Иностранный язык. Сфера сервиса (английский язык)

When I arrived, the meeting had already started.

2 For an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past.

He was happy. He had signed an important contract.

Note: The Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect.

He had fixed an old armchair. It looked brand new.

3 We do not normally use the Past Perfect when the sequence of events in the past is clear.

I had a shower and went to bed.

The Past perfect is used with the following time expression: before, after, already, for, since, just, till/until, when, by, by the time, never, etc.

Past Perfect Continuous

Positive form	Negative form	Question form
I/you/he/she/it/we/they'd (=had) been working	I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn't been working	Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ they been working?

1 We use the Past Perfect Continuous to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in the past, usually with since and for.

He had been working for the company for twenty years before he retired.

2 For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past.

He was very tired. He had been writing a report all night.

Note: The Past perfect continuous is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous.

He had been waiting for hours, so he was bored.

The Past Perfect Continuous is used with the following time expressions:

for, since, how long, before, until, etc.

FUTURE FORMS

We can refer to future actions with 1) the Future Simple, 2) be going to,

3) the Present Continuous, 4) the Present Simple, 5) the Future Continuous, 6) the Future Perfect, 7) the Future Perfect Continuous.

The Future Simple

Positive Form	Negative Form	Question Form
I/you/he/she/it/we/ they'll (=will) call	I/you/he/she/it/we/they won't (=will not ) call	Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ they call?

1. The Future Simple is used in predictions about the future usually with think, believe, be afraid, probably, etc.

His parents think he will become an artist one day.

2 For promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes, etc.

Stop talking or I'll send you out of the class.

3 For on-the-spot decisions or offers.

It's late. I'll take a taxi home.

4. For actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control.

Winter will set early this year.

Going to, planning to

Positive Form	Negative Form	Question Form
I'm going to / planning to buy a car	I'm not going to / planning to buy a car	Am I going / planning to buy a car?
You / we / they're going to / planning to buy a car.	You / we / they're not going to / planning to buy a car.	Are you /we /they going to / planning to buy a car?

Going to, planning to is used for plans, intentions or ambitions.

He's going to buy a sports car.

Going to is used in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future.

Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.

The Present Continuous

The Present Continuous is used for fixed arrangements in the near future.

He's flying to Turkey next month. He has already booked his flight.

The Present Simple

The Present Simple is used for timetables / programmes.

The ferry leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow morning.

The Future Continuous

Positive Form	Negative Form	Question Form
I'll (=will) + be + -ing	I won't (=will not) + be + -ing	Will you be + -ing?
I'll be flying.	I won't be flying.	Will you be flying?

1 The Future Continuous is used for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time.

This time next week he'll be flying to Spain.

2 For actions which will definitely happen in the future, as a result of a routine or arrangement. I'll be seeing Jim at work later on today.

3 When we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future, in order to see if our wishes fit in with their plans.

`Will you be going to the dentist this afternoon?' `Yes. Why?'

`Can you make an appointment for me to see him.'

The Future Perfect

Positive Form	Negative Form	Question Form
I'll (=will) + have + done	I won't (=will not) + have + done	Will you + have + done?

The Future Perfect is used for actions which will be finished before a stated future time. We will have returned home by Sunday afternoon.

The Future Perfect Continuous

Positive Form	Negative Form	Question Form
I'll (=will) + have + been + working	I won't (=will not) + have + been +wor -ing	Will you + have + been + - ing?
I'll have been working.	I won't have been working.	Will you have been working?

The Future Perfect Continuous is used to emphasize the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future.

By the end of this week, she will have been working here for six years.

NOUNS

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms. e.g. a key, two keys.

The plural is formed as follows:

Regular Plurals	Irregular Plurals
jacket	jackets	child	children
watch	watches	man	men
tomato	tomatoes	woman	women
baby	babies	foot	feet
toy	toys	tooth	teeth
leaf	leaves	mouse	mice
cliff	cliffs	sheep	sheep

Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot count. They do not have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns include:

many types of food:	spaghetti, yoghurt, cheese, flour, butter, meat, etc.
liquids:	water, coffee, soda, lemonade, oil, petrol, tea, etc
materials:	silver, wood, crystal, plastic, porcelain, etc.
abstract nouns:	freedom, love, justice, beauty, help, education, knowledge, etc.
others:	news, advice, information, weather, furniture, luggage, baggage, hair, accommodation, behaviour, equipment, fun, research, rubbish, litter, etc.

