - 134
4. . . // ³ . - 2004. - 27. . 245-249.
5. . . - -ﳺ ( ): . - . . - , 2002. - 18 .
6. .. . - .: . . 2002. - 129.
7. . . . - .: λ, 1996. - 416 .
8. .. 㳿. - : , 1977. - 160.
9. . . ' // ³ . - 2004. - 17. - . 260-262.
10. . . - .: . ., 1995. - 352 .
11. , . . - .: , 1980. - 343 .
12. . . : ( ). - . - .: , 1969, 5.
13. . . . - .: , 1984. - 217 .
14. . ., . . . / . .: . / . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . - .: , 1989. - 312 .
15. . . . - .: , 1973. - 172 .
16. . . . - .: , 1970.
17. . . ( - ). - .: , 1968.
18. . . : . - : , 1974 . - 272 .
19. . . . - ., 1960. - 168 .
20. : ( ). - .: , 1991. - 176 .
21. . . , . . - .: , 1960.
22. . . // . . - .: - , 1960.
23. . . . - .: , 2000. - 297 .
24. . . . ( ). - .: - , 1957. - 207 .
25. . . . - .: , 1985. - 256 .
26. . . : . / . . , . - .: - . -, 1980. - 143.
27. . . . - .: , 1962. - 46 .
28. . . . - : , 1981. - 182 .
29. . . . - .: , 2003. - 224 .
30. . . . - .: . - , 2004. - 80 .
볿 :
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36. Broselow, Ellen. Perceptual and grammatical factors in phoneme substitution. Paper presented at Phonological Similarity Workshop, Washington DC, 2001.
37. Burenhult, Niclas. Loanword phonology in Jahai. Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics Working Papers, 48, 5-14. Lund, Sweden. 2001
38. Chan, Mimi, and Helen Kwok. A study of lexical borrowing from Chinese into English with special reference to Hong Kong. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 1985.
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41. Clark, Eve V. On the acquisition of final stops. In Joshua A. Fishman et al. (eds.). The Fergusonian impact: In honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the occasion of his 65th birthday, pp. 51-68. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.1986.
42. Danesi, Marcel. Loanwords and phonological methodology. Ottawa: Didier. 1985.
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48. Garnes, Sara, and Zinny S. Bond. A slip of the ear: A snip of the ear? A slip of the year? In Victoria A. Fromkin (ed.), Errors in linguistic performance, pp. 231-239. New York: Academic Press. 1980.
49. Grosjean, Francois. Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.1982.
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51. Haunz, Christine. The role of speech perception in the adaptation of loanwords. Unpublished manuscript, University of Edinburgh. 2005
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56. Hualde, Jose Ignacio. Patterns of correspondence in the adaptation of Spanish borrowings in Basque. In Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer (eds.), Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, pp. 348-358. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. 1999.
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