Иностранный язык. Сфера сервиса (английский язык)

The party that has won the general election makes up the majority in the House of Commons and forms the Government. Since the Second World War the great majority of MPs have belonged to either the Conservative or the Labor party. The leader of the party that wins most seats at a general election is by convention invited by the Monarch to form a government. He or she becomes Prime Minister and chooses the ministers who will together form the government. Government ministers - the executive- are all members of the House of Commons or House of Lords.

A modern British Prime Minister has very considerable powers, greater than those of many leaders of democratic states. The party with the next largest number of members in the House, or sometimes a combination of other parties, forms the official opposition, and the Leader of the Opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. Important members of the House of Commons are the Speaker and so called party whips. Speaker is the chairmen of the House of Commons. He is elected at the beginning of each new Parliament. Party whips are party organizers, who receive special salaries for their duties. They arrange each day's program in Parliament and tell members when they must attend debates.

"Democracy", said Winston Churchill," is the worst form of the government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time." Democratic states take many forms, but all have a system of representative government whereby the citizens can elect and also dismiss their political leaders. For over 150 years Britain's system of parliamentary democracy has been based on organized political parties competing to form governments.

Democracies may also be recognized by their adherence to 'democratic values'. These are values which enable democracy to function properly. Obviously no human institution can ever be perfect and most democracies fail, in some respect, to meet the high standards required. Still, broadly speaking, in democratic states, the rights and liberties of the individual are safeguarded. The rule of law is respected. The courts of law are free from government interference. The media (newspapers, radio and television) are free to present uncensored news and views on political issue. Without these freedoms it is difficult for democracy to survive.

Words and expressions

treaty - договор

to evolve - развиваться, эволюционировать

sovereign - монарх

sovereignty - верховная власть

statute law - статутное право; право, выраженное в законодательных актах

hereditary - наследственный, передаваемый по наследству

representative government - представительное правительство

Task 1. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

majority избирать

powersувольнять

head of the stateмогущество, власть

gradually договор, соглашение

conventionглава государства

electбольшинство

dismissпостепенно

uncensored гарантировать

safeguard не проходивший цензуру

Task 2. Translate the words into Russian and write words they are formed from.

Development, government, cornerstone, lawmakers, leadership, non-binding, three-tier system, living, representative, changeable, executive, fundamental, authorization.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA

Read and translate the text

The US Constitution

The US Constitution was proclaimed in 1787, it is the supreme law of the country, which protects the rights of all the people living in the USA. The constitution is based on three main principles:

- the first one guarantees basic rights such as right of freedom of speech and religion, right to have a trial and right to own a property;

- the second one tells about a government by the people - people can vote for their representatives and ask for new laws and changes;

- the third one tells about the three branches of the US government and their different powers: legislative, executive, judicial.

The Constitution includes the Preamble, 7 articles, 26 amendments, which help to make some changes or add some new things. The first 10 amendments are called Bill of Rights which must protect specific individual rights and freedom from government interference.

The Constitution sets up a federal system of government by dividing powers between the national, state and local governments. Two characteristics of this three-tier system of American government are fundamental. First, citizens elect officials to serve in the national, state and local governments. The authority of each level rests with the people.

Second, each level of government raises money through taxation from the citizens living in the area it serves. Unless each level of government can raise its own fiscal resources, it cannot act independently. The idea of separating powers among the various elements of government was designed to restrict governmental power and prevent its abuse. Wherever possible, the Founding Fathers (Отцы-основатели) built a system of "checks and balances" into the Constitution so that no one part of the government could supplant the other.

At the national level, the federal government is further divided into three autonomous branches.

The Legislative Branch

The Constitution sets up a bi-cameral body known as the U.S. Congress to raise and to spend national revenue and to draft laws. The two chambers are the Senate and the House of Representatives. The main function of the legislative branch is to make laws about trade, taxes, citizenship. It is commonly said that Congress influences American policy by exercising the "power of the purse strings" [распоряжаться деньгами]. It can maintain army, declare war, establish US Post Office, print and borrow money.

The Congress cannot take away the right to a trial, give title to nobility, put a tax on export, and use tax money without authorization. It cannot make laws about marriage, driver's licenses, and police. A new Congress begins every two years with the elections of new senators and representatives. It meets in Capitol, Washington D.C. The House of Representatives has large room, the Senate has smaller one. There are 435 members in the House of Representative and 100 senators. Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate.

The broad powers of the whole Congress are spelled out in Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which not only outlines what Congress can do, but also specifically forbids Congress from certain acts. The 10th Amendment of the Constitution further limits the domain of the nation's lawmakers by stating that all powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or the people.

The Executive Branch

The president has come to symbolize the nation's executive branch of government because the Constitution states very clearly that it is the president's duty to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." The President of the USA is elected every 4 years to a 4 year term, with no more than 2 full terms allowed. The President is elected directly by the votes. He must be a native born citizen at least 35 and live in the US for not less than 14 years. The US President is the head of the State and the government and Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces. He makes foreign policy, advises the Congress, approves or vetoes laws, appoints judges, advisors and ambassadors, he can pardon a person for a federal crime.