Countable nouns

1 Can take singular or plural verbs.

The book is on the table. The books are on the table.

2 Always go with a/an/the/my, etc. in the singular.

I bought an umbrella. (NOT: I bought umbrolla.)

3 Can be used alone or with some/any/many/few in the plural.

I love carrots. // I'm going to buy some carrots.

Uncountable nouns

1 Always take singular verbs.

Sugar is fattening.

Honey comes from bees.

2Do not go with a/an/one, two, etc.

I like to drink milk. (NOT: I like to drink a milk.)

3 Can be used alone or with some/any/much/little/the/my etc.

Remember to buy (some) cheese.

Note: We can use a/an, one/two, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, lemonade, etc. when we are referring to a cup, glass, bottle, etc. of a certain liquid.

Can we have two coffees and two teas, please? (= two cups of coffee and two cups of tea)

ARTICLES

1 We use a or an the first time we mention something. When we mention it again, we use the.

I saw a beautiful vase in an antique shop a few days ago. When I went back to the shop yesterday, the vase wasn't there any more!

2 We do not use the:

a when we talk about people or things in general.

Dogs make very good pets.

b with the names of people and countries.

American people eat a lot of fast food.

c with many place names.

continents:	Europe, Asia	countries:	Argentina
cities:	Moscow, Madrid	lakes:	Lake Ontario
mountains:	Mount Everest	hills:	Primrose Hill
roads / streets:	Oxford Street	islands:	EasterIsland

We use the:

a with some place names

oceans and seas:	the pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea
rivers:	the River Danube, the River Thames
mountain ranges:	the Alps, the Himalayas
countries which are republics or unions:	the United kingdom, the United Arab Emirates

b with superlative forms.

the longest river in the world

c when there is only one of something

the sun the Earth the Moon the sky the pope

4 Other phrases with the

at the bottom, at the top

in the east, in the west, in the centre, in the middle

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

on the left, on the right

BUT: at home, at school, at university, at work, at night, n bed, in hospital, in prison, on holiday

ADJECTIVES

Comparative and Superlative forms

1 One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative	Spelling
young	younger	the youngest	most adjectives +
tall	taller	the tallest	-er, the -est
nice	nicer	the nicest	adjectives ending
large	larger	the largest	in -e: + -r, the -st
thin	thinner	the thinnest	one vowel + one
big	bigger	the biggest	consonant: double the consonant
pretty	prettier	the prettiest	change -y to -i

2 Other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives

serious	more serious	the most serious
sophisticated	more sophisticated	the most sophisticated

But we usually use -er and the -est with the following two-syllable adjectives: clever, quiet, simple, gentle.

3 Irregular forms

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
good little many/much bad far	better less more worse farther /further	the best the least the most the worst the farthest / furthest

4 Prepositions in comparative phrases

I think she's more attractive than her sister.

Your eyes are very similar to your mother's.

Are these glasses very different from your old ones?

She looks like a businesswoman.

Her earrings are the same as mine.

PRONOUNS

Subject pronouns	Object pronouns	Possessive pronouns	Reflexive pronouns
I	me	my	mine	myself
he	him	his	his	himself
she	her	her	hers	herself
it	it	its	its	itself
we	us	our	ours	ourselves
you	you	your	yours	yourself / yourselves
they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Some/Any/No

	Affirmative sentences	Negative sentences	Interrogative sentences
people:	somebody	anybody	nobody/not anybody
things:	something	anything	nothing/ not anything
places:	somewhere	anywhere	nowhere/not anywhere

1 Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns (coffee, sugar, etc.)

and plural countable nouns (cars, flowers, etc.).

some coffee, some cars

2 Some and its compounds (someone, somebody, something, somewhere)

are normally used in affirmative sentences.

He's got some friends.

There is somebody at the door.

3 Any and its compounds are usually used in interrogative sentences.

Not any is used in negative sentences.

