Professional sea English language

Multi-Purpose Vessels

Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerized cargo are called multi-purpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears to load and discharge the different types of cargoes.

An OBO-ship has been designed to carry oil/ bulk/ ore. She has been subdivided in such a way that oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.

Passenger Ships

Passenger ships, such as cross-Channel ferries, have been designed to carry passengers and their vehicles on a prearranged route.

Their main features are more or less the same as the features of the Ro/ Ro vessels.

Exercise 1. Complete the chart

"Purpose she serves ": give a short description of the purpose that the vessel serves.Begin your answers with "To ". In this way a verb will be used to indicate the vessel's purpose.

Example: "To transport.... "; "To assist.... "

"Feature(s) of design": give a short description of particular details of the vessel.

Type of vessel	Purpose she serves	Feature(s) of design
1) General Cargo Carrier / 'Open Freighter" 2) Dry Bulk Carrier 3) Tanker 4) Container ship 5)Ro/Roship 6) Coaster 7) Reefer 8) Lash-vessel 9) Heavy-load vessel 10) Timber Carrier 11) Multi-load vessel	To

Exercise 2. Watch the CD-ROM program "International Maritime English Programme" (Types of Vessels)

Exercise 3. Fill in the diagram



Exercise 4. Choose the best variant of a, b, c, d. Fill in the gaps

1. ... carries cargo along the coast.

Ro/Ro

Lash ship

Reefer

Coaster

2. ... is a container that floats in the water

Lighter

crate

box d)bag

3. Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel's... on general cargo ships.

a) pumps

b) gantry cranes

trailers

derricks

4. The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ....

a hold

a ramp

a compartment

an engine room

5. Reefers are equipped with

a) tweendeck

double bottom

refrigerating plant

d) gantry crane

6. . . is a raw material from which wood products are manufactured.

grain

timber

ore

d) fertilizer

7. ... have been especially designed to carry holidaymakers.

Ro/Ro

General Cargo ships

Cruise Ships

tramps

8. Upon arrival in the port of discharge the vehicles are ... and driven ashore to their destination.

a) stored

stowed

released

secured

9. Perishable cargo must be ... in spaces that have precise temperature and humidity control.

a) manufactured

b) submerged

c) secured

d) stored

10. Containers are ... in a cellular arrangement in Rows, Bays and Tiers.

run

stored

stowed

d) secured

11. Double bottoms provide ... for fuel, lubricating oil and waters.

a) discharge

b) stowage

c) storage

d) emerge

12. ... that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not called fixed are called tramps.

liners

LPG

tramps

d) coasters

13. ... is liquid cargo.

a) timber

b) Petroleum

c) Vehicle

d) grain

14. Unpacked cargo of one commodity is ... cargo.

a) liquid

b) perishable

bulk

heavy

15. Heavy load vessel is designed to carry

a) containers

b) bulk carriers

c) petroleum

d) derelicts

Exercise 5. Odd one out (if any)

VLCC, TEU, LASH, LNG

liner, coaster, lorry, freighter

stern, bow, |amp, aft

row, bay, tier, pump

petroleum, edible oil, liquefied natural gas, ore

crane, derrick, ramp, lighter

gear, refrigerating plant, gantry crane, crate

crate, bag, box, pack

fertilizer, grain, ore, crude oil

lorry, trailer, vehicle, lighter

secure, stow, store, ^usH)

pump, ramp, maindecETtweendeck

general, fixed, perishable, bulk

merchant, fixed, prearranged, estimated

bow, compartment, stern, trailer

Exercise 6. Is this information true or false?

The most common purpose of warships is catching fish.

A tramp is not allowed to carry passengers.

Freighters that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not fixed are called liners.

General cargo is cargo that has been packed in crates or bags.

Lash -vessels usually cany lighters.

There are two derricks on the main deck of the Lash vessel.

Perishable cargoes are oil, liquid gas, timber.

An OBO-ship has been designed to cany oil/ bulk/ ore.

Cruise ships carry very few passengers.

Containers are most often measured in Ten Feet Equivalent Units (TEU's)

LPG and LNG are chemical carriers.

Dry Bulk Cargoes are loaded and discharged by derricks.

Merchant Ships are designed to carry cargo and / or passengers.

There is no cargo handling equipment on Ro/Ro.

A coaster's engine room is situated fore.

Exercise 8. Fill in the words mentioned in the text



Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word

Merchant ships are designed to carry

Some are also designed to carry p

Merchant ships can operate as and as tramps.

4 are employed on regular routes on a fixed

5 do not sail on regular routes.

They do not keep to a timetable.

They are employed in all parts of the world where there is for

them to carry.

8 are the most common type of passenger vessel. Many of them also

carry vehicles.

9. The largest type of cargo ship is

Tankers are designed to carry cargo such as oil.

The tankers which are over 500 000 dwts are known as (VLCCs)

An ship is designed to carry both dry and liquid cargo.

The most modern type of dry cargo carrier is a ship.

They carry of standard dimensions, consequently stowage is easier.

Fruit, meat and dairy are carried in ships.

Грамматический комментарий

При изучении страдательного залога (Passive Voice) следует запомнить, что в английском языке он употребляется гораздо чаще, чем в русском, в силу того, что в английском языке подлежащим предложения в страдательном залоге может стать не только прямое дополнение, как в русском языке, но так же косвенное и предложное дополнение.

Если мы хотим сказать, кем или чем совершено действие, то употребляем предлог by. Passive: This ship was built by ship builders last year.

Страдательный залог образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ have been/ has been, etc.) + the past participle смыслового глагола.

	Active	Passive
Present Simple	We make butter from milk. Somebody cleans these rooms every day. People never invite me to parties. How do they make butter?	Butter is made from milk. These rooms are cleaned every day. I am never invited to parties. How is butter made?
Past Simple	Somebody stole my car last week. Somebody stole my keys yesterday. They didn't invite me to the party. When did they build these houses?	My car was stolen last week. My keys were stolen yesterday. I wasn't invited to the party. When were these houses built?
Present Continuous	They are building a new airport at the moment. (= it isn't finished) They are building some new houses near the river.	A new airport is being built at the moment. Some new houses are being built near the river.
Past Continuous	When I was here a few years ago, they were building a new airport. (= it wasn't finished at that time)	When I was here a few years ago, a new airport was being built.
Present Perfect	Look! They have painted the door. These shirts are clean. Somebody has washed them. Somebody has stolen my car.	Look! The door has been painted These shirts are clean. They have been washed. My car has been stolen.
Past Perfect	Ann said that somebody had stolen her car.	Ann said that her car had been stolen.