To implement the policies and laws of the nation, the president presides over a vast organization of departments and agencies which were never enumerated in the Constitution, but developed over the course of American history. Although the United States is often cited as an example of a democratic system where the president has a very powerful rule, the formal powers of the office are few and structure of the American government prevents the president from acting directly, without the advice and consent of the other branches of government.

The legislative and executive branches of the government (Congress and President) are the most powerful of the three branches. The President and Congress have almost complete political independence from each other because they are both chosen in separate elections. For example, the election of Congress does not determine who will be elected President, and the Presidential election does not determine who will be elected to Congress. It is quite possible in the American system to have the leader of one political party win the Presidency while the other major political party wins most of the seats in Congress. It is necessary for the President to sign bills passed by Congress in order for them to become law. A legislative bill passed by Congress dies if the President vetoes it (refuses to sign it). On the other hand, a treaty with a foreign government signed by a President dies if Congress refuses to ratify it.

People from other countries are often confused by the American system but the Americans are proud of it.

The Judicial Branch

The federal court system plays a critical role in protecting the rights and liberties guaranteed to the American people. Federal courts can strike down any legislation, at any level of government, if the courts determine that the legislation violates the nation's fundamental, democratic principles outlined in the Constitution. The judicial branch consists of a system of courts spread throughout the country, with jurisdiction in both civil actions and to criminal cases arising under federal law.

The various types of federal courts are:

· U.S. Supreme Court

· U.S. Courts of Appeal

· U.S. District Courts

· Special Courts

Most of cases start in District Courts. There are 94 of them. Usually it is 1 judge and 1 jury. The main duties of them are to hear cases about federal laws and constitutional rights. These are the lowest courts. The courts of Appeals are higher than District Courts. These are groups of 3 judges without jury and the main duty is to review District Court's decisions. The highest court is the Supreme Court that has 9 judges, no jury and all its decisions are final. The judges are appointed for life by the president and have to be approved by the Senate.

Major Political Parties

The USA has a two party system. There are two major political parties in the USA. They are Republicans and Democrats. The symbol of the Republican Party is elephant and that of the Democratic Party is Donkey. There are no clear differences between the Republican and Democratic parties. In general, the Republicans tend to be more conservative to have more support among the upper classes, while the Democrats tend to be more liberal and have more support among the working class and the poor. There are other parties beside these two, but these parties do not play a role in a national politics.

Elections

At first, there are two or more candidates for the Republican Party and two or more candidates for the Democratic Party. Each party has a convention to choose one candidate. After the party conventions, the candidates continue to campaign. Then on Election Day US adult citizens vote for a president in a national election. When citizens vote for a President, they are really voting for the state electors (выборщик, член коллегии выборщиков). Every State has electors. The number of electors = the number of senators + the number of representatives in a state. These are the main steps:

- Citizens of a state vote.

- Their votes are counted.

- One candidate has 51% or more of the votes.

- This candidate wins all the electoral votes of the state.

- The electoral votes of all the states are counted.

- The candidate with the most electoral votes becomes a president.

Words and expressions

amendment - поправка законопроекту

to be divided into - быть разделенным

individual citizens - частные граждане

legislative branch - законодательная власть

executive branch - исполнительная власть

judicial branch - юридическая власть

responsibility - ответственность

to abuse power - злоупотреблять властью

to win the Presidency - завоевать президентство

to pass a bill - принять законопроект

to become a law - стать законом

to veto - налагать вето

to ratify - ратифицировать

"Bill of Rights" - билль о правах

legislative bill - законодательный проект (билль)

government interference - вмешательство правительства

to be proud of - гордиться чем-либо

to preside at - председательствовать

to supplant-вытеснить; занять (чьё-л.) место

legislation- законодательство, законы

jurisdiction- юрисдикция, сфера полномочий

to approve of- одобрять ,утверждать

Task 3. Answer the questions.

1. What main principles is the constitution based on?

2. What are the main features of the federal system of government?

3. There is a belief that if any one part of the government has all, or even most powers, it will become a threat to the freedom of individual citizens. How is the belief realized in reality?

4. How many branches is the Government in the United States divided into?

5. How is the legislative branch of the Government called?

3. What branch of the Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?

4. What branch of the Government do the Supreme Court and lower national Courts make up?

5. Why do President and Congress have almost complete political independence from each other?

6. What happens to a legislative bill passed by Congress, if the President vetoes it?

7. What happens to a treaty with a foreign government signed by the President, if Congress refuses to ratify it?

8. What protects individual rights and freedom of citizens from government interference?

9. What major powers does the Constitution assign to each branch of Government?

10. What is the attitude of the Americans to their system?

Task 4. Say whether the statements given below are true or false.

1. The Constitution's Framers (who drafted the United States Constitution) set out to design a government in which no branch of government could become all powerful.

2. The Constitution's Framers divided the powers of government among lawmakers, judges, and a chief executive, and they made it possible for each group to balance and check each other's powers.

3. It is impossible in the American System to have the leader of one political party win the Presidency, while the other major political party wins most of the seats in Congress.

4. The cornerstones of the Constitution include the system of checks and balances, federalism, and individual rights.

Task 5. Complete the sentences.

1. The executive branch, symbolized by the office of the president of the United States, ___ 2. The legislative branch, symbolized by the U.S. Congress, ___ 3. And the judicial branch, symbolized by the Supreme Court, ___

A) enforces the law.