Have you got any money?

There aren't (=are not) any shops near here.

He is not anywhere.

4 Any and its compounds are also used with negative words such as without, never, seldom, rarely, etc.

He left without any excuse. She has hardly any money left.

5 No and its compounds are used instead of not any in negative sentences.

They haven't got any time./They've got no time.

6 We use a singular verb with compounds of some, any and no.

Someone is calling for help.

There is nothing on the table.

7 Some and its compounds are also used in interrogative sentences when we make an offer or request.

Would you like some orange juice? (offer)

Can I say something? (request)

A Lot - Much - Many

A lot of/Lots of are used with both plural countable and uncountable nouns. They are normally used affirmative sentences.

Mary's got a lot of /lots of dresses.

There is a lot of / lots of coffee in the pot,

Much and many are normally used in interrogative and negative sentences.

Much is used with uncountable and many with plural countable nouns.

There's much cheese in the fridge.

There isn't much cheese left.

`Have you got many books?' I haven't got many books'

Much

We use much with singular (uncountable) nouns and many with plurals.

Much and many are most common in questions and negatives, and after so, as, too, very.

In other informal affirmative sentences, we generally prefer a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of).

`How much time have we got?' ` How many tickets do we need?'

`Do you have much trouble with English?' `I don't have much trouble speaking, but I have lots of difficulty writing .'

`Are there many opera houses in London?' `Not many, but a lot of theatres and plenty of cinemas.'

There are too many people here.

I love you so much.

A little/Little

A little/Little are used with uncountable nouns (tea, money, etc.).

A little means not much, but enough.

She's got a little money. She can go shopping.

Little means hardly any, almost none.

We've got (very) little time. We must hurry.

A few / Few

A few /Few are used with plural countable nouns (books, plates, etc.).

A few means not many, but enough.

I've got a few friends, so I am not lonely.(positive idea)

Few means hardly any, almost none

I'm sad and I am lonely. I've got few friends. (negative idea)

MODAL VERBS

A list of the modal verbs in English:

can	could	may	might	will
would	must	shall	should	ought to

Modals are different from normal verbs:

1 They are followed by the infinitive without to, except for ought to.

We must be at the airport by seven

You should try this ice-cream - it's delicious.

But: You ought to be more careful.

2 There is no do/does in the questions.

Can I help you?

When shall I phone you?

3 The form is the same for all persons. There is no -s in the third person

singular.

She must be tired.

She can't be at home.

4 To form the negative, add n't. There is no don't/doesn't.

You can't use the gym between 1.00 and 2.00.

Functions of modal verbs

Modal verbs are used to express: ability permission possibility probability logical assumption requests offer suggestions advice criticism obligation prohibition



Ability - Lack of ability Kim is five years old. She can read and write. When she was three, she could count to ten. She couldn't reach the top shelf, even though she tried. She couldn't swim fast when she was young.
Permission Asking for permission Can I open the window, please? (informal) Could I open the window, please? (more polite) May/Might I open the window, please? (formal) Giving permission You can leave your luggage here. (informal) You may leave your luggage in this area. (formal) Refusing permission You can't/mustn't park here. (informal) You may not park in this area. (formal, usually written notice)
Requests Can you help me, please? (informal) Will you get me my glasses, please? (familiar) Could you make me some tea? (polite request) May I have a glass of water? (formal request)
Offers I'll do the shopping if you like. Shall I help you with your luggage?
Suggestions Shall we go to the theatre? We can/could go to the pub if you like.
Advice You should stop smoking. (it is the best thing to do; I advise you to) You ought to treat animals kindly. (ought to is sometimes used for advice based on laws, rules or generally accepted ideas) Shall I tell him the truth? (asking for advice)
Criticism You shouldn't have been rude to her yesterday. (but you were) You should have locked the car before leaving. (but you didn't)
Obligation and Necessity I must lose some weight. (I say so) We ought to respect environment. (it's the right thing to do)
Prohibition You can't park here. You mustn't tell anyone.
Logical assumption, possibility and probability
Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical assumptions.
It is Sunday. He must be at home. (I'm sure he is at home.)
Can't and couldn't are used in negations and expresses negative logical assumptions.
It is Sunday. He can't/couldn't be at work. (I'm sure he isn't at work.)

