Иностранный язык (английский язык)

The power and reach of mass media at the beginning of the new millenium arc greater than ever before. The issues raised by the media will, no doubt, continue to grow in importance in the XXI century.

Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

1) Средства массовой информации; 2) становиться важной частью жизни; 3) основной/важный источник информации; 4) электронные СМИ: радио, телевидение, интернет; 5) делить на две категории; 6) печатные СМИ: журналы, газеты, книги; 7) формировать взгляды; 8) информационная, развлекательная ценность; 9) получить доступ к различным источникам информации; 10) слушать свежие, горячие новости; 11) век массовой коммуникации; 12) иметь свой сайт в интернете; 13) иметь множество преимуществ; 14) происходить в мире; 15) оказать большое влияние; 16) не представлять себе жизни без радио и газет; 17) замечательные возможности для образования; 18) текущие события; 19) видеть все своими глазами; 20) крупные радиовещательные компании; 21) время новостей; 22) реагировать на то, что происходит в реальной жизни; 23) появляться на экране; 24) обеспечивать дополнительной/фоновой информацией; 25) дать детали, комментарий, 26) новое тысячелетие; 27) становиться более значимым; 28) поднимать в прессе разные/важные вопросы.

Exercise 3.Finish the following:

1. Mass media play an ... role in our ...

2. They are divided into ... and ...

3. The media ... us about various ... that ... in the world.

4. For many people TV is the main ... of ... .

5. They ... TV because it ...

6. Some people ... radio and ...

7. Various magazines and ... give us ...

8. The newest kind of ... is ...

9. Its main ... is that ...

10. Many large ... have their own ... in the ...

11. We can see different ... with our own ...

12. ... educates us and ...

13. Thanks to ... we can know what is ... in the world every day.

Exercise 4.Translate the questions into English and answer them.

1. Что обеспечил век массовой коммуникации?

2. Какие средства массовой информации вы знаете?

3.Каковы функции СМИ сегодня?

4.Какие ценности начинают преобладать в мире сейчас и почему?

5. Чем является ТВ для миллионов людей в настоящее время?

6. А что можно сказать о радио и печатных изданиях?

7. Из каких источников можно узнать "горячие" новости?

8. Средства массовой информации могут предоставить возможности для образования, не так ли?

9. А что вы можете сказать о развлекательных программах?

10. Что из себя представляет интернет?

11. Какие СМИ, на ваш взгляд, наиболее популярны сейчас?

12. А в будущем?

13. Изменятся ли основные ценности в XXI веке?

Exercise 5.Read and translate.

1. The earliest kind of mass media was a newspaper. At the beginning it was a handwritten sheet of news that was posted up in the public places. The first printed newspaper came out in China in 700 A.D.?

2. The first Russian newspaper was issued in 1702 on the initiative of Peter the Great. It was entitled "Vedomosti".

3. Radio appeared much later than the first newspaper. Regular radio broadcasting in our country began only in 1924.

4. The very first magazine originated from the earliest newspapers and catalogs that appeared in the XVI--XVII centuries in England, France and later -- in many other countries.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1.Put the verb in brackets into Present Indefinite.

She (to learn) English.

I (to like) music.

My brother (to be) a school-boy. He (to go) to school.

Michael (to do) his lessons every day.

She (to live) in this house.

After supper my sister (to go) for a walk.

We (to visit) our grandparents very often.

8. The girl (to sing) very well.

9. My father (to work) at school.

10. Usually I (to have) dinner at 3 o'clock.

11. He (to want) to become a doctor.

12. Our mother (to come) home very late.

13. His brother (to go) in for sports.

14. She (to like) reading very much.

15. They often (to take) a bus.

Exercise2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

He goes to school every day.

My sister works here.

They eat a lot.

We work every day."

I come from Ukraine.

He conies from Germany.

They live in the USA.

He plays football every day.

9. I visit my parents very often.

His father works at an office.

She gets up at seven o'clock.

They play tennis very often.

We go to the cinema on Saturdays.

He wants to become a pilot.

My brother watches television every night.

I read newspaper every day.

Her father finishes his work at six o'clock.

Nick goes to bed at nine.

He goes to school by bus.

We skate once a week in winter.

Exercise 3. Put the verb in brackets into Present Indefinite.

I (not to walk) to work every morning.

She (to wash) her car once a week.

We (to spend) our holidays in the country.

He (not to hope) to go there.

She (to go) to the theatre twice a month.

Mary (not to live) near the station.

You (to take) your dog for a walk?

She always (to invite) her friends to her birthday party.

He (to drink) coffee every morning.

Her brother (to study) in London.