После модальных глаголов (will, can, may, must, should, ought to, have to) мы используем форму to be + past participle смыслового глагола.

Active	Passive
Somebody will clean the office tomorrow.	The office will be cleaned tomorrow.
Somebody must clean the office.	The office must be cleaned.
I think they'll invite you to the party.	I think you'll be invited to the party.
Thev can't repair my watch.	My watch can't be repaired.
You should wash this sweater by hand.	This sweater should be washed by hand.
They are going to build a new airport.	A new airport is going to be built.
Somebody has to wash these clothes.	These clothes have to be washed.
Thev had to take the injured man to hospital.	The injured man had to be taken to hos-

В английском языке некоторые глаголы, такие как show могут иметь два дополнения.



Как видно из примера, в английском языке подлежащим предложения в страдательном залоге может стать не только прямое дополнение, как в русском языке, но также косвенное и предложное дополнение.

Грамматическое задание

Exercise 10. Read these sentences and paraphrase the sentences using the Passive Voice

Ships approach piers at slow speed.

They canceled all voyages because of heavy storm.

He will bring all necessary charts for the voyage to the captain.

Scientists from many countries are exploring the Antarctic Continent.

Our boatswain has known me since 2001,

He offered me some interesting work.

We'll have dredged this navigation canal by the end of this year.

Winds influence currents.

They sent him for the captain.

10. The captain ordered all the crew members to stay on board.

Exercise 11 a) Study the pairs of sentences

We carried dry bulk cargo last voyage. (Past Simple) Active Dry bulk cargo was carried by us last voyage. Passive

They are painting the hull. (Present Continuous) Active The hull is being painted by them. Passive

3. They will launch a new vessel next month. (Future Simple) Active

A new vessel will be launched next month. Passive

LNG carries Liquefied Natural Gas. (Present Simple) Active Liquefied natural gas is carried by LNG. Passive

They packed cargo in crates, boxes and bags. (Past Simple) Active Cargo was packed in crates, boxes and bags. Passive

b) Change the grammar construction into Active /Passive

They discharge dry bulk cargo by cranes with grabs or by pumps.

Containerized cargo is carried by container ships.

Shipbuilders must fit tankers with double bottom.

The cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries and trailers.

They drive vehicles aboard Ro-Ro via ramps through special stem and bow doors

Exercise 12

Fill in the right form of the verb (choose the most logical one):

am/ are/ is/ was/ were/ (+ being) +past participle

have been/ has been/ had been +past participle

1. These tools frequently in the Engine room department

these days, (to use)

2. The tools frequently since we bought them last

month, (to use)

3. These tools at the moment, so you can't take them, (to

use)

4. The vessel within 1 day and departed immediately for

her home voyage, (to discharge)

When the vessel arrived she by two tugs, (to tow)

All the bills and we received permission to depart, (to

pay)

Right now everything to solve the matter, (to do)

The cargo to the wrong port, so we cannot sail out in

time (to deliver)

9. The distress message by the vessel that has just collided

with an iceberg, (to transmit)

10. He wants to know whether this already

(to do)

11. The helmsman reacted immediately and a collision

(to avoid)

12. The Master that a vessel on opposite course was ap
proaching, (to warn)

UNIT 3. PARTS OF A SHIP AND HER MEASUREMENT

PART I. Vocabulary and reading

Practise these words orally, and then read the text

Tonnage - тоннаж, грузовместимость $* Deadweight tonnage - полная/валовая/грузоподъемность ft8" Gross tonnage - валовая/полная брутто-/регистровая вместимость fc" Net tonnage - чистая /нетто/регистровая вместимость fa" Capacity - вместимость, объем fc* Cargo carrying capacity - чистая грузоподъемность ^ Volume - (зд.) объем, масса, емкость Ъ* То deduct - вычитать, отнимать Р*" Dues - (мн.ч.) налоги, пошлины $* Capable - способный ^ Potable water - питьевая вода ft=" Lubricating oil - смазочные масла $* To displace - вытеснять fa Displacement - водоизмещение

$" Light displacement - водоизмещение порожнего судна ^ Loaded displacement - полное водоизмещение Ф* Upthrust - толчок вверх, давление ^ Ullage - незаполненная часть объема fc" To expand - расширяться, увеличиваться Р* Bale space - киповая грузоподъемность fy" Grain space - грузоподъемность для зерновых/насыпных грузов

Exercise L Read the text and be ready to answer the questions

Tonnage

The tonnage of a vessel indicates the measurement of her weight, size or capacity. A very common way of measuring a vessel is by means of a displacement-indication. Merchant vessels are also measured by their gross tonnage or deadweight tonnage.

We distinguish several kinds of tonnages.

Gross Register Tonnage - the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel that can be used for cargo, stores and accommodation.

Net Tonnage - volume that can be used to carry cargo. It is calculated by deducting the spaces that are not used for cargo from the gross tonnage. Net tonnage is often used to calculate harbour dues that must be paid to municipal port authorities for the use of all the port facilities.

Deadweight Tonnage - the weight of all the contents a vessel is capable of carrying when loaded to summer mark. The contents of a merchant vessel are cargo, stores, equipment, fresh water, potable water, lubricating oil and fuel.

By Cargo Carrying Capacity is understood the amount of cargo that a vessel is capable of carrying.

Displacement

By displacement is understood the amount of water that is "displaced" by the body of the vessel as she is floating in the water. Displacement is indicated by the word "ton" (or "tonne").

So, by displacement is understood the total weight of the vessel and her contents, or the weight of the displaced water mass.

Cargo spaces

By Bale Space is meant the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry general cargo.

By Grain Space is understood the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry dry bulk cargo.

By Oil Space is understood 98% of the total volume of the wet bulk tanks.

The remaining 2% are used as ullage. This is the empty space on top of the liquid level that will prevent a tank from overflowing when the oil expands due to heat.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions

What indicates ship's size or weight?

What types of tonnage do you know?

What are the contents of a merchant ship?

What is the difference between tonnage and displacement?

What is the difference between Net Tonnage and Cargo Space?

What types of Cargo Spaces do you know? 1. How can you indicate Oil Space?

Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes and give right definitions

1. By displacement is understood the total height of the vessel and her masts, or the weight of the displaced potable water mass.

The tonnage of a vessel indicates the measurement of her height, length or manning.

Oil space is the empty space on top of the liquid level that will prevent a tank from overheating.