I'm sure she knows him well.	She must know him well.
It is possible that he's working late tonight.	He could be working late tonight.
I'm sure she'll be working tomorrow.	She must be working tomorrow.
I'm sure he didn't know the truth.	He can't have known the truth.
Perhaps they have missed the bus.	They might have missed the bus.
It's possible he had got lost.	He may have got lost.
I'm certain he was sleeping.	He must have been sleeping.
Perhaps she has been lying.	She may have been lying.
It's likely they had been hiding.	They could have been hiding.

PASSIVE VOICE

1 The Passive is used when the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.

Mrs Archer's ruby ring was stolen from her house last night.

2 When the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, etc.

The teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.

3 When we want to make statements more polite.

My new blouse is ruined. ( More polite than saying, `You've ruined my new blouse.')

Note: The Passive is used more often in written English than in spoken English.

	Active	Passive
Present Simple	it makes	it is made
Present Continuous	it is making	it is being made
Present Perfect	it has made	it has been made
Past Simple	it made	it was made
Past Continuous	it was making	it was being made
Past Perfect	it will make	it had been made
Future Simple	it will make	it will be made
infinitive forms	make to make	be made to be made
-ing form	making	being made

Personal / Impersonal passive constructions

The verbs think, believe, say report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions:

Active:	People say that he has lost his job.
Passive:	It is said (that) he has lost his job. (impersonal construction) He is said to have lost his job. (personal construction)
Active	People know that he works hard.
Passive	It is known (that) he works hard. He is known to work hard.
Active	People think he left the country last night.
Passive	It is thought (that) he left the country last night.
	He is thought to have left the country last night.

REPORTED SPEECH

1 Change of tenses

When we report someone's words afterwards, the verb forms often move into the past. This is because what they said is now in the past.

Direct speech (actual words)	Reported (indirect) speech
Years ago, John said ...	A few years ago, John told me that...
`I want to get away from here.' Present simple	he wanted to get away from there. Past simple
`I had an awful time last year.' Past simple	he had had an awful time the previous year. Past perfect
`I've found a new job in Canada.' Present perfect	he had found a new job in Canada Past perfect
`I'm leaving tomorrow.' Present continuous	he was leaving the next day. Past Continuous
`I'm going to start a new life.' is / are going to	he was going to start a new life was / were going to
`I'll write to you when I get there.' will/won't	he would write to me when he got there, would I wouldn't
`You can come and see me' can/can't	I could come and see him. could/couldn't

Notice:

a The changes in place and time references in the reported statements.

here > there

last year > the year before

b Other modal verbs (would, could, should, ought, might) do not change in

reported speech

c The changes in pronouns used in reported speech.

2 Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting

a In statements, say and tell are the most common reporting verbs.

He said it was true. Not: He told it was true.

He said it was true. Not: He said me it was true.

He said to me (that) it was true. Not: He told tome (that) it wan true.

These verbs can be followed by that, but it is not necessary.

b In questions, ask and want to know are common reporting verbs.

c In Yes/ No questions the verb is joined to the reported words with if or whether.

She asked/wanted to know	if whether	it was true (or not).

d In Wh- questions, we do not need if or whether.

`What do you think?' > He asked me what I thought.

3 Word order in reported questions

The word order in reported questions is the same as in normal statements.

`Can you come early?'> She asked if I could come early.

`Did you see anything suspicious?' > The police officer wanted to know if we had seen anything suspicious.

CONDITIONALS

Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. There are three types of conditional clauses: Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. There is also another common type, Type 0.

	If-clause	Main clause
Type 0	if + present simple	present simple
	If the temperature falls below 0°	water turns into ice.
Type 1	if + present simple	will + infinitive
	If he doesn't pay the fine,	he will go to prison.
Type 2	if + past simple	would + infinitive
	If he were here,	he would know what to do.
Type 3	if + past perfect	would + have + infinitive
	If she had studied harder,	she would have passed the exam.

Type 0 Conditionals

They are used to express something which is always true. We can use when (=whenever) instead of if.

If/When the sun shines, snow melts.

