Аудиторная и самостоятельная работа по английскому языку

Yours faithfully,

Offer

Dear Sirs,

Thank you for your enquiry of … which has given our careful attention. We enclose detailed quotations for a wide range of our product. We can make a firm offer to meet any delivery dates. The prices and the terms of payment will depend on our mutual agreement. If you place a big order we shall be able to give you a discount. Your early reply will be appreciated.

Your faithfully,

Preliminary discussion

F: Well, Mr. R., you've studied our offer and seen our samples, haven't you? What's your final decision?

R.: We like samples 5 and 8, they suit us. The quality is excellent and we think the goods will go down well in our market if the prices are reasonable.

F.: You are right. We've been selling out goods for two years and very successfully. Sample 8 is our latest modified model. Are you going to place a big order?

R.: Yes, … pieces for prompt delivery and … pieces for delivery in four equal lots of … per month within 4 months of signing the contract.

F.: We are quite able to meet the dates. We have a big stock. Do you prefer CAF terms?

R.: Yes, no insurance. And you remember my remark, don't you, Mr. F.?I said: If the prices are competitive. We would like you to give us a discount of 5%.

F.: That's too much. As a special concession to a new customer, we can give you a 3.5% discount. And payment by an irrevocable confirmed L/D(аккредитив) which you will open right after signing the contract.

R.: Good, it's a deal. We'll be able to sign the contract this week, I think.

Performing the contract

R.: Welcome to Moscow. Mr. F., I'm glad to see you, though the occasion is not quite pleasant.

F.: I hope we'll settle everything. I hear you have problems with customs clearance?

R.: Yes, you see we couldn't clear the goods because there was a discrepancy between the bill and your invoices.

F.: Yes, I've seen to that, everything will be all right. Anything else?

R.: Yes, in the first consignment some items proved to be of inferior quality and there was a short -delivery of 10 pieces.

F.: My best apologies, Mr. R.. May I have a copy of your report? It's the first complaint we've ever had from your companies. We'll arrange for immediate shipment of short-delivered items and replace the interior ones.

R.: Good. But I'm afraid we'll have to revise some parts of the contract.

THE INTERNET

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1996 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packed switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out ( by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network which has already survived a war is the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide-Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: users pay their service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider, and part of the fee received by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled - but inexpensive- Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.

However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers .However, because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being send over the Internet.

In spite of the fact that there are many good encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i. e. “in the clear”. But when it becomes necessary to send the important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.

Answer the questions: 1) What is the Internet? 2) What was the Internet originally designed for? 3) What country are most of the Internet host computers in? 4) What is the most popular Internet service? 5) Whom do you have to pay for sending e-mail messages?

Clothing Design

The conception of the design is the initial phase in clothing construction. The first consideration in design must be the function of the garment. Is it to be for a formal occasion, everyday wear, for work or for play? Once the purpose of the garment has been established the specific design can be developed. The idea for the design may come from the style that was seen on the street, a garment viewed in a store window, a sketch in a clothing catalog, or from the imagination of the designer. Many interesting designs can be created by combining various standard sleeve and collar patterns with basic body styles.

Pattern Drafting

Pattern Drafting is the first step in the process of turning a design conception into a reality. There are three basic elements to work with during drafting: 1. the sketch which shows the desired design, 2. the material which must be used, 3. the measurements of the person who will wear the clothes. Ready - to - wear designers will use the manufacturer's basic patterns which have been developed to fit as many people as possible.

Dressmaking

Most of our clothes, of course are produced in factories. They are made in a variety of standard sizes, so that they can fit people of any size and shape. These clothes are called ready - to wear clothes. But to get a perfect fit , you must go to a dressmaker. She takes your exact measurements and makes clothes specially for you. This process is called dressmaking. The dressmaker buys some dress material and a paper pattern of a design she likes. Then she makes the cutting. Then she sews the dress together on a sewing machine. She has to finish the seems, sew on pockets and buttons, make button holes and put in zippers.