Net Tonnage is calculated by adding the spaces that are used for cargo to the gross tonnage.

Exercise 4. Match the expressions with the explanations

Expressions Explanations

Gross Register tonnage a) is the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces

Deadweight Tonnage b) is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of water

Ullage c) is the total weight of the cargo that can be carried 4 Grain Space d) is the empty space on top of a liquid

Oil Space e) is 98% of the volume of the tanks

Cargo Carrying Capacity f) is the volume of the spaces used to carry general cargo

Displacement f) is used to calculate how much harbour dues must be paid

Net Tonnage g) is the volume of the spaces used to carry dry bulk cargo

Bale Space h) is the weight of cargo, stores, oils and waters

PART 2. Dimensions Vocabulary and reading Practise these words orally, and then read part one of the text

Ь" Moulds - теоретический размер корпуса судна fa- Moulded breadth - расчетная ширина судна $*¦ Moulded depth - расчетная глубина судна r^ Stability - остойчивость ^ Beam - бимс, ширина судна, траверз

^ Clearance - клиренс, минимальная глубина под килем корабля $* Embankment -1.дамба, насыпь 2. набережная fc*' To allocate - размещать, назначать ?>¦ Stem - форштевень, нос ^ То intersect - пересекать

^ Rudderstock - баллер руля, изогнутая балка для передачи вращения от рулевой машины к перу руля fa* Salinity - соленость ?>Draft (draught) - осадка ^ Loaded draft - осадка с полным грузом ^ Light draft - осадка в баласте

Exercise 5. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions

Moulded Breadth

By moulded breadth is understood the horizontal distance between the insides of the moulds. In other words, it is the inside breadth (or width) of the vessel.

It is used to determine the vessel's cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.

Moulded Depth

By moulded depth is understood the vertical distance between the insides of the moulds (including the double bottom).

It indicates the inside height of the vessel.

It is used to determine the vessel's cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.

Beam

By beam is understood the extreme breadth of the vessel. In restricted narrow fairways (e.g. the Panama Canal) the vessel's beam is an important factor to obtain a clearance to proceed.

Length Over All (L.O.A.).

By Length over all is understood the distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the vessel. Before a berth along an embankment is allocated, the port authorities will have to know the total length of the ship.

Length Between Perpendiculars (LPP)

Length Between Perpendiculars is measured between the fore-perpendicular (LPP) and the aft-perpendicular (APP). It is used to determine the vessel's stability.

The Construction Waterline is the line to which the ship may be loaded in summer.

The fore-perpendicular is the vertical line through the point where the Construction Waterline and the stem intersect. The aft perpendicular goes through the radderstock.

Exercise 6. Read the ship's details and write down her description

MV Queen's Hope Container carrier y.b. 1999 L.O.A.: 140.50m Beam: 27m Draft s/w: 9m Dwgt: 13300t GRT: 8700t NRT: 4820t

Exercise 7. Listen to the speaker (Computer Programme "Anglomar Study English "). Record your own voice. Replay the original and your own version



РИС.1 1. Носовой шпринг. 2 Носовой прижимной конец 3 Носовой продольный конец 4 Нос/форштевень 5.Левая носовая скула. 6 Буксирный трос, буксировщик. 7.Правая носовая скула. 8 Бак,полубак 9 Правый борт	SKETCH 1.
		1 Forward spring
	Ф	? Forward breast line
	Ф	3 Head line.
	Ф	4 Dow/stem
	Ф	5.Port bow
	Ф	6 Towing line tug
	Ф	7 Starboard bow
	Ф	8 Forecastle
	Ф	9 Starboard
	ф	10 Midships
10 Мидель 11 Траверз 12.Мостик.
	^в	11 Abeam
	ф	I2.6ndge
13 Правая кормовая скула. 14.Носовая часть. 15 Кормовая часть 1Б Наибольшая длина 17 Корма 18 Ширина 19 Назад, позади 20 Кормовой продольный конец. 21 .Кормовой прижимной конец. 22 Кормовой шпринг 23 Траверз 24.Левый борт 25 Вперед впереди 26Левая кормовая скула.	ф	13 Starboard quarter
	Ф	14 Forward
	ф	15 Aft
	ф	1С Length overall (LOA)
	*	17 Stem
	ф	18 Breadth
	i	19 Astern
	ф	20 Stem line
	Ф	21 Aft breast line
	Ф	2? Aft spring
	Ф	23.Abeam.
	ф	24 Port
	Ф	25 Ahead
	Ф	26 Port quarter

Exercise 8. Match the words from column A with the words from column В

	1. 2. 3.	upper double transverse	a) chain b) superstructure c) bottom
	4	anchor	d) bulkhead
	5.	steenng	e) mast
	6.	deck	f) deck
	7. 8	signal chain	g) gear h) winch
	9 10.	mooring aft	i) spring j) locker
). Match the words from column A with the words from
1 2 3	мидель ширина наибольшая длина	a) port quarter b) abeam c) starboard bow
4. 5. 6 7 8 9	кормовой прижимной конец d) mooring gear левая кормовая скула е) foremast правая носовая скула f) transverse bulkhead траверз g) length overall поперечная переборка h) midships фок-мачта i) aft breast line
10.	швартовое устройство	j) breadth

Exercise 10. Give the synonyms in Russian to the following words port quarter; starboard quarter; bow stem; port bow; starboard bow

PART3

Exercise 11. Read the text and answer the following questions

Draft, air draft, freeboard and under keel clearance

By draft is understood the distance from the bottom of the keel to the surface of the water. A distinction must be made between loaded draft and light draft, as well as salt-water draft and fresh-water draft. Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft in seawater is less than draft in fresh-water, because seawater has a higher specific gravity.

By air draft is understood the distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel. When proceeding through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, the air draft should of course be less than the vertical clearance of the bridge. When a vessel's air draft is greater than the vertical clearance will allow, we speak of a top-hampered vessel.

By freeboard is understood the distance between deckline and waterline.

By underkeel clearance (UKQ) is understood the distance between keel and seabed.

How do they call the inside width of a ship?

When is it especially important to take into consideration the beam of a ship?

What do the port authorities have to know the ship's L.O.A. for?

What is the construction waterline?

How do you think, why is it that important to distinguish loaded draft and light draft?

How do you think, where can be the highest point of the vessel? Why is it so important to know this?

When is it necessary to state your freeboard? What for?

What is the best (or the least) under keel clearance according to the well known saying?

Exercise 12. Correct the mistakes and give right definitions

In shallow water the vessel's beam is an important factor to obtain a clearance to proceed.