Type 1 Conditionals

They are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future. If he doesn't study hard, he won't pass his exam.

Type 2 Conditionals

They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future.

If I got up earlier, I would not be late for classes.

Type 3 conditionals

They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to the facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets and criticism.

If John hadn't got up late, he wouldn't have missed the train.

INFINITIVE - GERUND - PARTICIPLES

The Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Present	(to) lose	(to) be lost
Present Continuous	(to) be losing	---
Perfect	(to) have lost	(to) have been lost
Perfect Continuous	(to) have been losing	---

The to-infinitive is used:

1 To express purpose:

Sam went to the bank to get some money.

2 After certain verbs: afford, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, etc.

He promised to help us.

3 After adjectives: happy, glad, clever, mean, stupid, etc:

I'm very glad to see you.

4 After too / enough

She is too young to stay out so late.

The bare infinitive is used:

1 After the modal verbs (must, may, should, can, etc.)

You must study hard.

2 After the verbs let, make, see, hear, and feel.

They made him pay for the damage.

The Gerund

	Active	Passive
Simple	losing	being lost
Perfect	having lost	having been lost

The Gerund is used:

1 As a noun:

Swimming keeps you fit..

2 After certain verbs: admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy,

imagine, postpone, suggest, etc

They considered moving to Spain.

3 After dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer:

She likes painting.

BUT: I would like to go to the cinema tomorrow.

4 After expressions such as: it's no use, what's the use, can't help

there's no point (in), can't stand

What's the use of waiting for an answer?

5 After prepositions:

He left without saying goodbye.

He was found guilty of lying in court.

The Participles

The Participles are:

Present Participles (staying, leaving, etc.),

Perfect Participles (having left, etc.).

Past Participles (stayed, left, etc.)

1 Present and past participles can be used as adjectives.

It was an embarrassing situation. (What kind of situation? Embarrassing.)

He was embarrassed. (How did he feel? Embarrassed.)

2 Participles can also be used:

a to express reason.

Feeling shy, Laura didn't talk to Ben.

Having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.(= Because I had seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.)

bto express time.

After taking/having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job.

Having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job.

We met John while shopping.

c instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions

happening immediately one after the other.

Hearing the news, she fainted.

D to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence.

He was walking down the street whistling a tune. (= He was walking down the street and he was whistling a tune.)

SUFFIXES

Common suffixes for nouns

-ance, -ence

Often used to form abstract nouns from adjectives ending in -ant or -ent:

patient - patience, tolerant - tolerance.

-ее

Used to describe a person on whom an action is performed: employee (= person who is employed), trainee (= person who is being trained).

- er, -ian, -or

Often used for people or things that do a particular job: act - actor, football - footballer, music - musician.

-hood

Used to form abstract nouns, especially those concerned with periods of life or relationships between people: child - childhood. mother - motherhood

-ism

Often used to describe particular religions or ideologies, and with some abstract nouns: liberalism, criticism, cynicism.

-ist

Used to describe people's beliefs and sometimes their occupation:

journalis, pianist.

-ity, -iety, -y

Used to form nouns from adjectives:anxious - anxiety, immune - immunity.

-tion, -(s)sion

Often used to form nouns from verbs: imagine - imagination, admit - admission.

-ment

Often used to form abstract nouns from verbs: enjoy - enjoyment, move - movement.

-ness

Often used to form abstract nouns from adjectives: happy - happiness nervous - nervousness.

-ship

Used to form abstract nouns, usually about relationships: friend - friendship member - membership.

Common suffixes for adjectives

-able, -ible	miserable, responsible
-al	physical, psychological
-ant, -ent, -ient	pleasant, violent, efficient
-ed	depressed, talented
-ful	powerful, successful
-ic	enthusiastic, scientific
-ing	exciting, interesting
-ive	aggressive
-less	intensive
-ious	hopeless, penniless (= without)
-ous	anxious, nervous
-y	healthy, wealthy

Remember! Many adjectives to describe feelings have both an -ing and an -ed form, annoyed / annoying depressed / depressing excited / exciting

The -ed form describes how you feel.

I'm very tired this morning.

The -ing form describes what makes you feel that way.