B) makes the laws.

C) interprets these laws and decides whether they are compatible with the Constitution.

Task 6. Electoral Quiz.

1. The President of the US is elected every ____years.

2. Name the two major political parties in the USA and their animal symbols.

3. What is the name of the type of the election in which political party members vote for their favorite among candidates from their own party?

4. What is the name of the political event at which a political party's Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates are determined and the party platform is formalized?

5. Can everyone living in the US vote for the President?

6. In what month are the US Presidential elections held?

7. Does every state have the same number of Electoral College votes?

8. Who becomes President, the winner of the popular vote or the winner of the Electoral College vote?

9. On what date is a new President of the US inaugurated (sworn into office)?

10. How long does a single term of a US president last?

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Grammar Revision:

· Past Simple

· Past Continuous

· Past Perfect

· Past Perfect Continuous

· Prepositions on/in/at (place)

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple Tense.

It (be) the 4th of July of the year 1776 when the colonies (declare) their independence from England. In the following years the political system (be based) on the "Articles of Confederation", which (be) a non-binding 'contract' for the member states. Seeing that this system (not / work out), the Continental Congress (introduce) the draft of a 'binding contract', later called the Constitution. This draft of the Constitution (be formally accepted) in 1787 and needed 9 state votes to be ratified. That (be) in the following year and (start) with the State of Delaware, today nicknamed "the First State". Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina and New Hampshire followed. The official date for the American Constitution to become effective (be) March 4th, 1789.

Exercise 2. Study the following examples.

1. As I was walking down the road I saw Bill.

2. The phone rang while I was having dinner.

Exercise 3. Put verbs into the Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. At six o'clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then the alarm (go) off. 2. This time yesterday I (lie) on the beach. 3. I saw Sid when I (come) to work this morning. He (shop). 4. She (meet) her husband while she (travel) in Egypt. 5. While I (talk) to Mrs Singleton somebody (walk) into my office and (steal) the computer. 6. I (look) out of the window and (see) that we (fly) over the mountains. 7. I (wake) up to find that water (pour) through the bedroom ceiling. 8. He (break) his leg while he (play) football. 9. She (tell) me she (have) a bad time with her husband. 10. When Jake (come) in everybody (stop) talking.

Exercise 4. Study the following examples.

1. When I got to the car park I realized that I had lost my keys.

2. She told me that she had worked in France and Germany.

3. He arrived late; he hadn't realized that the roads would be so icy.

4. She was upset because Andrew hadn't telephoned.

5. All the roads were blocked: it had been snowing all night long.

6. After I had been walking for an hour, I decided to have a rest.

7. She felt ill because she had been working too hard.

8. Mary could see that the child had been crying for some time.

Exercise 5. Put verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1. I (be) sorry that I (not / be) nicer to him. 2. Nobody (come) to the meeting because Angela (forget) to tell people about it. 3. I (see) her before somewhere - I (know). 4. Because he (not / check) the oil for so long, the car (break) down. 5. She couldn't find the book that I (lend) her. 6. All the people we (invite) turned up, and some that we (not / invite). 7. They (never find) where he (hide) the money. 8. It was a firm that I (never hear) of. 9. When she (come) in, we all knew where she (be). 10. The lesson (already start) when I (arrive).

Exercise 6. Complete the text with the following verbs in the Past Perfect Progressive.

drive, lie, repair, work

John Latton, 39, an engineer at Felton Plastics in Upton, had a lucky escape after an accident on the A34 in the early hours of the morning. Mr. Latton fell asleep while driving and crashed into a pile of sand left by workers who (1) ___ road. When he left Felton Plastics at 3.00 this morning, Mr. Latton (2) ___ for 72 hours without any sleep.

A passing motorist discovered the accident after the engineers (3)___ in his car with a broken leg for half an hour. Ambulance workers said that if Mr. Latton (4) ___ any faster his injuries might have been much worse.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with in, at or on.

1. Write your name ___ the top of the page.

2. I like that picture hanging ___ the wall ___ the kitchen.

3. There was an accident ___ the crossroads this morning.

4. I wasn't sure whether I had come to the right office. There wasn't name ___the door.

5. ___the end of the street there is a path leading to the river.

6. You'll find the results ___ the back page of the newspaper.

7. I wouldn't like an office job. I couldn't spend the whole day sitting ___ a desk.

8. My brother lives ___ a small village ___ the south-west of England.

9. The man the police are looking for has a scar ___ his right cheek.

10. The headquarters of the company are ___ Milan.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + one of the following:

the window your coffee the mountains that tree my guitar the river the island the next garage

1. Look at these people swimming _____.

2. One of the strings ____ is broken.

3. There's something wrong with this car. We'd better stop _____.

4. Would you like sugar _____ ?

5. The leaves ____ are a beautiful colour.

6. Last year we had a wonderful skiing holiday ____.

7. There's nobody lining _____. It's uninhabited.

8. He spends most of the day sitting ____ and looking outside.

Things to do

Task 1. Speaking.

1. Speak about the political system of the UK.

2. Explain the characteristics of the political system of the UK.

3. What are the differences and similarities in the political systems of the UK and the USA?

Task 2. Translate and comment on the following.