Before a berth along an embankment is allocated, the port authorities will have to know the total width of the ship.

Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft in seawater is greater than draft in fresh-water

When a vessel's draft is greater than the vertical clearance will allow, we speak of a top-hampered vessel.

The fore-perpendicular is the diagonal line through the point where the Construction Waterline and the stem intersect.

Exercise 13. Match the expressions with the explanations

Expressions

Explanations

moulded depth

moulded breadth

beam

freeboard

draft

Length over all

the aft perpendicular

under keel clearance

air draft

10. length between perpendiculars

a. is the vertical line through the rudderstock.

b. is the distance between FPP and APP.

с is the distance between the vessel's keel and the bottom of the sea.

d. is the highest point of the ship measured from the waterline?

e. is the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline.

f. is the distance between the deckline and the sur face of the water

g indicates the height of the cargo holds, including the double bottom.

h indicates the greatest distance between the starboard- and port sides.

i. is the length between the stem and the stem., j. indicates the inside breadth of the cargo holds.

Exercise 14. Listen to the speaker. Record your own voice. Replay the original and your own version

I cannot keep my present course.	Я не могу более идти этим курсом.
1 am altering course to port / starboard.	Я изменяю курс влево / вправо.
Advise you alter course to ... (at...)	Рекомендую изменить курс на ... (в ...)
What is your draught?	Какая у Вас осадка?
What is your draught forward?	Какая у Вас осадка носом?
What is your draught aft?	Какая у Вас осадка кормой?
My draught forward is ....	Моя осадка носом ....
My draught aft is ....	Моя осадка кормой ....
Vessel... is of deep draught.	Судно .. с большой осадкой.
Do you have any list?	Имеете ли Вы крен?
I have a list to port of... degrees.	У меня крен на левый борт... градусов.
Maximum permitted draught is ....	Максимальная допустимая осадка составляет ....
What is your freeboard?	Какова у Вас высота надводного борта?
What is your height / air draught?	Какова высота Вашего судна над водой?
Are you trimmed by the head / stern?	У Вас дифферент на нос / корму?
Are you on even keel?	Вы на ровном киле?
What is your maximum draught now?	Какова сейчас у Вас максимальная осадка?



Exercise 15. Listen to the speaker (Computer Programme "Anglomar Study English") and match the terms you hear with the given numbers on the sketch. Give Russian equivalents

Exercise 16. Outline the characteristic features of kinds of tonnage. Complete the chart



Exercise 18. Watch the CD-ROM program "International Maritime English Programme " (Ship Measurement)

UNIT 4. PILOTAGE AND PILOTS

PART I. Vocabulary and reading

Practise these words orally and learn them by heart

Estimated time of arrival (ETA) - предполагаемое время прибытия

t^- To indicate - указывать

ft5" Draught - осадка (судна)

ft5" Pilotage - лоцманская служба; лоцманская проводка

ft5' Pilot boarding - посадка лоцмана на борт судна

ft3' Compulsory - обязательный

ft3' То obtain - получать, брать

Р^ Harbour Master - капитан порта

ft5' To embark - подниматься на борт судна

ft3' Embarkation - посадка на борт судна

ft>- To disembark - сходить с судна

ft3' Customary signals - обычные сигналы

ft5" То display (hoist) - показывать; вывесить

ft3' International Code of signals - Международный свод сигналов

ft3' Blast - звук; гудок

ft3' Whistle - свисток

9* In compliance with - в соответствии с ...

ft*' То provide - обеспечивать

ft3' International Standard Pilot Ladder and Mechanical Hoists - лоцманский трап международного стандарта и механические подъемники

ft3' Lee side - подветренная сторона

ft3' Pre-arrival information exchange - обмен информацией перед приход! судна в порт

ft" (ISC) International Shipping of Chamber - международная судохода палата

ft" Bridge Procedures Guide - руководство для штурманского состава мостике

fa* Approximately - приблизительно

ft" Annex приложение

ft" Thruster подруливающее устройство; толкатель

ft" Prior the ship's arrival до прихода судна

ft" To con вести судно; давать команды рулевому

ft" To see to ~ наблюдать

Exercise 1. Read the text quickly to grasp the main idea

Pre-arrival information exchange with the pilot

In accordance with the ISC Bridge Procedures Guide in case when the Master has limited local knowledge of the pilotage waters, it is recommended that a pre-arrival exchange of information takes place with the pilot before boarding.

The ship initiates an information exchange approximately 24 hours before the pilot's ETA will allow sufficient time for more detailed planning to take place both on the ship and ashore.

Ship to Shore Master/Pilot Exchange and Shore to Ship Pilot/ Master Exchange forms can be used for this purpose (see annexes Al and A2).

These fonns can provide a basis, the exact detail of the forms can vary from ship to ship, trade to trade, or even from port to port. It is recommended to keep preliminary information exchange to a minimum, and limit the information to that which is strictly necessary to assist in planning the pilotage.

In some cases the Shore to Ship Pilot/Master Exchange form can be supported by a graphical route plan.

Detailed exchanges and discussions on berthing can take place when the pilot arrives on board.

Exercise 2. Learn the documents. Fill in the gaps using the following data (Annex 1)

Ro-Ro "Transitor"

Length o.a - 156.6 m Breadth - 23.8 m Height-16.9 m Draught-7.2 m Deadweight -7,100 t Speed- 17.3 kn

Tanker "Victoria" Length o.a. - 230.2 m Breadth - 32.2 m Height- 19.0 m Draught- 13.6m Deadweight - 68,550 t Speed-15.8 kn

Bulker "Regal Star" Length o.a. -215.2 m Breadth-31.9m Height-17.3 m Draught-12.3 m Deadweight-52,450 t Speed- 14.2 kn

Timber-carrier "Gloria" Length o.a. - 131.6 m Breadth - 19.3 m Height-8.8 m Draught - 7.4 m Deadweight - 7,7001 Speed - 14.0 kn



PART 2. Vocabulary and listening

Practise these words orally. Learn them by heart. Listen to the dialogues

r^ To climb up - подниматься

гЬ" To sheer - отклоняться от курса, рыскать

fa* To answer the wheel - слушаться руля (о судне)

r^- A single-screw ship - одновинтовое судно

\** A heavy swell - сильное волнение (о море)

fa Exception - исключение

fa Л lifebuoy ~ спасательный круг

fa .4 heaving line -- бросательный конец

^ ^4 fairway buoy ~ фарватерный буй

fa То ту mind- по моему мнению

CONVERSATIONAL PRACTICE

Dialogue 1 Taking a pilot aboard

Watch officer: There is a pilot boat approaching our ship, Master,

Master: Lower the pilot ladder over the port side. Make a lee for the pilot boat.