Looking after babies can be very tiring

However, not all -ed / -ing adjectives have both forms.

Ben is a very talented musician. Fortunately, her illness isn't catching.

Prefixes used to form opposites



dis-	disloyal, displeased*
il-	illegal, illiterate
im-	immature, impossible
in-	inexperienced, insecure
un-	unhappy, unpopular*

* Note that these prefixes can also be used with some verbs, e.g. disagree, unlock.

Other prefixes which change meaning

prefix	examples	meaning
anti-	anti-social, anti-war	against
mis-	mismanaged	badly, in the wrong way
non	non-stop, non-smoking	without, not
over-	over-cooked	too much
post-	post-war	after
pre-	pre-war	before
pro-	pro-European	in favour of
re	re-united, re-charged	again
self	self-confident	relating to itself
under	under-closed	not enough

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use at, in and on in these ways:

at + a time of the day	at 2 o'clock at 6.30 at midnight at noon at lunchtime
in + a part of the day But: at night	in the morning in the afternoon in the evening
on + a day	on Monday on Wednesday on Saturday on Christmas day on Monday morning on Saturday night
on + a date	on 4th July on 1st January
at weekends	at the weekend at the weekends
at + public holiday	at Christmas at Easter
in + longer periods eg months, seasons, years etc.	in July in September in 1983 in the 19th century

Verb + preposition

After many verbs we use particular prepositions. For example, we say believe in and concentrate on.

Here are some more common examples of these verb + preposition combinations:

¦ apologize to someone for (doing) something

I apologized to her for being late.

¦ apply for

Are you going to apply for this job?

¦ belong to

Does this book belong to you?

¦ care about (=think someone/something as important)

I don't care about money. Money can't buy happiness.

But: care for (=look after, nurse)

She's very good at caring for sick animals.

¦ take care of (=look after)

Could you take care of the baby while I go out shopping?

¦ complain to (someone) about (something)

The workers complained to the manager about the working

conditions.

¦ crash into run into drive into bump into

When he was driving home he almost crushed into the bus.

¦ depend on

`Are you going to the beach tomorrow?' `It depends on the weather.'

¦ die of

A lot of people are dying of AIDS.

¦ dream about (while asleep)

I was dreaming about Sue when I suddenly woke up.

But: dream of (=imagine)

When I was younger I dreamt of being a famous pop-singer.

¦ hear about (= be told about)

Have you heard about Jimmy? He broke his leg in a skiing accident.

But: hear from (=receive news from)

We haven't heard from Mike since he wrote to us last May.

Also: hear of (=know that someone/something exists) Have you heard of a disco called The Dance Factory?

¦ laugh at smile at

Who's that girl smiling at you?

¦ listen to

Would you like to listen to some music?

¦ look at

Look at this photograph

But: look for (=try to find)

Can you help me, please? I'm looking for West Street.

Also: look after (=take care of)

Could you look after the baby while I go shopping?

¦ rely on

You can't rely on the post. It's always late.

¦ search for

I've been searching for my keys.

¦ shout at

Don't shout at me! I can hear you.

¦ speak to talk to

I spoke to Sue this morning.

¦ suffer from

He suffers from asthma.

¦ think about (=use you mind)

You look sad. What are you thinking about?

But: think of/about (=consider)

He's thinking about changing his job.

Also: think of (=have as opinion about)

`What do you think of Sue?' `She is very nice.'

¦ wait for

How long have you been waiting for the bus?

¦ write to

I'll write to you soon.