Fashion

Fashion is an art and an industry. It has long played a secondary role in the history of applied arts, but the development of the fashion industry in the post-war period was connected with changing life-styles and tastes. The immediate post-war period was a difficult time for fashion: there was no atmosphere and there were shortages in everything, including materials. In the fifties the situation improved. A new trend appeared in fashion - the fashion of the young. Young people wanted inexpensive, ready-made clothes, sometimes even vulgar and shocking.

The sixties were famous for "fashion revolution". It was a decade of extremes. Youth demanded an end to rules in fashion, their idea was classless, casual style.

Put in the necessary word.

1) Most of our clothes are produced in …. . a)clothing industry b) factories c) dressmaking

2) They are called …. clothes. a) cutting b) factory c) ready-to-wear

3) The dressmaker makes clothes specially for you. The dressmaker buys some material and makes a ….. . a) design b) pattern c) shape

1. Find the synonyms.

1) clothes a) sewing industry

2) fit b) to be the right size

3) clothing industry c) mill

4) factory d) work out

5) develop e) manufacture

6) produce f) apply

7) use g) cloth, fabric

8) material h) garment, dress

2. Установите, в какой последовательности выполняет операции портниха.

- She finishes the seams

- She sews the dress together on a sewing machine

- She makes the cutting

- She buys a pattern of a design

- She buys some dress material

- The dressmaker takes your exact measurements.

I Thanks Благодарность

Thank you (very much). Большое спасибо Thanks. Спасибо

Thank you for doing it. Спасибо за то, что вы это сделали. Thank you for coming. Спасибо за то, что вы пришли Thank you for telling me about it. Спасибо за то, что вы сказали мне об этом. Thank you for the trouble you've taken. Спасибо за беспокойство, которое вы взяли на себя.

Thank you for a wonderful evening. Спасибо за чудесный вечер

Thank you in advance Заранее благодарен вам.

It was very kind of you to do it С вашей стороны было очень любезно сделать это.

I am very much obliged. Я вам очень признателен

I am very grateful to you. Я вам очень благодарен You' ve done me a great favour Вы мне сделали большое одолжение

Replies Ответы

You' re welcome. Пожалуйста (к вашим услугам). Don't mention it. Not at all. Не стоит благодарности.

No trouble at all. Никакого беспокойства.

The pleasure was all mine. Это вы мне доставили удовольствие.

II. Apologies Извинения

1. I'm sorry Извините, простите

2. Excuse me.

3. I bed your pardon.

4. Pardon (me).

5. Excuse my disturbing you. Простите, что я вас беспокою

6. Excuse my troubling you. Простите за беспокойство

7. I must apologize to you. Я должен извиниться перед вами

8. Apologize to Ann for me. Извинитесь перед Энн за меня

9. Sorry? I' ve kept you waiting Простите, что заставил вас ждать

10. I didh't mean to hurt you. Я не хотел сделать вам больно

11. Don't be cross with me. Не сердитесь на меня

12. Forgive me, please Простите меня, пожалуйста

13. Sorry to interrupt you Простите, что перебиваю вас

Replies Ответы That's all right Все в порядке

No trouble at all. Никакого беспокойства.

Never mind Ничего

Forget it Забудьте это

You needn't apologize. It's my fault. Вам нет нужды извиняться. Это моя вина

No harm done Вы не сделали никакого вреда

No offence taken Я не обиделся

III What We Say When Meeting People Что мы говорим при встрече с людьми

How are you? Как вы?

How are you getting on? Как дела? How are you getting on with…? Как у вас дела с… ?

What' s the matter ? Что случилось?

What' s the matter with Pete? Что случилось с Питом?

I'm glad to meet you. Рад познакомиться с вами.

It' s long time since we met last. Прошло много времени с тех пор как мы встречались. I was missing you (badly). Я (очень) скучал по тебе (вас).

I haven't seen you for ages. Я не видел вас сто лет.

I don't see much of you. Я редко вас вижу.

Replies Ответы.

Positive Replies Положительные ответы

1. Quite well Вполне хорошо.

2. Everything is all right Все в порядке.

3. Not too well Не слишком хорошо.

4. So-so Так себе.

5. Middling Средне. .

6. Nothing to boast of Хвастаться нечем

IV. Invitation. Arrangements Приглашение. Договоренность.

1. Нave you anything special (on) Sunday) ? Вы заняты чем-нибудь особенным в воскресенье?