Watch officer: Yes, Sir. The ladder is fast. A piht may climb up.

Master: That's all right.

Dialogue 2 Pilot is on board the ship

Watch officer: Please meet the Captain, Mr. Stone

Captain: How do you do, sir?

Pilot: How do you do Pleased to meet you, sir. I'd like to get some informa
tion about your ship.

Captain: You are welcome.

Pilot: How many propellers does your ship have?

Captain: She is a single-screw ship.

Pilot: What is her maximum speed?

Captain: 20 knots.

Pilot: How many knots are we doing now?

Captain: We are running about 17 knots.

Pilot: What is a draft of your ship? <

Captain: Her draft is 4, 5 metres fore and 6 metres aft.

Pilot: How is her head now?

Captain: Her head is 156 degrees now.

Pilot: How does she answer the helm?

Captain. She answers the helm all right.

Pilot: Does the ship sheer too much?

Captain; No, she sheers a little when there is a heavy swell or a strong wind.

Pilot: Thank you. Now we shall turn to starboard. Starboard a bit.
Captain (to helsman): Starboard a bit.

Helsman: Yes, sir. Starboard a bit.

Dialogue 3 Proceeding to the port

Captain: Pilot, how far will you pilot the ship?

Pilot: I shall con the ship only to the port entrance.

Captain: Who will con the ship further on?

Pilot: At the entrance to the port another pilot will board the ship. He will relieve me

and manoeuvre her into the port. He will take the ship to her berth.

Captain: Thank you. Shall we take a tug to enter the port?

Pilot: Yes, taking a tug is compulsory for such big ships as yours. To my mind, you

will take even two tugs.

Captain: Thank you.

Exercise 4. Compose your own dialogues between Master and OOW;

Pilot and OOW; Master and Pilot

Exercise 5. Role play the dialogues PAHT3

Vocabulary and reading

Practise these words orally and learn them by heart

fa" Pilotage passage plan - лоцманский план перехода судна; ft=" Amendment - поправка; ^ To commence - начинать; Ф" Consequential changes - важные изменения;

fa" Individual bridge team responsibilities - обязанности каждого члена штурманской команды; ?* То hand - вручать; Р5" Pilot Card- лоцманская карта;

$* Wheelhouse Poster - объявление штурманской рубки; ffc" Manoeuvering information - информация о движении судна; W To manoeuvre - маневрировать; проводить судно

Pilot on board

According to ISC Bridge Procedures Guide the captains should discuss the pilotage passage plan with the pilot as soon as he comes on board. They should agree any amendmends to the plan before pilotage commences.

They also should make any consequential changes in individual bridge team responsibilities before pilotage begins.

The pilot should be handed the Pilot Card (see Annex A3) and shown the Wheelhouse Poster (see Annex A4).

The Wheelhouse Poster provides a summary of ship manoeuvring information.



Exercise 6. Read the commands after the speaker (Computer Programme "Anglomar. SMCP") and learn them by heart. Record your own voice. Replay the original and your own version

Commands to the helmsman Commands to the engine room

Midships	Прямо руль
Port five	Руль лево пять
Hard-a-port	Руль лево на борт
Starboard five	Руль право пять
Hard-a-starboard	Руль право на борт
base to five	Держать лево/ право пять
Steady	Одерживай
Steady as she goes	Так держать
Keep the buoy/mark/beacon on port/starboard side	Держать буй/ориентир/знак слева/справа
Report if she does not answer the wheel	Доложить, если судно не будет слушаться руля
Finished with the wheel	От руля отойти
Full ahead	Вперёд полный
Half ahead	Вперёд средний
Slow ahead	Вперёд малый
Dead slow ahead	Вперёд самый малый
Stop engine (s)	Стоп машина (ы)
Dead slow astern	Назад самый малый
Slow astern	Назад малый
Half astern	Назад средний
Full astern	Назад полный
Emergency full ahead/astern	Вперёд/ назад максимально возможный ход
Stand by engine	Машина «товсь»
Finished with engines	Машины не нужны

PART 4. Vocabulary and reading

Practise these words orally and learn them by heart

fa" Duties and obligations - обязанности fa" To releive from - освобождать от...

fa" Officer in charge (officer of the watch, 00 W) -вахтенный помощник капитана

fa" Safety of a ship - безопасность судна

fa" To exchange - обмениваться

fa^ Regarding - относительно

fa" Navigation procedures - плавание

fa" Local conditions - местные условия плавания

fa" Ship's characteristics - технические данные судна

fa" Position - местоположение судна

fa" Movement - движение

fa" Offing - часть открытого моря, видимого с берега

Exercise 7. Scan the text as quickly as possible. Decide whether the statements below are true (T) or false (F)

Pilotage and pilots

According to STCW 1978/95 Convention, the duties and obligations of pilots, their presence on board does not relieve the Master or an officer in charge of a navigational watch from their duties and obligations for the safety of the ship. The Master and a pilot shall exchange information regarding navigation procedures, local conditions and the ship's characteristics. The Master and /or an officer in charge of a navigational watch shall co-operate closely with the pilot and maintain an accurate check on die ship's position and movement.

24 hours prior to the ship's arrival at a port the ship sends a radiogram to the company's agent ashore indicating the estimated time of arrival (ETA), the quantity and quality of cargo. Sometimes Masters state the draught of their vessels.

The ship hoists the signal when she approaches the pilot station or the Master contacts the pilot station by radiotelephone.

In many ports ships must take pilots to manoeuvre die ship into or out of the port. Ships requiring a pilot should make customary signals. In daylight ships display the flag "G" (Golf) of the International Code of Signals. It means "I require a pilot". At night the signal for a pilot is blasts on the ship's whistle or siren*

In many ports pilotage is compulsory for merchant ships. A pilot may be obtained from a port pilot station or sometimes from the office of the Harbour Master. A pilot may board the ship near the pilot station or in the offing. A pilot is usually taken aboard from the lee side.

In compliance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1979, ships shall be provided with the International Standard Pilot Ladders and Mechanical Hoists.

The watch officer usually meets the pilot at the ladder and shows him to the bridge. Then the pilot manoeuvres the ship into the port to her berth. Sometimes the pilot cons the ship only to the entrance of the port and the port pilot embarks the ship to manoeuvre her to the berth. He should also see to the mooring of the ship.