I (to go shopping) every day.

He (to speak) Spanish?

13. I (to visit) my friend every week.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. Его младший брат ученик.

Она не работает.

Он всегда очень занят.

Он разговаривает по-немецки?

Моя мама любит классическую музыку.

Они не хотят идти в кино.

Где ваши родители?

Она не играет в шахматы.

Он никогда не просыпается рано.

Она делает зарядку каждый день?

Они ходят в театр раз в месяц.

Я помогаю маме по хозяйству очень часто.

Вы пьете кофе утром?

Он редко ходит в кино.

Она не читает газет.

Эти девочки не работают, они учатся.

Exercise5. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

My friend lives in London.

Her uncle speaks French badly.

It often snows in winter.

He is my best friend.

His parents get up very early.

They listen to the news every evening.

We usually spend our holidays in the country.

8. They are our relatives.

9. My sister wants to become a teacher. 10. Her child likes to read the fairy-tales.

Exercise 6. Translate into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

У меня есть сестра. Ее имя Анна. Анне девять лет. Она учится в школе в третьем классе. Анна хорошая ученица.Она получает только хорошие оценки. Анна просыпается в семь утра. Она встает, умывается, чистит зубы и делает утреннюю зарядку. В семь тридцать она завтракает. Анна уходит в школу в восемь часов. Она не едет автобусом, а идет пешком. Из школы моя сестра возвращается в три часа. Она не делает сразу уроки. Анна сначала обедает, потом идет на прогулку. Сестра начинает делать уроки в пять часов.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions according to the model.

Model:What does a driver do? - He drives.

What do drivers do? - They drive.

1. What does a singer do? 2. What does a runner do? 3. What do students do? 4. What does a dancer do? 5. What do cooks do? 6. What do dancers do? 7. What does a painter do? 8. What do teachers do? 9. What does a typist do? 10. What do painters do? 11. What do writers do?

Exercise 8. Write the following sentences in the 3rd person singular.

1. I think I am ill. 2. They often visit their granny. 3. We live in Leeds. 4. You usually speak too quickly. 5. Do you like boiled potatoes? 6. Good animals always obey their masters. 7. The boys box in the gymnasium on Fridays. 8. His dogs always attack the neighbours. 9. Heavy trucks make a lot of noise.

Exercise 9. Write the following sentences a) in the negative,

b) in the interrogative.

1. She understands the rule. 2. He usually has breakfast at 8 o'clock. 3. The lecture starts at 10.15.4. The flowers look fresh. 5. She usually walks in the morning. 6. He has coffee in the evening. 7. She remembers them well. 8. He plays chess very well. 9. She leaves home at 10 o'clock every day. 10. Ann misses you badly. 11. They feel very cold. 12. Tom looks sick. 13. They harvest grapes in March. 14. The last boat sails at 10 p.m. 15. That train goes very fast.

Exercise 10. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite.

1. Oscar Wilde and Bernard Shaw (be) the most witty British writers. 2. Fishermen often (tell) tales about their catches. 3. Their children (go) to a private school. 4. Little Amanda (collect) all sorts of toy-pigs. 5. My father (like) a lot of milk in his tea and a few lumps of sugar. 6. Anything that he (say) (be) worth listening to. 7. We usually (spend) our holidays in Spain. 8. My English friends (live) in a nice house that (stand) on a hill that (overlook) lake Windermere, which (be) in the Lake District. 9. What this sentence (mean)? 10. I (live) in Tver, which (be) my native town. 11. My brother (sing) in Italian opera. 12. My sister (have) a good appetite and she always (eat) heartily. 13. Let's go outside. It (be) terribly hot in the house. 14. What you (see) over there? 15. In England the traffic (keep) to the left but on the Continent it (keep) to the right. 16. This map (be) the largest that we (have). 17. They often (come) to see me in my town house. 18. The twittering of birds in the trees in spring (be) a pleasant sound.

Exercise 11. Answer the questions using the Present Indefinite.

1. What time do you go to the Institute? (generally, usually) 2. What do you do on Sunday mornings? (often) 3. How do you spend your leisure time? (usually, occasionally) 4. What sort of radio programmes do you listen to? (usually, often, always) 5. How do you help your parents? (always, sometimes, usually) 6. What sort of films do you enjoy? (nearly always) 7. Where do you read for your examinations? (normally, sometimes) 8. Where do you have your meals? (usually, sometimes) 9. What do you take if you have a headache? (generally, usually) 10. How do you celebrate your birthday? (nearly always, occasionally)

Exercise 12. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

Examples: The lecture begins at 10 o'clock (begin).