2. Are you engaged ? Вы заняты?

3. What are you plans for…? Каковы ваши планы на…?

4. May I invite you to the party? Можно пригласить вас на вечер?

5. May I invite you for dance? Можно пригласить вас на танец?

6. Shall we dance? Потанцуем?

7. May I see you home? Можно проводить вас до дома?

8. Will it be all right with you? Вас это устроит?

Replies Ответы. Positive Replies Положительные ответы

1. All right Хорошо.

2. With pleasure С удовольствием.

3. I don't mind Не возражаю

4. That' s fine Прекрасно.

5. That' s good idea Хорошая идея.

6. Not a bad idea Неплохая мысль.

7. I' Il be delighted Я буду рад (доволен).

8. That suits me very well Меня это очень устраивает.

9. That' s settled. (Settled) Решено.

10. I don't care. Мне все равно.

Negative Replies Отрицательные ответы

1. I'm afraid I can't Боюсь что не смогу 2. I'm afraid I'm busy Боюсь, что занят (а)

V. Congratulations and Wishes Поздравления и пожелания

Congratulations! Поздравляю!

Please accept my heartiest and sincerest wishes Примите мои самые сердечные пожелания

My best congratulations to you on… Мои поздравления с …

Many happy returns of the day! С днем рождения!

A happy New Year! С новым годом!

Best wishes to you! Наилучшие пожелания к…

My best wishes to you! Мои наилучшие пожелания вам!

May all the dreams come true. Пусть сбудутся все ваши мечты

I wish you all the happiness in the world. Желаю вам огромного счастья

I wish you good luck. Доброй удачи вам!

I wish you every success Желаю вам всяческих успехов (во всем)

I wish you success in passing your examination Желаю успешной сдачи экзамена

VI. Knowlenge of Languages Знание языков

What does this word mean? Что означает это слово?

Speak slowly,please Говорите медленно пожалуйста

Is my pronunciation correct? Мое произношение правильное?

I can read English a little bit Я могу читать по-английски немного

I read with the help of a dictionary Я читаю с помощью словаря

Please, say it again Повторите пожалуйста

Spell the word, please Назовите слово по буквам пожалуйста

We need an interpreter Нам нужен переводчик

She speaks broken English Она говорит на ломанном английском

His English is poor Он слабо знает английский

His vocabulary is rather rich Его словарный запас довольно богатый

Can you speak a bit louder? Вы можете говорить немного громче?

Don' t speak so fast. Не говорите так быстро

I didn' t quite catch what you said Я не вполне уловил, что вы сказали

Look up the new word in a dictionary. Посмотрите новое слово в словаре

I would like to read the book in the original Я бы хотел прочесть книгу в оригинале

I'd like to take English lessons Я бы хотела брать уроки английского языка

VII. Special Cases of Replies Особые случаи ответов

By all means Обязательно

To my regret К моему сожалению

It's nothing to speak of Не о чем говорить

It's high time to Давно пора

So much the better Тем лучше

Don't worry Не беспокойтесь

At all costs Чего бы это ни стоило

Don't be in a hurry Не торопитесь

With pleasure С удовольствием

Let's hope for the best Давайте надеяться на лучшее

O. K. Хорошо, ладно

Take it easy Не волнуйтесь (не переживайте)

I see Понятно

I can't make up my mind Я не могу решить

Look like that Похоже на то

Watch you language Выбирайте выражения

Good for you! Молодец!

Mind your own business! Не вмешивайтесь

I take it for granted. Я считаю это само собой разумеющимся

Pull yourself together Возьмите себя в руки

I am inclined to think… Я склонен думать что…

Leave me alone Оставьте меня в покое

It's a pity Жаль

Leave it to me Предоставьте это мне

VIII. Disagreement. Denial. Doubt. Несогласие. Отрицание.

I don't agree with you Я не согласен с вами

I don't agree to your opinion Я не согласен с вашим мнением

On the contrary! Наоборот!