- India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru said: "Democracy is good. I say this because other systems are worse." Is it similar to the opinion expressed by Winston Churchill?

Task 3. Discussing.

1. What is democracy?

2. Speak about the role of the media in democratic states.

3. Ground your opinion about the meaning of the expression given at the top of this unit: "The measure of a civilized society is how we educate our young and care for our old."

UNIT 6. TRAVELLING

All roads lead to Rome.

So many countries so many customs.

It's better to travel hopefully than to arrive.

Everybody needs a vacation. Travel and tourism is an entire service industry based on this idea. Travel and tourism, in basic terms, is all of the transportation and accommodations necessary for travel.

Travel and tourism includes travel agencies, airlines, rental car companies, hotels and restaurants; everything you need to feel relaxed and comfortable while you are away from home. Travel and tourism is entirely based on the quality of service provided. This is why it is critical for people working the travel industry to have the skills they need to be efficient and effective.

Because travel and tourism is a very broad industry and the duties performed by different individuals are complex, training is required for many of the occupations in the field. Travel agents in particular, must have specialized training. Travel agents must be familiar with all of the codes and computer systems used by airlines, trains and car rental companies.

Pre-reading tasks

a. Phonetic drills.

[?][?:][?u]

lostabroadboat

offerporterroad

longfortunehotel

stopsortcode

dollarformostly

[e ][ei][??]

jetweighfare

checkmakeair

evertrainthere

helpstaydeclare

ferrydailyarea

b. Put the words into the gaps.

Trip, route, voyage, flight, journey, travel, tour

1. It's a good idea to take break during a _____especially if your driving for a long way.

2. My son is going on a school _____next month.

3. The _____from London to New-York takes 8 hours.

4. I felt seasick during the______.

5. Do you prefer to _____ by car or by train?

6. My friends have just come from a_____ of Scotland.

7. I had to take different_____ to work this morning due to the roadworks.

c. Put these holidays in order of preference. Discuss why you've chosen that order.

An activity holiday; a beach holiday; a self-catering holiday; a camping holiday; a package holiday; a holiday near your home.

Read and translate the text

Package Holidays

Travelling in foreign countries is truly a great experience. Learning about other cultures, religions, cuisines, traditions, meeting new people, discovering landscapes, architecture and places -what can be more exciting?

Throughout the history, people travel all over the world for the variety of purposes. However, it is only in the last fifty years people have been travelling in such huge numbers for pleasure. Until this century only the very rich and leisured people in society had the free time and the money to travel outside their own local area. For instance, it is known that wealthy Romans went to seaside resorts in Greece and Egypt. In the 19^th century the education of the aristocracy was not complete without Grand Tour of Europe's cultural sites. With the railways and the industrial revolution in Britain working-class people began to travel. A typical family holiday was a day's trip to the seaside.

Things started to change for ordinary people when in 1860 Thomas Cook of Leicester England organized the first package tour. He offered customers a return trip between Leicester and Loughborough. The first package tour of Europe was organized by Cook in 1855 and some years later he was undertaken world-wide tours, although with small groups. By 1939 an estimated one million people were travelling abroad for holidays each year. By the 1960s cheap package holidays which combined flights, mostly charters, transfers and accommodation provided for most people in the UK to have affordable travel abroad. In the last decades of the 20th century tourism has really taken off. Growing affluence, faster planes and improved facilities mean that more and more people travel abroad every year.

Nowadays everybody can be a traveler and choose a tour according to his taste and purse. There is a big choice of perfect package tours for families, parish, business, school and university groups as well as sport teams, senior, disabled people and others. Travel agencies take care of booking rooms, site visits and routes, specialist tour and guide reservations in castles and museums and other important details to make trips enjoyable and stress-free.

Words and expressions

to travel by air/train/ship - путешествовать самолетом/поездом/пароходом (морем)

to travel first class/economy class - путешествовать первым классом/туристским классом

trip - поездка

business trip - деловая поездка

to go/come on business - уезжать/приезжать в командировку

to make a trip - совершить поездку

voyage - путешествие (морское или на самолете)

to go on a voyage - отправляться в путешествие

journey - путешествие, поездка

boat/ship/steamer/ferry - лодка/корабль/пароход/паром

cruise - круиз, морское путешествие

destination - место назначения

Assignments

Task 1. Answer the questions.

1. What was the first trip like?

2. Why did privileged people travel to Europe?

3. Who invented the package holidays?

4. What is included in a package holiday?

5. What kind of package holidays can be found now?

Task 2. Imagine you are in a travel agency. Below are some answers that the travel agent gave to your questions. Choose the best question to match each answer.

1. That includes flights, hotels, transfers, meals and all taxes.

2. That's 800 dollars.

3. No. You have to change in Rome.

4. It's with Air France.

5. At 4 pm, but check-in is at 2 pm.

6. You can see the Pyramids, take a cruise down the Nile and try camel riding.

7. It's usually hot and sunny at this time of year.

8. About 12 hours.

9. Yes, as long as you stay in the tourist areas.

Task 3. Match the words with the correct definition.

route pack package holiday travel agent departure lounge check in customs sightseeing

1.____ put the things you are taking with you into your suitcase

2.____ the area of an airport where passengers wait to board their planes

3.____ have your ticket checked and hand over your luggage when you travelling by plane

4.____ a kind of holiday where the accommodation, travel, etc are all organized to you

5.____a person at the resort who looks after people on a package holiday

6.____ the way you go when you are travelling

7.____ the people who check what you are bringing into the country

8.____visiting interesting places, buildings, etc in an area while on holiday

TRAVELLING BY AIR

Pre-reading tasks

a. Answer the questions.