How many languages do you speak (you/speak)?

What time(the museums/open) in St. Petersburg?

I have a bike but I(not/use) it very often.

How many cups of tea(you/drink) a day?

"What(you/do)?" - "I am a chemical engineer."

"Where (your father/come) from?" - "He(come) from Minsk."

If you need help, why(you/not/ask) for it?

I(play) the guitar, but I(not/play) very well.

Exercise 13. Make questions. Begin the questions using the word(s) in brackets.

Examples:Bob plays chess. (How often)? How often does Bob play chess?

I get up early. (What time/usually?) What time do you usually get up?

Felix watches birds. (How often?)

I write to my parents. (How often?)

I have dinner in the evening. (What time/usually?)

She works. (Where?)

I go to the Zoo. (How often?)

People do stupid things. (Why?)

The motor breaks down. (How often?)

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. Я обычно делаю домашнее задание вечером. 2. Мой друг живет на Севере. 3. Моя сестра учится в медицинском колледже. 4. У них два занятия иностранным языком в неделю. 5. Он всегда навещает нас, когда бывает в Москве. 6. "Сколько времени вы тратите на дорогу домой?" - "Как правило, я трачу на дорогу домой около тридцати минут."7. Он теперь редко путешествует. 8. Вы часто ходите в кино? 9. Она никогда не опаздывает. Она всегда приходит вовремя. 10. "Вы чувствуете что-нибудь?" - "Нет, я ничего не чувствую."11. Его отец - инженер. Он строит мосты. 12. Я не учу французский язык, я учу немецкий. 13. Теперь мы редко с ними встречаемся. 14. Ее муж часто ездит в командировки?

Exercise 15. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite.

(USUALLY) 1. My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. My father and I (to leave) home at eight o'clock. He (to take) a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o'clock. In the evening we (to gather) in the living room. We (to watch) TV and (to talk).2. My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock. 3. She (to be) a schoolgirl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon. 4. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 5. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 6. After breakfast she (to go) to school. 7. It (to take) him two hours to do his homework. 8. She (to speak) French well.

Exercise 16. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite.

(USUALLY) 1.Andrea Schatzmann, an exchange student from Switzerland, (to live) with the Connor family in San Francisco. She (to get) up at 7 am and (to take) a shower. She normally (not to have) breakfast. At half past seven she (to catch) the bus. Her first class (to start) at a quarter past eight. She always (to have) lunch at 12 o'clock in the cafeteria. The cafeteria food (to be) OK and it (to be) cheap too. Her afternoon classes (to be) from 1.15 till 3.00 pm, so she (to be) at school all day. She usually (to have) dinner with the Connors at about 8.00. On Saturdays she (to have) lunch at the restaurant. Once a week, usually on Sunday mornings, she (to go) swimming. A few friends usually (to go) along, too. One of her friends has got a car, so he (to pick) them up and then he (to drive) them home. After swimming they often (to go) out for a pizza. On Saturday evenings she sometimes (to go) out with friends to a party or maybe to a concert. Sometimes she (to invite) friends to her house and they (to listen) to music and (to talk). Mr and Mrs Connor often (to take) them for a camping weekend to the seaside or to the mountains. From time to time she (to call) her family in Switzerland. They never (to talk) for very long because it (to be) expensive. She usually (to call) on Sundays because it (to be) cheaper then. 2. What time Andrea usually (to get) up? 3. When she (to catch) the bus? 4. She (to take) a shower in the morning? 5. She (to go) home for lunch? 6. When she (to go) swimming? 7. How she (to get) to the pool? 8. What she (to do) on Saturday evenings?

Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

(ОБЫЧНО) 1. Я работаю. 2. Мы работаем. 3. Они не работают. 4. Вы работаете? -- Да. 5. Он работает? -- Нет. Он учится. 6. Мой брат не учится. Он работает. 7. Ты носишь очки? 8. Вы помогаете людям? 9. Он любит читать сказки? 10. Она любит играть на скрипке? 11. Моя сестра не читает книг. 12. Наша бабушка любит спать на диване. 13. Вы любите отдыхать в кресле? 14. Мы едим и пьем в кухне. 15. Мой брат не любит читать газеты. 16. Мы спим в спальне. 17. Мой брат спит на диване в жилой комнате. 18. Моя сестра одевается перед зеркалом. 19. Мой дядя пишет книги. 20. Мы пишем упражнения в школе. 21. Я трачу свои карманные деньги на мороженое. 22. Он читает все время и не любит смотреть телевизор.