Nothing of the kind Ничего подобного!

I am afraid you are wrong Боюсь, что вы не правы

I shouldn' t say so Я бы не сказал этого!

One never can tell Я не уверен

One never knows Никогда нельзя сказать с уверенностью

IX. Surprise and Unexpectedness Удивление и неожиданность

Really? Да? Действительно?

Is that really so? В самом деле?

Well, it is a surprise! Вот это сюрприз!

You don't say so! Да ну! Что вы говорите!

What a coincidence! [kou' insidns] Какое совпадение!

The world we live in! Ну и ну! Ну и дела (творятся в мире)!

Believe it or not. Хотите верьте, хотите нет.

Just fancy! (разг.) Можете себе представить!

That beats everything! Ну, знаете! Такого я еще не слышал (не видел)!

It's news to me. Это новость для меня.

Oh, dear! / Dear me! Ну и ну!

Do you really mean it? Вы это действительно имеете в виду?

X. Encourangement. Sympathy. Regret. Comfort

Ободрение. Симпатия. Сожаление. Утешение

Cheer up! Не унывайте!

Go ahead. Продолжайте. (Действуйте.)

Don't worry. Не беспокойтесь.

Pull yourself together. Возьмите себя в руки.

Take it easy! / Don't take it Не принимайте это близко

very much to heart [ ha:t]! к сердцу

Don't get upset (about it). Не расстраивайтесь (из-за этого)

Let's hope for the best. Будем надеяться на лучшее.

Everything will come round. Все обойдется.

Things happen. Всякое бывает.

XI. Worry. Anxiety. Trouble Беспокойство. Волнение. Хлопоты

I am worried. Я обеспокоен.

I am (very much) upset. Я очень расстроен.

Things are bad with me. Дела у меня обстоят очень плохо.

I am in fix (разг.). Я в затруднительном положении.

That's the trouble. Вот в чем беда проблема.

We won't manage it. Мы не сумеем сделать (устроить) это.

I feel uneasy. Я чувствую себя неловко.

It's quite a job (разг.). Эта работа не из легких.

I'm unwell. Мне нехорошо.

What troubles you? Что вас беспокоит?

What achievements of your country are you proud of?

Our motherland, Russia, has great achievements in all fields: technology, science, culture and education. It is almost impossible to name the branch of science in the development of which Russian scientists haven't played the greatest role.

M. Lomonosov was one of the most learned men in Europe. He was an outstanding innovator both in the humanities and sciences. He founded the first Russian University. Mendeleev's greatest discovery was the Periodic System of Elements. Popov invented radio. Sechenov and Pavlov were the world's greatest physiologists.

Russia is rightly called the mother of aviation and interplanetary navigation. Tsiolkovsky is the father of rocket flying. He formulated the principles of jet propeller flying machines for interplanetary communication. Mozhaisky's aeroplane was the first of the world.

One more great achievement of Russian science is Gagarin's flight in space. He was the first man in space. People all over the world know his smile. Our scientists and technologists build modern spaceships of highest quality. They keep the traditions of Tsiolkovsky and Korolyov.

Our scientists build many combat machines of highest quality and very quickly during the Great Patriotic War. The courage of the soldiers was astonishing.

It is very interesting that Nobel, the Swedish inventor, and his sons built several mechanical plants in Russia. As well as science and technology, the culture of Russia is famous all over the world. When we speak about Russian culture, we must speak about opera and ballet, music, fine arts, literature, and circus.

As for the ballet, the Russian school of ballet is known for its well-trained and beautiful dancers, such as Anna Pavlova, Maya Plisetskaya, Ilse Liepa, Rudolf Nuriev, and beautiful ballets, such as “The Nutcracker” and “Swans' Lake” by Tchaikovsky, “Spartak” by Hachaturyan. Russian ballet-dancers do very difficult elements.

Russian opera is well-known, too. Such masterpieces as “Ivan Sousanin” and “Ruslan and Ludmila” by Glinka are in the collection of the best operas of the world. Every year thousands of Russian citizens and tourists enjoy “Evgene Onegin” and “The Queen of Spades” by Tchaikovsky.