1. Have you ever travelled by plane?

2. When did you fly by plane last time?

3. Where did you go?

4. How long did it take to get there?

5. What are the duties of an air-hostess?

6. Were the meals served during your flight?

7. Did you enjoy your trip?

8. Do you like travelling by plane?

9. Which is the best/worst airline you have flown?

b. Which of these things irritate you the most when flying? Rank them in order of most and least irritating.

1) Sitting next to someone who talks non-stop; 2) cancellations ; 3) dirty toilets; 4) strikes; 5) bad weather; 6) long queues at the check-in; 7) delayed or lost luggage; 8) no trolleys avail sitting next to small children; 9) bad food.

Read and translate the text

British Airlines' Services

British Airways is the national airlines of the United Kingdom. It is one of the largest airlines in Europe and the largest scheduled international airline of the United Kingdom.

British Airways group comprises British Airways (BA) and a number of subsidiary companies. British Airways operates flights to over 500 destinations worldwide. It serves both domestic as well as long distance international flights. Providing a full service experience, British Airways tries to provide flights at the most convenient times and to the best located airports. The company was formed in 1972 as a result of a merger between two companies: British Overseas Airways Corporations and British European Airways.

When it started operations, British Airways mainly inherited a fleet of UK built aircrafts that mainly consisted of Boeings. In 1976, simultaneously with Air France, British Airways introduced Concorde, the first ever supersonic passenger service in the world. Later, since 1998 British Airways has placed several Airbus planes to its long distance fleet. However, the Boeing range is still the centerpiece of the airline's fleet.

With three or four classes of service on the long haul international routes, British Airways features 'World Traveller' (Economy Class), 'World Traveller Plus' (Premium Economy) and 'Club World' (Business Class). The luxury services offered to the customers of British Airways include amongst others, BA Miles, Executive Club privileges and access to exclusive lounges at most international airports across the world.

British Airways now operates most of its flights from Heathrow airport- Terminal 5 which was exclusively built for British Airways and opened to passengers on March 27, 2008.

There are also smaller airlines in Britain such as Easyjet, FlyBe or Ryanair-so called `budget airlines' offering cheap tickets and just the basics. There is no "first class" section, assigned seats, or meals. It's basically for people who don't want to spend a lot of money on air travel, or are on a budget. There are budget airlines in America as well as many other countries.

Travelers with British Airlines should obey the rules applied for international use in most countries (and in Russia, of course) Here are some of them.

Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport two hours before departure time on international flights and an hour before on domestic flights as there must be enough time to complete the necessary airport formalities.

Passengers must register their tickets, weigh in and register the luggage. Most airlines have at least two classes of travel, first class and economy class, which is cheaper. Each passenger of more than two years of age has free luggage allowance. Generally this limit is 20 kg for economy class passengers and 30 kg for first class passengers. Excess luggage must be paid for except for some articles that can be carried free of charge. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.

Watch the electric sign flashes when you are on board. When the "Fasten Seat Belts" sign goes on, do it promptly, and also obey the "No Smoking" signal. Landing formalities and customs regulations are more or less the same in all countries.

Words and expressions

flight полет, рейс

domestic/international flight внутренний/международный рейс

jet реактивный самолет

take off взлет

landing посадка

customs таможня

to go through the customs проходить таможенный досмотр

to register регистрировать

to weigh взвешивать

luggage / baggage (US) багаж

hand luggage ручная кладь

excess luggage лишний вес

to leave for... уезжать в...

boarding - посадка на борт самолета

Task 4. Answer the questions.

1. When was the British airways company formed?

2. What kind of aircrafts are there in the British fleet?

3. How many classes of service does BA provide?

4. Does BA serve only international flights?

5. What is special about the `budget airlines'?

6. Why do passengers have to arrive to the airport some time before departure time?

7. What signs must everybody obey on the board of the plane?

Task 5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

Посадочный талон; время отправления; посадка на самолет; взвесить багаж; соблюсти формальности; бесплатно; личные вещи; продекларировать; внутренние рейсы; предотвратить контрабанду.

Task 6. Complete each sentence using a correct form of the word in brackets.

1. My family runs a hotel, so I'm thinking of studying (tour) at college.

2. I find travelling backwards on trains really (comfort). So I always sit facing forward.

3. We regret to announce that the (arrive) of the flight SA 121 has been delayed.

4. In these days of mass travel, the (distant) between Europe and America seems to be shorter.

5. It's interesting to see what (culture) differences exist in different parts of the world.

6. There are a number of reasons for the (grow) in the popularity of Iceland as holiday destination.

Task 7. Practice the following dialogues.

AIRPORT RESERVATIONS

I

Travel agent: Can I help you?

B: I want to fly to London next week. I'd like to make reservations for a roundtrip ticket.

T.A.: What day are you planning to leave for London?

В.: On the 12th of March.