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. Где ты живешь? -- Я живу в Москве. 2. Когда у тебя каникулы? -- В январе. 3. Что тебе больше всего нравится в школе? 4. Мой брат работает в больнице. Он врач. Он встает в двадцать минут восьмого. Он работает утром и днем. Вечером он не работает. Вечером он отдыхает. 5. Твоя сестра говорит по-французски? -- Нет. Она говорит по-немецки, а ее муж; говорит по-английски. 6. Когда вы встаете? -- Я встаю без четверти семь. 7. Когда встает твой брат? -- Он встает без двадцати восемь. -- А твоя сестра тоже встает без двадцати восемь? -- Нет. Мой брат ходит в школу, а моя сестра не ходит в школу. Она еще не ученица. Она встает в девять часов. 8. Он не моет руки перед едой. 9. Этот мальчик свистит в классе. 10. Он не играет ни на каком музыкальном инструменте. 11. Они играют в футбол и любят смотреть мультфильмы. 12. Они любят школьные каникулы, особенно летние. 13. День рождения у девочки 31 декабря. 14. Поэтому она получает много подарков.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.

Мой дядя -- инженер. Он очень занят. Его рабочий день начинается рано утром. Он встает в семь часов. Он умывается, одевается и завтракает. После завтрака он идет на работу. Он работает в институте. Он любит свою работу. Он женат. Его жена -- врач. Она работает в больнице. Вечером она изучает французский язык. Она посещает курсы французского языка. Мой дядя не говорит по-французски. Он говорит по-русски и по-немецки. Он изучает английский язык. Вечером он посещает курсы английского языка. Сын моего дяди -- ученик. Он ходит в школу. В школе он изучает английский язык.

UNIT IV

The Press

Exercise 1.Read and give a summary of the text.

The press is usually referred to as "the Fourth Power" after the government's legislative, executive and judicial branches.

The role of the press as an activist, reformer, exposer and independent monitor of power is very significant. The press has been ideally positioned to provide the information that people need to know in order to participate in public affairs. It is an important instrument of open debates and discussions in any society. And in this context, the press independence is of paramount importance because the free press expands freedom and strengthens democracy.

Nowadays the press must assert the core values, that focus on the needs of people, and meet new demands.

The press denotes newspapers and periodicals that open up for the public unprecedented levels of access to any kind of information.

Newspapers can cover a greater range of events and news, and in more details, than radio and TV. They present and comment on the issues of public importance. They also shape people's opinions and have great effect on their views.

Periodicals are collections including different articles and stories, fiction and poetry, illustrations, horoscopes, crosswords, etc. They may focus on the events of the current week (weeklies) or month (monthlies), providing a great deal of information in such spheres as culture, religion, science, technology, medicine, economics and business, sports, hobbies, tourism, etc.

Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

1) Четвертая власть; 2) исполнительная, судебная, законодательная ветви правительства; 3) значительная роль; 4) предоставлять любую информацию; 5) быть в идеальном положении; 6) периодика, газеты; 7) реформатор и независимый наблюдатель; 8) принимать участие в делах государства; 9) проза и поэзия; 10) иллюстрации и гороскопы; 11) потребности народа; 12) охватывать широкий диапазон событий; 13) формировать общественное мнение и взгляды; 14) представлять первостепенное значение; 15) открывать беспрецедентный уровень доступа к информации; 16) независимая пресса; 17) отвечать новым требованиям; 18) укреплять демократию; 19) дискуссии в обществе; 20) отстаивать главные ценности; 21) включать различные статьи и рассказы; 22) потребности народа; 23) открытые дебаты; 24) давать комментарий и новости; 25) охватывать широкий диапазон событий; 26) еженедельник, ежемесячник; 27) события текущей недели; 28) вопросы общественного значения.

Exercise 3.Give a synonym for each of the words.

1) Important, 2) to name, 3) main, 4) to take part, 5) to defend, 6) to concentrate, 7) requirement, 8) influence, 9) different, 10) to comprise, 11) control, 12) discussion, 13) to embrace, 14) primary, 15) to mean.

Exercise 4.Answer the following questions.

1. How is the press usually called?

2. What is its main role?

3. The press is often called an important instrument of debates, isn't it? Why?

4. Must the press be independent or not?

5. What values should it focus on?

6. What does the press denote?

7. What are the functions of newspapers?

8. And what about periodicals?

9. What do they differ in?

10. What is their importance?

Exercise 5.Read and translate.

Do you know?

There are about 500 TV companies, both public and private, over 245 radio stations, 25 000 newspapers and magazines, both official and unofficial, and about 250 news agencies in the Russian Federation.