таблица неправильных глаголов

Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle	Перевод
be	was/were	been	быть, являться
bear	bore	born	рождаться
become	became	become	становиться
begin	began	begun	начинать
bite	bit	bitten	кусать
blow	blew	blown	дуть
break	broke	broken	ломать
bring	brought	brought	приносить
build	built	built	строить
burst	burst	burst	поджигать
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cut	cut	cut	резать
deal	dealt	dealt	иметь дело
do	did	done	делать
draw	drew	drawn	рисовать
drink	drank	drunk	пить
drive	drove	driven	водить
eat	ate	eaten	есть
fall	fell	fallen	падать
feed	fed	fed	кормить
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
fight	fought	fought	бороться
find	found	found	находить
fly	flew	flown	летать
forbid	forbade	forbidden	запрещать
forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
freeze	froze	frozen	замерзать
get	got	got/gotten	получать
give	gave	given	давать
go	went	gone	идти
grow	grew	grown	расти
hang	hung	hung	вешать
hide	hid	hidden	прятать
hit	hit	hit	бить
hold	held	held	держать
keep	kept	kept	хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	накрывать
lead	led	led	вести
learn	learnt	learnt	изучать
leave	left	left	покидать
lend	lent	lent	занимать
let	let	let	позволять
lie	lay	lain	лгать
light	lit	lit	зажигать
lose	lost	lost	терять
make	made	made	производить
mean	meant	meant	значить
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	положить
read	read	read	читать
ride	rode	ridden	ездить
ring	rang	rung	звонить
rise	rose	risen	восходить
run	ran	run	бежать
say	said	said	сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
sell	sold	sold	продавать
send	sent	sent	посылать
set	set	set	устраивать
shake	shook	shaken	трясти
show	showed	shown	показывать
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sing	sang	sung	петь
sink	sank	sunk	тонуть
sit	sat	sat	сидеть
sleep	slept	slept	спать
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
spend	spent	spent	проводить
stand	stood	stood	стоять
steal	stole	stolen	воровать
swim	swam	swum	плавать
swing	swang	swung	качаться
take	took	taken	брать
teach	taught	taught	учить
tell	told	told	рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать
throw	threw	thrown	бросать
understand	understood	understood	понимать
wake	woke	woken	будить
wear	wore	worn	носить
win	won	won	побеждать
write	wrote	written	писать

Bibliography

1. Иголкина Н.И., Кубранова Н.А., Иванова Д.В. Language is easy. - Саратов: Издательский центр Саратовского Университета, 2009.

2. Матюшкина - Герке Т.И. A Course of English. - Москва: Высшая школа, 2008.

3. Полякова Е.Б., Работ Г.П. English for Teenagers. - Москва: Филологическое общество "СЛОВО", 1995.

4. Полякова Т.Ю. Английский язык для инженеров. - Москва: Высшая школа, 2007.

5. 200 Тем Английского Языка. / Сост.: Бойко В., Жидких Н., Каверина В., Панина Е. - Москва: Издательство Иванова В.И., 2007.

6. Adrian Room. An A to Z of British Life. - London, 1992.

7. Levashova V.A. Britain today: Life and Institutions. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2001.

8. Magazine "CLUB." - №3, January-February 2007.

9. Michael Swan, Catherine Walter. The New Cambridge English Course. - Cambridge University Press, 1999.

10. Newspaper "English Learner's Digest." - №8, April 2009.

11. Nick Selby. St. Petersburg. - Moscow: Lonely Planet Publications, 2000.

12. Pavel Kann. Leningrad. - Moscow: Planeta Publishers, 1984.

13. Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans. Grammarway 3. Express Publishing, 1999.

14. Michael Swan, Catherin Walter. Good Grammar Book. - Oxford University Press, 2001.

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

В данном учебном пособии представлен опыт авторского коллектива кафедры "Межкультурные коммуникации" по обобщению и систематизации тематического и лексико-грамматического материала, имеющего направленность на формирование коммуникативной компетенции в сфере деятельности специалистов в области сервиса. Учебное пособие содержит материал, позволяющий осуществлять подготовку студентов к следующему этапу обучения английскому языку по профилю избранной специальности, формированию навыков перевода (как со словарем, так и без словаря), а также развитию коммуникативных умений в ситуациях официального и неофициального делового общения в сфере сервиса.

Авторский коллектив работает над второй частью учебного пособия, предназначенного для подготовки студентов к пониманию специальной литературы и общению на английском языке по профилю изучаемой специальности. Таким образом, будет создан полный учебный комплекс по английскому языку для обучения студентов сервисных специальностей.

Уважаемые студенты! Мы надеемся, что приобретенные Вами знания и опыт общения на английском языке Вы сможете успешно применить в Вашей будущей профессиональной деятельности.

Желаем Вам успехов в овладении английским языком.

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