Russian composers Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Dunaevsky, Pakhmutova and others have created beautiful music. Russian modern composers follow their traditions.

Russian painters and schools of painting started centuries ago, beginning with icon- painting. Well-known icon-painters Pheophan Greek and Andrey Rublyov, as well as unknown artists, created masterpieces which attract tourists from all over the world. Russian painters always wanted to express the Russian soul and the beauty of Russia in their pictures. Landscapes of Levitan and Shishkin, historical canvases of Suricov and Repin, mythological pictures of Vrubel and Vasnetsov charm the visitors of the museums.

Russian literature is known as an example of good style. Since the first printing-house of Ivan Fyodorov began to work, the Russian people have never stopped to read. Our writers of the XIX century - Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, and Fyodor Dostoevsky - are studied at all Russian schools. The modern writers are appreciated not only in Russia, but in many countries. Michail Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965. Modern detective novels by Vainer brothers, and Marinina are entertaining, their characters look like real people. Science fiction by Strugatsky brothers gives much food for thought. Nowadays, when our civilization is at cross-roads, their novels show us where we can come.

Verse of Russian poets, such as Pushkin, Lermontov, Krylov, Yesenin, Mayakovsky, and Rozhdestvensky, are translated into many languages. Russian poet Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996) was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1987.

Russian circus was and is famous. Russian animal trainers the Durovs created a new school of animal training, which is called “emotional”, or “pain-free”. Since then Russian animal trainers have put up many difficult shows, for example, with elephants and tigers, who are natural enemies. Kuklachov has a great cat show, though, you know, it is believed, cats can not be trained. Russian conjurers Kio and Akopyan have created miracles on the stage.

Russian achievements in sport are great. Just remember the world chess champions Karpov, Kasparov and Kramnik, Russian figure skaters such as: Irena Sluzhkay, Evgene Plutchenko, and others; the Russian school of athletics and weight-lifting.

Irregular verbs Неправильные глаголы

Infinitive (1 форма)	Past Indefinite (2 форма)	Participle 2 (3 форма)	Перевод
To be To become To begin To break To bring To build To burn To buy To choose To come To cut To do To draw To drink To drive To eat To fall To feel To fight To find To fly To forget To get To give To go To grow To have To hear To hold To keep To know To lead To learn To leave To let To light To lose To make To mean To meet To put To read To run To say To see To send To set To shut To sing To sit To sleep To speak To spend To stand To take To teach To tell To think To throw To understand To win To write	Was, were Became Began Broke Brought Built Burnt Bought Chose Came Cut Did Drew Drank Drove Ate Fell Felt Fought Found Flew Forgot Got Gave Went Grew Had Head Held Kept Knew Led Learnt, learned Left Let Lit Lost Made Meant Met Put Read (red) Ran Said Saw Sent Set Shut Sang Set Slept Spoke Spent Stood Took Taught Told Thought Threw Understood Won wrote	Been Become Begun Broken Brought Built Burnt Bought Chosen Come Cut Done Drawn Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Felt Fought Found Flown Forgotten Got Given Gone Grown Had Heard Held Kept Known Led Learnt, learned Left Let Lit Lost Made Meant Met Put Read (red) Run Said Seen Sent Set Shut Sung Sat Slept Spoken Spent Stood Taken Taught Told Thought Thrown Understood Won written	Быть Становиться Начинать (ся) Ломать Произносить Строить Гореть, жечь Покупать Выбирать Приходить Резать Делать Тащить; рисовать Пить Везти Есть Падать Чувствовать Бороться Находить Летать Забывать Получать; становиться Давать Идти; ехать Расти; выращивать Иметь Слышать Держать Держать; хранить Знать Вести Учить (ся) Оставлять Позволять Зажигать Терять Делать Значить Встречать Класть Читать Бежать Сказать; говорить Видеть Посылать Помещать; класть Закрывать Петь Сидеть Спать Говорить Тратить Стоять Брать Учить Сказать Думать Бросать Понимать Выигрывать писать

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