Judging by the latest opinion polls, more than 90% of our country population watch TV as the main source of information; 75% are regular readers of various local and national papers and periodicals; 72% use the Internet; 24% listen to the radio.

Exercise 6.Read and give a summary of the text.

There are dozens, often hundreds, of various newspapers in every country. As a rule, they include daily and weekly papers, national and local papers, evening and Sunday papers, etc.

All newspapers are usually divided into two formats: broadsheets (or quality papers) and tabloids (or populars). They differ, first of all, in size, cost and circulation. The populars arc smaller in size, cheaper, but have the largest circulations compared with the quality papers. Besides, both types of newspapers vary in a kind of language and photos they use. They appeal to people with different interests and tastes. And, of course, they approach the news and events in different ways.

The broadsheets provide their readers with the in-depth information and background reports. They usually deal with the major national and international events and news, with the world of politics and business. They also include arts and sport reviews and advertising blocks. They are addressed to the educated readers.

The tabloids, basically, try to entertain, amuse or even shock their readers. They have lots of illustrations, various sensational stories about the private life of many famous people, film or pop stars, news reviews, horoscopes, etc.

Most newspapers cannot afford to have their own reporters because journalists are very expensive, especially abroad. That's why they get most of their news from various news agencies, that are large organizations, having their reporters all over the world. Every day these agencies collect various information and breaking news from their reporters and sell them to newspapers, magazines, TV and radio stations of different countries.

At present, the world's most known news agencies are: the Reuters (the UK), the Associated Press (the USA), the RIA-NOVOSTI and ITAR TASS (Russia), the EPA (European Press Agency, Germany), the France Press (France) and some others. They are worldwide, multi-lingual, multimedia news agencies, having thousands of their reporters in all parts of the Globe as well as large staffs, working 24 hours a day.

Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

1) серьезная газета/газета большого формата; 2) газета малого формата/бульварная газета; 3) главные международные события; 4) обзор новостей; 5) освещать события по-разному; 6) мир политики/ бизнеса/рекламы; 7) отличаться по размеру и цене; 8) огромный тираж; 9) спортивное обозрение; 10) обеспечивать своих читателей подробной информацией; 11) люди разных вкусов и интересов; 12) использовать разный стиль (язык); 13) обращаться к образованному читателю; 14) предназначать для широкой публики; 15) развлекать и забавлять людей; 16) рассказы о личной жизни известных людей; 17) включать фото, гороскопы, кроссворды и множество иллюстраций; 18) шокировать читателей сенсационными историями; 19) заниматься рекламой; 20) собирать и продавать различную информацию; 21) крупные радиостанции и телекомпании; 22) позволять себе большой штат служащих; 23) крупные агентства новостей/многомедийные и многоязычные агентства; 24) горячие новости.

Exercise3.Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information.

1.There are lots of various newspapers and magazines in the world.

2.Today's press means radio and television.

3.As a rule, all newspapers are issued in two formats.

4.Populars are cheaper compared to quality papers.

5.Broadsheets are more popular than tabloids.

6.They try to amuse and shock their readers.

7.Almost all tabloids contain sensational news and stories about various film and pop stars, horoscopes and games.

8.Their circulations approach several million copies.

9.Both quality papers and populars use the same language and photos.

10.However, broadsheets are basically addressed to people, who can't read at all.

11.Tabloids don't entertain the public.

12.Most papers can afford to have their own reporters because they are very cheap.

13.That's why they never buy any breaking news from large news agencies.

Exercise 4.Answer the following questions.

1.What does the today's press consist of?

2.What format are most newspapers issued in?

3.Characterize a broadsheet.

4.And what can you say about "a tabloid?

5.Do quality papers and tabloids have anything in common?

6.What is the difference between them?

7.Where do most newspapers get breaking news?

8.What are the world's largest news agency?

9.What do you know about them?

10.What Russian broadsheets and tabloids do you know?

11.Which of them are the most popular ones?

12.And where do they get information, in your opinion?

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1.Transform into the plural:

There is a table in the room. There are tables in the room.

1. There is a chair near the table. 2. There is a vase on the window sill. 3. There is a book in the bookcase. 4. There is an armchair in front of the TV set. 5. There is a pencil under the table. 6. There is a cup in the cupboard. 7. There is a fork among the spoons. 8. There is a bench near the blackboard. 9. There is a bottle in the cupboard. 10. There is a jug on the table.

Exercise 2.Transform into the singular:

There are plates on the table.

There is a plate on the table.

1.There are taps above the sink. 2. There are forks on the plate. 3. There are pans in the cupboard. 4. There are knives in the table. 5. There are beds in the room. 6. There are shelves on the wall. 7. There are rugs on the floor. 8. There are spoons among the knives. 9. There are lamps on the ceiling. 10. There are desks in the room.