T.A.: There are three flights to London on that day - at 10 a.m., 8.30 p.m., and 9 p.m. Do you have any preferences about the time of the day?

В.: I'd rather leave at 9 p.m. I want to get to London early in the morning.

T.A.: I can make a reservation for a TWA flight. Are you going to travel class or economy?

В.: I prefer economy. How much will it be?

Т.A.: 440 dollars.

В.: Are meals and refreshments served on the flight?

T.A.: Yes, they are.

В.: What's the flying time?

T.A.: Six hours.

В.: What's the London airport we'll arrive at?

Т.А.: Heathrow Airport. How many days are you planning to stay in London?

В.: Seven days.

Т.А.: When would you like to fly home from London?

В.: March 22nd.

Т.А. All right. Your name and address?

В.: Boris Brown, 64-42 99th Street, New York 11374.

T.A.: And your telephone number?

В.: (718) 439-7286.

Т.А.: Will you pay by credit card?

B. : Yes, by Master Card. Number... Valid until January 15, 1003 When can I get my tickets?

Т.А.: You'll have them 2 days before your departure.

II

A

A.: I want to fly to Chicago on Thursday the 1st.

В.: Let me see what's available.

A.: I want to go coach, and I'd prefer a morning flight.

В.: United's Flight 102 leaves at 9.20.

A.: That's fine. What time do I have to be at the airport?

В.: Check-In time is 8.45.

B

A.: I'd like to make a reservation to Los Angeles for next Monday.

В.: Just a second and I'll check the schedule.

A.: I'll need an economy ticket with an open return.

В.: TWA has a flight to leaving at 9:25.

A.: I guess that's OK. What time should I check in?

В.: You have to be there half an hour before departure time.

A.: What flights do you have from New York to London tomorrow?

В.: One moment, please, and I'll find out what's available.

A.: I'd like to travel first class.

В.: OK, we have a nonstop flight leaving Kennedy at 9:25.

A.: When should I get to the airport?

В.: Please be there by 8.45 at the latest.

TRAVELLING BY TRAIN

Read and translate the text

Britain Rail's Services

With around 34,000km (21,000 miles) of lines, the passenger rail network of the United Kingdom is one of the densest and most popular railway passenger services in Europe. Despite a massive series of line closures in the 1960s and decades of subsequent under-investment, the train is still one of the most enjoyable, fastest, comfortable and convenient ways to explore Britain.

British Rail operates a service of 16 000 trains a day serving over 2 000 stations; there's hardly a part of the country that can't be reached by train.

Trains are operated by privately owned and commercially run train companies, known as Train operating companies (TOCs), who lease or own passenger trains to run passenger services as set down in their franchise agreements. Different companies compete to win franchises for a certain number of years.

Unfortunately, the United Kingdom has some of the most expensive rail services in Europe. Many of the British private rail companies charge premium fares during peak commuter periods and add surcharges to tickets bought at the station for immediate travel. With so many different rail companies operating on different sections of the UK rail network, booking and travelling by train in the UK can be a trying and costly experience.

One of the easiest ways to cut the cost of taking a train in England, Scotland or Wales is to book a ticket well in advance. The further ahead you book, the more likely you are to have access to the cheapest available fares.

But if you are happy to travel outside peak hours, using a price comparison service like the "Train-line" can show you when it's cheaper to travel with one company than another and sometimes it's cheaper to buy a return ticket than a single one. It's much easier to relax on the train when you know that the ticket you bought in advance only cost half as much as the same ticket would have cost you at the station.

The information about every railway station in Britain can be found on the National Rail website page with details of access, facilities, ticket office opening hours and recommended connection times. The 'live' Departures & Arrivals screen for every station can also be viewed online, with up-to-the-minute train running information.

Tickets can be bought in the booking-office at any station and all train times and fares can be found on the same site or by calling 08457 484950 from anywhere in the UK.

Tickets can also be booked online through various private agents. The websites can be slow but they do the job nonetheless. Fares vary widely depending on when you travel and when you book. On most trains you have choice between First or Second (Economy) Class. First Class seats are more spacious and cost 50 % more than the Second Class fare. Most companies have high standard of speed, reliability and cleanliness and offer excellent service and value for money. Most trains have a full meal service. Often it is quicker and cheaper to purchase by phone.

If you are unfamiliar with your journey, arrive at the station with time to spare, and be aware that you may be asked to show your ticket or open a ticket barrier with it.

Larger stations will have electronic departure screens listing trains in order of departure, their platform, any delay, calling points and the operator. Trains do not have publicly announced numbers; they are identified at each station by their departure time and destination (for example- "The 12:15 to Manchester Piccadilly"). Platforms may not be announced until a few minutes before the train is due to depart, and can subsequently change if the train is delayed. Listen out for audio announcements. Platform staff can also advise where to stand if you are travelling with a bicycle.

At every station there is a waiting-room where people wait for the trains arrival and a cafй or a restaurant to have meal. At smaller stations without electronic displays, signs will indicate which platform to wait on for your destination station.