While proceeding to the port the pilot is consulted as to what course the ship should steer and at what speed she should move, nevertheless Master of the ship is responsible for the safety of the ship, the crew, the cargo and passengers (if any) in any case.

Exercise 8. Decide whether these statements are true or false

\. The ship sends a radiogram 3 days prior to her arrival at a port. ( )

The Master of a ship indicates the ETA, the quantity and quality of the cargo in his radiogram. ( )

The Master and a pilot exchange information as for navigation procedures, local conditions and the ship's characteristics. ( )

The ship hoists the signal "J" when she approaches the pilot station. ( )

The OOW contacts the pilot station by radiotelephone. ( )

In daylight the ship displays the flag "H". ( )

The flag "G" means "You need not take pilot". ( )

A pilot may board the ship only in the offing ( )

A pilot is taken aboard from the weather side. ( )

10. The Chief Mate always meets the pilot at the ladder. ( )

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions

When does the ship send a radiogram ashore?

What does Master indicate in the radiogram?

Why must ships take pilots in many ports?

What customary signals should ships requiring a pilot make in daylight?

What does this flag mean?

What is the signal for a pilot at night?

Where may pilots be obtained?

What kind of pilot ladders and mechanical hoists shall ships be provided with?

Where may pilots board the ship?

Who usually meets the pilot at the ladder?

What are the pilot's duties on the ship?

Who cons the ship with the pilot aboard?

Who is responsible for the safety of the ship in any case? Why?

Exercise 10. Read and translate the extracts from pilot books into your native language

Pilotage is compulsory. Pilots board vessels outside the harbour.

Official pilots for the lake ports can be obtained by application to the Captain of the port.

Pilotage is compulsory for merchant vessels. Pilots meet vessels off the entrance to K. The signal for a pilot in daylight is the prescribed International Code signal and, at night, four blasts on the whistle or siren.

Pilotage. Pilotage is compulsory for merchant vessels. Vessels must report their expected time of arrival and draught by radio 24 hours beforehand. Pilots meet vessels northwestward of the western breakwater or just within the entrance. Entry must be made during daylight hours.

Pilotage. Pilots board vessels from 2 to 3 miles southwestward of O. Cay. The signal for a pilot is one long blast on the whistle, or siren, in addition to the usual International Code of Signals.

Pilot. A pilot for K. river may be obtained from point O. Vessels not wishing to call there, may embark a pilot off Cape A.

Pilotage. Pilotage is compulsory for vessels of more than 300 tons, A vessel entering the port and requiring a pilot should display flag G of the International Code of Signals.

Pilotage. Vessels bound for S. from southward, can obtain a pilot from the pilot vessel cruising off N. Vessels from northward can obtain a pilot from the pilot vessel cruising ofFH.

Pilotage. Pilotage is compulsory for merchant vessels. Pilots board vessels by day or at night from a small launch outside the entrance, weather permitting. They do not cross the bar when a Northern is blowing but wait inside displaying a white flag; a stranger should then either keep at sea or proceed to 1. for shelter.

10. Pilots. There are no pilots. The best information with regard to the cross ing of the bar is to be obtained from the masters of vessels frequenting the various rivers.

PART 4. Listening Comprehension

Listen to the following JMO Standard Marine Communication phrases and learn them by heart

Questions in standard communications differ from "normal" questions:

1. When we ask a question in English we normally raise the tone of the voice. In other languages a falling tone is sometimes used. Therefore, confusion can arise.

In standard communications you should use the IMO message marker "QUESTION" in front of every sentence that is a question.

In standard communications you should avoid indirect questions (e.g., Could you tell me...? Do you know...?)

In standard communications you can often omit articles.

Exercise 11. Learn the following 1M0 Standard Marine Communication Phrases by heart. Record your own voice.Replay the original and your own version