Exercise 3.Open the brackets:

There (to be) a book on the table. There is a book on the table.

There (to be) books on the table. There are books on the table.

1. There (to be) books on the shelf. 2. There (to be) flowers in the vase. 3. There (to be) a magazine under the table. 4. There (to be) a fridge between the stove and the sink. 5. There (to be) chairs near the window. 6. There (to be) chairs around the table. 7. There (to be) a lamp above the table. 8. There (to be) some words in the sentence. 9. There (to be) some syllables in the word. 10. There (to be) some children in the room.

Exercise 4.Translate into English:

Ha столе -- КНИГАHa столе -- КНИГИ.

There is a book on the table. There are books on the table.

1. На подоконнике -- цветы. 2. Посередине комнаты -- стол. 3. Около кресла -- пылесос. 4. Над раковиной -- краны. 5. В комнате -- двери. 6. В тексте -- несколько абзацев. 7. На кухне -- посудный шкаф. 8. На потолке -- лампа. 9. В предложении -- несколько слов. 10. На окнах --шторы.

Exercise 5.Open the brackets:

There (to be) a book on the table. There is a book on the table.

There (to be) books on the table. There are books on the table.

1. There (to be) books on the shelf. 2. There (to be) flowers in the vase. 3. There (to be) a magazine under the table. 4. There (to be) a fridge between the stove and the sink. 5. There (to be) chairs near the window. 6. There (to be) chairs around the table. 7. There (to be) a lamp above the table. 8. There (to be) some words in the sentence. 9. There (to be) some syllables in the word. 10. There (to be) some children in the room.

Exercise 6.Choose the suitable translation of the sentences:

1.Maмино кресло стоит в углу.

a)There is an armchair in the corner.

b)The mother's armchair is in the comer.

c)The mother's armchair in the corner.

d)There was the mother's armchair in the corner.

2.Baза на подоконнике.

a)There was a vase on the window sill.

b)There is a vase on the window sill.

c)The vase is on the window sill.

d)The vase was on the window sill.

3.Словарь - в книжном шкафу.

a)The dictionary was in the bookcase.

b)The dictionary is in the bookcase.

c)There is a dictionary in the bookcase.

d)There was a dictionary in the bookcase.

4.B посудном шкафу - тарелки и кастрюли.

a)There are plates and pans in the cupboard.

b)There were plates and pans in the cupboard.

c)There is plates and pans in the cupboard.

d)There was plates and pans in the cupboard.

5.В тексте - несколько абзацев.

a)There were some paragraphs in the text.

b)There are some paragraphs in the text.

c)Some paragraphs are in the text.

d)Some paragraphs in the text.

Exercise 7.Ask questions to the following statements, then answer them according to the pattern.

Pattern: There is a good programme on TV tonight.

-Is there a good programme on TV tonight?

-Yes, there is.

There aren't any theatres in my town.

-Are there any theatres in your town?

-No, there are not/there aren't.

1. There is a cat in the window. 2. There are a few changes in the text. 3. There are plenty of glasses in the cupboard. 4. There were a lot of people at the stadium. 5. There isn't anything on the plate. 6. There wasn't anybody in the room. 7. There are difficult exercises in this book. 8. There is something on the shelf. 9. There will be some interesting programmes on TV tomorrow. 10. There are several empty seats in the room. 11. There weren't any pears on the plate.

Exercise 8.Translate into English.

А. 1. В этом журнале много интересных статей. 2. В нашем городе много музеев и театров. 3. В этой комнате есть телефон? 4. В этой комнате два окна. 5. В чашке не было чая. 6. Сколько статей было в этом журнале? - Там было несколько статей. 7. Сколько студентов в аудитории? - Двадцать. 8. Рядом с нашим домом будет парк. 9. На этой улице была школа? 10. На столе лежит несколько книг

В. 1. Рядом с нашим домом есть школа. Школа находится рядом с нашим домом. 2. В городе несколько театров. Театры находятся в центре города. 3. В вазе стояли цветы. Цветы стояли в красивой вазе. 4. В театре много детей. Дети сейчас в театре.5. Существует несколько способов решения этой задачи. Способы решения этой задачи приведены на странице.

Exercise 9.Supply some, any or no for the following sentences.