Words and expressions

railway -железная дорога

arrival - прибытие

departure - отправление

delay - задержка

destination - место назначения

seat - место

carriage - вагон

luggage van - багажный вагон

single ticket - билет в одну сторону

return ticket - билет в обе стороны

compartment - купе

commuter period - период использования сезонных билетов

surges, premium fare - надбавки к оплате проезда

booking office - билетная касса

porter - носильщик

to catch/to miss the train - успеть на поезд/опоздать на поезд

ticket - inspector -контролер

local/suburban train- местный/пригородный поезд

long distant train - поезд дальнего следования

Task 8. Answer the questions.

1. Why is the railway service in the UK expensive?

2. Where can the information about railway be found?

3. What are the prices on tickets depend on?

4. What is the difference between the first and second class?

5. Where can passengers book tickets?

6. What is the level of service on the British railways?

7. What information can you learn at every railway station?

Task 9. Find the English equivalents in the text.

Станция назначения; заказать билет заранее; плата за проезд; железнодорожная сеть; уменьшить стоимость проезда; объявления по радио; таблички; персонал на платформе; очередность прибытия поездов; обслуживание пассажиров.

Task 10. Translate the words and write those from which they are formed.

Railway, departure, seasonal, tourism, destination, arrival, announcement, station.

Task 11. Read the text and put the words in brackets into the correct form of the speech.

Travelling alone.

Debbie Chaplin, a (1 - medicine) student travelled by herself for eight months last year in Asia and South America. "I was not (2 -frighten) by the idea of doing a long trip without a (3- company).Some people think that wanting to travel alone is a sign of (4 - selfish), but are freer when you make all the (5 - decide) on your own. At the beginning, or when I was ill, I (6 - occasion) felt lonely, but I made many friends so I wasn't (7 - care) to avoid obviously (8 -danger) situations. In some countries people stared and made rude comments. Sometimes I reacted (9 - aggression) because I was annoyed, but I never worried about my (10 - safe). I will definitely travel like that again. Next time I will be more (11 - patience) and I won't try to do so much."

Task 12. Read the dialogues and dramatize them.

At the booking office.

I

A:Good morning, sir. What can I do for you?

B: Good morning. I've found out from the timetable that there are several trains to Brighton daily.

A: Yes, quite so. The nearest is at 12.20

B: Well, I'll take it. One ticket, please.

A: Single or return?

B: Single, please.

A: Here you are. The train is leaving from platform 3.

B: Is there a buffet-car on the train, miss? I'd like to have a snack.

A: Unfortunately, no. But if you are hurry up, you can get a snack at a cafeteria in the station, otherwise you have to do without breakfast.

B: Thank you very much.

A: Not at all.

II

Passenger: Good evening.

Booking -clerk: Good evening, sir.

P.: I'd like three tickets to Glasgow for tomorrow.

B.: Which train?

P.: The 10.20 express .

B.: Second class?

P.: Yes, second-class sleeper.

B.: Single or return?

P.: Three return tickets, please.

B.: Just a minute. Let me see. Yes, I can give you three berths in one compartment. Here you are.

P.: Thank you.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Grammar Revision:

· Future tenses

· The structure to be going to

· Word-building

Exercise 1. Complete these sentences, using will or going to.

1. A: Poor Sue went to hospital yesterday.

В: I'm sorry to hear that. I _____to buy some flowers.

2. A: This room's very cold.

В: You're right. I ___ the heater.

3. A: Are you still going out with Alice?

В: Oh yes. We____ get married next year.

4. A: Oh dear. I can't do this homework.

В: Don't worry. I _____ you.

5. A: Did you remember to book seats for the theatre?

В: No, I forgot. I _____now.

6. A: It's John's birthday tomorrow.

В: Is it? I can't afford a present but I_____a card.

7. A: How old are you?

В: I'm 64. I ______retire next year.

8. A: Why are you buying so much food?

В: Because I _____cook for ten people.

9. A: Jack is very angry with you.

В: Is he? I didn't realize. I _____ring him and apologize.

10. A: Why are you leaving so early?

В: Because the teacher gave us a lot of homework and I ____very

carefully.

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using will or going to in the correct form. Sometimes both will and going to are possible.

1. A : I _____make myself a sandwich. Do you want one?

В: No thanks. I ____have something later.

2. A: Helen and Les _____Florida this year for their holidays.

В: How wonderful! The boys ____love it, especially Disneyland.

3. A: Bye, Mum. I ___meet Tom and Mel. I ___be back at about ten o'clock.

В: Have a good time, but don't be late again or I ___be furious.

4. A: Jo _____be mad with me when she finds out I've smashed the car.

В: She ____understand. Just tell her it wasn't your fault.

5. A: I (not)____work today, I feel awful.

В: Don't worry, I _____ring your boss and tell her you're sick.

6 . A: I'm tired. I think I ___go to bed.

В: Goodnight. I _____watch the news, then I_____join you.

7. A: My boss has told me I _____be promoted. I'm afraid that means longer hours at the office, darling.

В: Don't worry. I _____get myself a dog for company. I'm sure we _____have more to talk about!

8. A: Mr. Smith, now you've won the lottery you be the fifth richest man in England. How do you feel about that?

В: I _____tell you next week. I'm too overwhelmed to think about it now.

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect.

1. By Christmas they___ (sell) over five million greetings cards. 2. By this summer the city council ___ (spend) Ј2 million on redecorating the old town. 3. By 2030 the climate in Europe ___ (become) much warmer. 4. By the end of this decade our town ___ (invest) $1 million in the tourist industry. 5. By the next Olympic Games many records in sport ___ (be) broken. 6. By the time scientists find a cure for AIDS, many thousands of people ___ (die).