Pilotage Pilot request	Лоцманская проводка Заявка на лоцмана
Must I take pilot?	Должен ли я взять лоцмана?
Yes, you must take pilot - pilotage is compulsory.	Да, вы должны взять лоцмана - лоцманская проводка обязательна
No, you need not take pilot.	Нет, Вы можете не брать лоцмана.
Do you require pilot?	Вам требуется лоцман?
Yes, I require pilot.	Да, мне требуется лоцман.
No, I do not require pilot - I am holder of Pilotage Exemption Certificate (No. ...)	Нет, мне не требуется лоцман - у меня имеется свидетельство об освобождении от лоцманской проводки (№ ...)
You are exempted from pilotage.	Вы освобождаетесь от лоцманской проводки.
Do you require pilot at... (name) Pilot Station?	Требуется ли вам лоцман у лоцманской станции ... ? (название)
Yes, I require pilot at... (name) Pilot Station.	Да, мне требуется лоцман у лоцманской станции ... (название)
No, I do not require pilot at... (name) Pilot Station - I require pilot in position	Нет, мне не требуется лоцман у лоцманской станции ... (название) - мне нужен лоцман в точке ...
What is your ETA at... (name) Pilot Station in local time?	Сообщите ваше предполагаемое время прибытия к лоцманской станции ... (название)... часов по местному времени.
My ETA at... (name) Pilot Station ... hours local time.	Моё предполагаемое время прибытия к лоцманской станции ... (название) ... часов по местному времени.
What is local time?	Сколько сейчас по местному времени?
Local time ... hours.	Местное время ... часов.
What is your present position?	Какое ваше настоящее местоположение?
My position ...	Моё положение ...
What is your distance from ... (name) Pilot Station?	На каком расстоянии вы находитесь от лоцманской станции ... (название)?
My distance from ... (name) Pilot Station ... kilometers/ nautical miles.	Я нахожусь от лоцманской станции ... (название) на расстоянии ... километров/ морских миль.
Is pilot boat on station?	Лоцманское судно на станции?
Yes, pilot boat on station	Да, лоцманское судно на станции.
No, pi Jot boat not on station.	Нет, лоцманского судна нет на станции.
Pilot boat on station at... hours local time.	Лоцманское судно будет на станции в ... часов местного времени.
In what position can I take pilot?	В каком месте я могу взять лоцмана?
Take pilot in position ... at... hours local time.	Возьмите лоцмана в точке ... в ... часов местного времени.
Take pilot near ... at... hours local time.	Возьмите лоцмана вблизи ... в ... часов местного времени.
When will pilot embark?	Когда лоцман будет на борту?
Pilot will embark at... hours local time.	Лоцман будет на борту в ... часов местного времени.
Pilot coming to you.	Лоцман следует к вам.
Pilot boat approaching your vessel.	Лоцманское судно подходит к вашему судну.
Keep pilot boat on port side	Удерживайте лоцманское судно у левого борта.
Keep pilot boat on starboard side.	Удерживайте лоцманское судно у правого борта.
What is your freeboard?	Какая высота надводного борта вашего судна?
My freeboard ... metres.	Надводный борт моего судна ... метров.
Stop in the present position and wait for pilot.	Остановитесь в данном месте и ждите лоцмана.
Change to VHF channel... for pilot transfer.	Переключитесь на канал ... УКВ для связи при передаче лоцмана.
Stand by on VHF channel ... until pilot transfer completed.	Следите на канале ... УКВ до окончания передачи лоцмана.
Pilotage at... (name) Pilot Station suspended until... (date and local time).	Лоцманская проводка у ... (название) лоцманской станции прекращена до ... (дата и местное время).
Pilotage at... (name) Pilot Station re sumed.	Лоцманская проводка у ... (название) лоцманской станции возобновлена.
Pilot cannot embark at... (name) Pilot Station due to ...	Лоцман не может подняться на борт у ... (название) лоцманской станции из-за...
Do you accept shorebased navigational assistance from pilot?	Принимаете ли вы навигационную помощь лоцмана с берега?
Yes, I accept shorebased navigational assistance from pilot.	Да, я принимаю навигационную помощь лоцмана с берега.
I stay in position ... until ... You may navigate by yourself (or wait for pilot at... buoy).	Я стою в точке ... до ... Вы можете следовать самостоятельно (или ждать лоцмана у ... буя)
Follow pilot boat inward where pilot will embark.	Следуйте за лоцманским судном на вход, там лоцман поднимется на борт.
Embarking/disembarking pilot	Приём/сдача лоцмана
Stand by pilot ladder.	Приготовьте лоцманский трап
Rig pilot ladder on port side ... metres above water.	Приготовьте лоцманский трап с левого борта ... метров над водой.
Rig pilot ladder on starboard side ... metres above water.	Приготовьте лоцманский трап с правого борта ... метров над водой.
Pilot ladder on port side.	Лоцманский трап - с левого борга.
Pilot ladder on starboard side.	Лоцманский трап - с правого борта.
You must rig another pilot ladder.	Вы должны приготовить другой лоцманский трап.
Pilot ladder unsafe.	Лоцманский трап небезопасен.
Move pilot ladder ... metres aft.	Передвиньте лоцманский трап на ... метров к корме.
Move pilot ladder ... metres forward.	Передвиньте лоцманский трап на ... метров к носу.
Rig accommodation ladder in combination with pilot ladder.	Установите парадный трап вместе с лоцманским трапом.
Rig pilot ladder alongside hoist.	Установите лоцманский трап у подъёмника.
Put lights on at pilot ladder.	Включите огни у лоцманского трапа.
Make lee on your port side.	Приведите под ветер ваш левый борт.
Make lee on your starboard side.	Приведите под ветер ваш правый борт.
Stop engine until pilot boat is clear.	Остановите двигатель до тех пор, пока лоцманское судно не отойдёт от борта.
Embarkation not possible.	Высадка невозможна.
Boarding arrangements do not comply with SOLAS - Regulations.	Приспособления для высадки не соответствуют требованиям правил СОЛАС.
Vessel not suited for pilot ladder.	Судно не приспособлено для лоцманского трапа.

Exercise 13. Standard Marine Communication Phrases

When you give information, you should keep structure as simple as possible and use the IMO message marker "INFORMATION". Your sentences should follow the normal English pattern: subject + verb + object + rest of the sentence (time normally goes after place).

The more the pattern is disturbed, the more difficult a sentence may become.

Put the following words in the correct order

1. Permission to take pilot, at... UTC , have , in position... you. -

INFORMATION. -

2. embark, at...hours local time , will, pilot -

3. vessel, your, pilot boat, approaching , is -

4. pilot, on , port side , keep boat -

5. pilot transfer, change to , for, VHF channel -

6. wait for, in, pilot, in present, stop , position and -

7. pilot transfer, for, VHF channel, change to -

8. completed , stand by , until, pilot transfer , on VHF channel -

9. suspended , pilotage at, (name) Pilot Station ,until... (date and local time) -

10. due to , Pilot Station , cannot, pilot, embark at -

(Abridged from the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases) Exercise 14. Standard Marine Communication Phrases

Is the word order in the following sentences right or wrong? Correct the sentences thai are wrong. Follow the examples given in the first and the second sentences Examples:

1. INFORMATION. Pilot ladder has broken steps.
Right

2. INFORMATION. You may navigate by yourself (or wait for pile
at... station),

... Wrong INFORMATION. You may navigate by yourself (or wait for pile at... buoy).

3. INFORMATION. Pilotage at (name) Pilot Station resumed.

4. INFORMATION. Pilot boat approaching.

5. INFORMATION. Pilot will embark at...hours local time.

6. INFORMATION. You are exempted from pilotage.

7. INFORMATION. Pilotage at (name) Pilot Station suspended until...(date and time).

8. INFORMATION. Pilot cannot embark at (name) Pilot Station because...

9. INFORMATION. Pilot ladder unsafe.

10. INFORMATION. Embarkation possible.

INFORMATION. Vessel suited for pilot ladder.

INFORMATION. My ETA at... (name) Pilot Station... hours local time.

13. INFORMATION. Boarding arrangements do not comply with SOLAS -Regulations.

(Abridgedfrom the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases).

Exercise 15. Re-order the following groups of words to make questions.

Follow the example given in the first sentence

Example:

pilot, take , I, must Must I take pilot?

require, you , do , pilot

3. at..., (name) Pilot Station ,you, do ,pilot, require

4. is ,ETA, at... (name)Pilot Station ,what ,your, in , local time

5. local, is , time, what

6. Present, what, your position

7. distance , (name) Pilot Station , what, your, is from

8. station, pilot boat, on , is

9. position , I, Pilot, can, what, take, in

10. will, embark , pilot ,when

11. freeboard, is, your, what

12. accept, shore based navigational, do, assistance , you, from, pilot

13. wrong , what, with , is , pilot ladder

Exercise 16. Make the following sentences into questions acceptable in standard communications (IMO SMCP). Follow the example given in the first sentence Example:

Do you know when the pilot will embark? ...QUESTION. When will pilot embark?...

Could you please tell us if you require pilot?