1. I bought ... books.

2. Are there ... books, on your shelf?

3. I have ... good news for you.

4. Did you buy ... milk?

5. Would you like ... tea?

6. Have you ... pencils?

7. Are there plates on the table? -- There are ...

8. There are ... high houses in his street.

9. I want ... bread, please.

10. Are there ... magazines on the shelf? -- Yes, there are... .

11. He has ... information for us.

12. I'd like ... water, please.

13. She sent me ... postcards from England.

14. Did you meet ... friend yesterday?

15. Are there ... new pupils in your class? -- Yes, there are ....

Exercise 10.Supply some, any or no for the following sentences.

1. There are ... new schools in my district.

2. Only ... students came in time.

3. She bought ... books, but she didn't buy ... magazines.

4. Do you want ... milk?

5. There are ... people in the streets, because it's cold.

6. Would you like ... juice?

7. I bought a pen but I didn't buy ... pencils.

8. At this time we usually have ... food.

9. Did he spend ... days in Paris?

10. There is ... cheese on the plate.

11. Sorry, I haven't got ... matches.

12. He didn't give me ... money.

13. Can you give me ... sugar?

14. I've got ... oranges, but I haven't got ... apples.

15. Are there ... people in this room?

16. Do you learn ... foreign languages?

17. We don't think we've got ... time today.

Exercise 11.Supply some, any or no for the following sentences.

1. There is ... water in my glass. I'd like to drink.

2. There are ... beautiful pictures on the walls. Look at them.

3. Can I have ... more milk?

4. Have you got ... friends? -- Yes, I have... .

5. Are there ... pencils is your pencil-box? Give me ..., please.

6. She went to the shop, but she didn't buy ... eggs.

7. He has read ... 20 pages.

8. Did they send you ... letters from England?

9. Why have ... students gone home?

10. Have you found ... mushrooms in the wood?

11. I'm thirsty. Give me ... tea, please.

12. Have you got ... time to go to the cinema?

13. Are there ... pupils in the class-room? - Yes, there are ... .

14. Don't forget to buy ... sugar.

15. Where did you leave ... of your books?

Exercise 12. Supply some, any or no for the following sentences.

1. Did you have ... salt in the soup?

2. I've got ... money. Give me ... money, please.

3. Will you take ... of these photographs?

4. They haven't got ... children.

5. She doesn't like ... apples.

6. Are there ... fruit-trees in your garden?

7. Did they ask you ... questions? -- Yes, they asked... .

8. Does he make ... mistakes in his dictations?

9. My friend has bought ... new shoes.

10. ... people there are very unfriendly.

11. Do you like ... oranges?

12. Where can I get ... cigarettes?

13. They waited ... ten minutes.

14. You may come at ... time.

15. ... people like to spend weekend in the country.

Exercise 13. Supply something, anything, nothing or everything.

1.He saw ... strange in the dark.

2.Have you ... to read?

3.Did ... help you to do your work?

4.May I draw ... I like?

5.I'm all right. ... happened.

6.They don't know ... about it.

7.Would you like ... special for dinner?

8.This pupil wants to know ... about animals.

9.Will you have...to eat?

10. There is ... in the box.

Exercise 14. Supply something, anything, nothing or everything.

1.Give me ... to eat, please. I'm hungry.

2.I think they don't tell me ... about this accident.

3.It's dark in the room. I see ...

4.What are you doing? - ... special.

5.You may choose ... you like.

6.Did he tell you the last news? -- No, he told ...

7.Give me your hand, please. I didn't see ...

8.... has changed in my city.

9.Is there ... interesting to see in your town?

10. There is ... in my pocket.

Exercise 14.Supply something, anything, nothing or everything.

1.Open the door. ... is knocking.

2.... has told me the truth.

3.The train was almost empty. They weren't ... on it.

4.Did you invite ... to come?

5.I don't see ... in this room.

6.It' s very simple. ... can do that.

7.... came to visit my friend when he was ill.

8.I found ... bag in the street.

9.... in the group did the homework.

10. Did you ask ... to help you?

Exercise 15. Write the following sentences a) in the negative,

b) in the interrogative.

1.There are some new buildings in my town.

2.Somebody has taken my pen.

3.I may do everything I want.

4.He has some pens in his pencil-box.

5.She saw everything with her own eyes.

6.Somebody is there.

7.Nobody helped him.

8.I don't have anything for breakfast.

9.There were some apples on the table.

10.Everybody can answer this question.

11.We didn't buy any vegetables.

12.Everybody wanted to play football.

13.Somebody phoned you yesterday.

14.Nobody saw this lady.

15.He doesn't want anything to eat.

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

1.У меня есть несколько английских книг.

2.Послушай! Кто-то разговаривает в соседней комнате.

3.Ты знаешь кого-нибудь из этой семьи?

4.В классе есть кто-нибудь? -- Нет, там никого нет.