Exercise 4. John is a promising young scientist. Use the cues and the Future Perfect to predict his achievements in the future.

1. by 2020/publish eleven books

2. by end of decade/discover a treatment that can cure all kinds of cancer

3. by the time he's thirty-five/become a professor

4. by end career/receive several honorary doctorates from famous universities

5. by end of next year/finish writing his PhD

6. by 2010/write a book about genetically transmitted diseases

7. by next summer/be to fifteen conferences

8. by 2015/do a lot of research on cancer

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list in the Future Continuous.

give, work, write, watch, drive, put up, use

1. I won't be able to answer the phone in the afternoon. I____ a talk at a conference. 2. Why don't you drop by on Wednesday night? I____a tennis match and it will be more fun if somebody joins me. 3. I ___to town in the afternoon. Would you like me to give you a lift? 4. ___you ____your bike this afternoon? Could I borrow it for half an hour? 5. This time on Saturday I ____my tent by the lake. 6. We shouldn't disturb them tonight. Tricia ____her article and Nick ____on his lecture.

Exercise 6. These are predictions about the future of a group оf classmates in 2020. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect.

1. Megan (work) as a columnist in a fashion magazine. 2. Peter (write) at least a few popular cookery books. 3. Kylie (take) part in a few expeditions to the Arctic. 4. Jeremy (receive) two Oscars for best special effects in sci-fi films 5. Pet (write) best-selling horror stories. 6. Andre (look) after his children at home.

Exercise 7. Choosing future forms. Use each expression once in the pairs of sentences.

1. 'I've got a headache.' 'Stay there. I get / 'll get you an aspirin.'

2. I can't do my homework tonight. I'll see / 'm going to see a movie.

3. 'What are you going to give me for my birthday?' 'I don't know yet. I'll see / 'm going to see '

4. So you're going to America for a year! What are you going to do / will you do when you get there?

5. I'm sure you'll pass your exams, but what are you going to do / will you do if you fail them?

6. I 'll come /`m coming with you if you like.

7. What are you doing / are you going to do about that leaking tap? You said you'd fix it ages ago!

8. What are you doing / are you going to do this weekend?

9. It 's raining / 's going to rain tomorrow, so now's the time to cut the grass.

10. Oh, no! It's raining / 's going to rain! That means we can't play tennis.

11. Look out! He'll crash / `s going to crash !

12. Don't lend Peter your car. He's a lousy driver. He'll crash/'s going to crash it.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with the verb in the Future Simple, Future Continuous, or Future Perfect. Use only these tenses.

make

1. 'Don't be late tonight.' 'OK. I_____ a big effort to be on time.'

2. You'll know where the party is. We_____so much noise that you'll hear us from the other end of the street.

3. Ask me again tonight what I want for my birthday. I ____ up my mind by then.

have

1. Come round about 8.00 tonight. We eat at 7.00, so I ___supper by then. We can go straight out.

2. 'What would Jennie like to drink?' 'She ___a glass of wine, I think.'

3. We need Harry's advice on this matter. I ___a meeting with him some time over the next few days, so I'll ask him.

see

1. When I've been to Mustique and Barbados, I ___all the islands of the Caribbean.

2. I'm looking forward to meeting you again. You ___how much my English has improved.

3. My cousin has temporarily moved into the flat downstairs, so I ___a lot of him for the next few months.

Exercise 9. Complete the dialogue with the verbs in brackets in the correct forms: Future Simple, Future Perfect, Future Continuous, Present Continuous, be going to.

студент чтение мышление англоязычный

Claire:	I haven't had time to go shopping today.
Rob:	Don't worry. I (go) to the supermarket tomorrow morning. I (not go) to work as the office is being repainted.
Claire:	Lucky you! What (you/do) all day?
Rob:	I don't know yet. I (probably/work) a bit at home and in the afternoon I (meet) Frank. He phoned me yesterday. We probably (sit) in the pub all evening, as usual.
Claire:	(you /cook) dinner by the time you leave for the pub? You know, I (be) in the studio all day and I think I (not/have) time to eat anything. I (be) very hungry when I come home.
Rob:	I'm afraid I (not/have) the time to cook a big meal but I (make) you some soup. (you/go out) in the evening?
Claire:	No. I (have) a bath and read my book in bed. I (probably/finish) it by the time you get home!

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Когда вы уезжаете? Мы уезжаем в следующую пятницу. 2. Завтра в это время я буду лететь над Атлантическим океаном. 3.К пяти часам мы уже получим багаж в аэропорту. 4.Как будете добираться до аэропорта? Мы еще не решили на самом деле. У нас машина в ремонте. Что ж, я подброшу вас. 5.Когда отправляется ваш поезд? В 9 утра. И сколько времени займет дорога до Брайтона? Не более 4 часов. 6. Что вы собираетесь делать летом? Мы поедем в Испанию. 7. Какое у вас расписание на завтра? - В 8 я встречаюсь с мистером Брауном. В офисе я буду в 12, после ленча. Мой отчет будет готов к 2 часам, и мы с вами вместе сможем поговорить с менеджером о вашем проекте.