3. Could you tell me your ETA at... (name) Pilot Station?

4. Would it be possible for you to inform us whether you can proceed without pilot?

5. Could you tell me what your freeboard is?

6. Do you know if a pilot boat is on the station?

7. Could you tell us what your present position is?

8. Do you know the local time?

Exercise 17. Fill in the missing words in the text below

Choose from the following list using appropriate form of the verb

must manoeuvre call for may hoist mean require

come embark meet show to

In some ports, ships take pilots. They take pilots the ship

into or out of the harbour. Ships may a pilot by radio or by hoisting the signal. They also call for a pilot by radiotelephone. Ships usually the International Code Flag "G". This flag "I require a pilot". Soon the pilot boat

alongside the ship and the pilot her. The watch officer the pilot at

the ladder. Then he him the bridge.

ExerciselB. Match the opposites

1. to arrive	a) to disembark
2. to berth	b) to complete
3. to proceed	c) to depart
4. to start	d) to unberth
5. to embark	e) to stay
6. to resume	f) to break
7. to repair	g) to suspend
8. to keep	h) to hoist
9. to low	i) to increase
10. to decrease	j) to move

Exercisel9. Choose the right answer

1. Where may pilots be obtained?

from the office of the Harbour Master

from the port pilot station

in the offing

2. What flag should a vessel display when she requires pilot in daylight?

the flag "H"

the flag "G"

the flag "K"

3. What does the flag "G" mean?

I have a pilot aboard

I require a pilot

I want to communicate with you

4. What is the signal for a pilot at night?

the flag "G"

blasts on the ship's siren

blasts on the ship's whistle

5. What must captains indicate when requesting pilots by?

the ETA of the ship

the name of the ship

the draught of the ship

Exercise 20. Match the synonymes

to inform a) to understand

to depart b) to unload

to arrive c) to contact

to acknowledge d) to berth

to comprehend e) to leave

to communicate f) to come

to moor g) to confirm

to discharge h) to advise

to carry out i) to get

10. to receive j) to fulfill

Exercise 21. Which letter flags deal with the topic "PILOTAGE AND PILOTS"? Name them

PART 5

Video activity

Before watching the video programme "Bridge Routines " study the dialogue and be ready to watch the film

Synopsis:

The ship is at sea, running up to the Pilot Station. The entire action, with the exception of the Third Officer's reply, takes place inside the wheelhouse.

Present are the Master, the watchkeeping Officer (2/0), a helmsman and the Pilot.

Pilot (to 2/0):	Half ahead.
2/0 (Rings Telegraph):	Half ahead, Pilot.
Pilot:	Starboard Ten.
Helmsman:	Starboard Ten, Sir.
Pilot:	Midships.
Helmsman:	Midships, Pilot.
Pilot:	Steer zero zero three.
Helmsman:	Midships. Steady on zero zero three, Pilot.
Pilot:	Dead slow ahead.
2/0 (Rings Telegraph):	Dead slow ahead, Pilot.
Pilot (to helmsman):	What is your course?
Helmsman:	My course is zero zero three, Sir.
Pilot (to Master):	Captain, we are coming up to the pilot station. Please rig pilot ladder on starboard side, one metre above the
	water.
Master (to Pilot):	Yes, Pilot.
Master (on radio):	"Arabiyah" Captain to Third Mate. Rig the pilot ladder on starboard side, one metre above the water. Have a lifebuoy and heaving line ready, then report to the bridge.

Подобные документы

• History of the English language. Chronological division in the history of English

  Traditional periodization of historical stages of progress of English language. Old and middle English, the modern period. The Vocabulary of the old English language. Old English Manuscripts, Poetry and Alphabets. Borrowings in the Old English language.
  
  презентация [281,2 K], добавлен 27.03.2014
  

• The role of prosody and rhythm means in the perception of English-language text

  The prosodic and rhythmic means of english language speech: speech rhythm, intonation, volume and tempo, pauses and speech melody. Methods and Means of Forming Rhythmic and Intonational Skills of Pupils. Exercises and Tasks of Forming Skills of Pupils.
  
  курсовая работа [52,5 K], добавлен 09.07.2013
  

• Intercultural communication in English language education

  Basic approaches to the study of the English language. Intercultural communication and computerization of education. The use of technical means for intensification of the educational process. The use of video and Internet resources in the classroom.
  
  курсовая работа [333,1 K], добавлен 02.07.2014
  

• Basic grammatical and lexical-semantic differences between American and British English

  The history and reasons for the formation of american english, its status as the multinational language. Its grammatical and lexical-semantic features. Differences in American and English options in the grammar parts of speech, pronunciation and spelling.
  
  курсовая работа [34,8 K], добавлен 08.03.2015
  

• English idioms and their Russian equivalents

  The Importance of Achieving of Semantic and Stylistic Identity of Translating Idioms. Classification of Idioms. The Development of Students Language Awareness on the Base of Using Idioms in Classes. Focus on speech and idiomatic language in classes.
  
  дипломная работа [66,7 K], добавлен 10.07.2009
  

• English Speaking Countries

  Why English language so the expanded language in the world. The English countries of conversation are located in various parts of the world and differ in the different ways. Each country has own customs of history, tradition, and own national holidays.
  
  топик [10,7 K], добавлен 04.02.2009
  

• Intercultural communication of Russian and English languages

  Loan-words of English origin in Russian Language. Original Russian vocabulary. Borrowings in Russian language, assimilation of new words, stresses in loan-words. Loan words in English language. Periods of Russian words penetration into English language.
  
  курсовая работа [55,4 K], добавлен 16.04.2011
  

• History of the English language expansion in the world

  History of the English language, its causes and global distribution. His role in global communication between peoples and as a major business. Comparison of British and American dialects. Proof of the importance of their various teaching for pupils.
  
  курсовая работа [119,7 K], добавлен 26.06.2015
  

• The main variants of the English language

  Characteristics of the English language in different parts of the English-speaking world. Lexical differences of territorial variants. Some points of history of the territorial variants and lexical interchange between them. Local dialects in the USA.
  
  реферат [24,1 K], добавлен 19.04.2011
  

• Peculiarities of regional varieties of the English language in newspapers in English-speaking countries

  English language: history and dialects. Specified language phenomena and their un\importance. Differences between the "varieties" of the English language and "dialects". Differences and the stylistic devices in in newspapers articles, them evaluation.
  
  курсовая работа [29,5 K], добавлен 27.06.2011
  

• главная
• рубрики
• по алфавиту
• вернуться в начало страницы
• вернуться к началу текста
• вернуться к подобным работам