5.Вы знаете что-нибудь про этот случай? -- Да, я кое-что знаю.

6.Эту книгу вы можете приобрести в любом книжном магазине.

7.Ты можешь купить все, что захочешь.

8.Вы прочитали что-нибудь интересное в прошлом месяце?

9.Тут был кто-нибудь вчера? -- Нет, тут никого не было.

10.В моей сумке ничего нет.

11.Дайте мне немного воды, пожалуйста.

12.Все хотели пойти в кино.

13.Ты нашел что-нибудь интересное в этом журнале?

14.Расскажите нам все про этого человека.

15.Никто не хотел возвращаться туда на следующий день.

Exercise17. Translate into English.

1.Некоторые из нас не смогли прийти вовремя.

2.Этот автор написал около 20 книг.

3.Он взял немного денег и пошел в магазин.

4.Кто-то прислал письмо из Лондона.

5.В этом диктанте я не сделал никаких ошибок.

6.Прошу, не бери тут ничего!

7.Хотите кофе? -- Спасибо, я не хочу ничего.

8.Не стучите, там никого нет.

9.Кто-нибудь из вас разговаривает по-немецки? - Никто.

10.Кто-нибудь видел как она ушла?

11.Я ничего не понимаю! Объясните мне все, пожалуйста.

12.Этот фильм чудесный. Можешь спросить у любого, кто его видел.

13.Тут есть кто-нибудь, кто может мне помочь?

14.Дайте мне хлеба и молока, пожалуйста.

15.Она не дала мне никаких денег.

Exercise 18.Supply somewhere, anywhere, nowhere or everywhere.

1.He put his book ... yesterday.

2.Have you seen that man ...?

3.I can't find my watch ....

4.Where is your son? -- He has gone ....

5.The station isn't ... near here.

6.The weather is sunny. Let's go ... .

7.It's autumn. There is a lot of yellow and red leaves ... .

8.I want to go ... next holydays.

9. Where did you go on Sunday? -- .... I stayed at home.

10. Where is Nick? - He is ... in the garden.

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1.Куда ты идешь? -- Никуда.

2.Вы знаете какой-нибудь иностранный язык?

3.Можешь идти куда захочешь. Никто тебя не остановит.

4.У вашего друга есть какие-нибудь книги про животных?

5.Я не вижу никаких ошибок в вашем диктанте.

6.Некоторые из этих статей очень интересные.

7.Я не думаю, что у нас есть время для обсуждения этого вопроса.

8.Пожалуйста, возьмите любую книгу, которая вам нравится.

9.У вас есть какие-нибудь вопросы? -- Да. Есть несколько.

10.Некоторые дети не любят играть в футбол.

11.Пожалуйста, дайте мне мел.

12.У нее есть какие-нибудь друзья в этом городе?

13.Ты не можешь никуда идти. У тебя много работы.

14.Никто не хотел сделать ничего плохого.

15.Кто-нибудь из твоих друзей помог тебе сделать это задание?

Exercise20. Supply some, any, every or their derivatives:

1.We don't see ... in the corridor.

2.Please, take ... magazine you like.

3.... likes to play chess.

4.They didn't get ... letters yesterday.

5.... likes to be ill.

6.Can I have ... coffee? -- Yes, you can have ....

7.We haven't got ... questions.

8.Can you put ... extra sugar in my tea?

9.... likes to play this game: it's dull.

10.... of our pupils study well.

11.Have you met ... in the street? -- No, I met ... .

12.They didn't say ....

Exercise21. Supply some, any, no, every or their derivatives:

1. I am trying to find ... explanation to his behavior.

2. This is a question that ... child can answer.

3. There is ... strange in his appearance.

4. Do you like ... ice-cream?

5. Do you need ... from the shop?

6. Where are ... magazines which you bought yesterday?

7. We use ... water to cook soup.

8. He needs to buy ... new socks.

9. Could you do ... about this noise?

10. My sister has just moved and she doesn't know ... in this house.

11. Pass me ... slices of cheese, please.

12. Does Nick still live here? - No, ... else is living here now.

Exercise 21. Translate into English.

Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много мальчиков, много девочек, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин.

Exercise22. Use much or many.

1. A don't eat ... mangoes. 2. He eats ... fish. 3. She ate so ... dessert that she is in bed today with a stomachache. 4. That man drank so ... wine, and he smoked so ... cigarettes that he has a terrible headache today. 5. Mary must not eat too ... salt because she has problems with her blood pressure. 6. My mother says I eat too ... French fries and drink too ... beer. She wants me to be healthy. 7. There is not too ... space in my flat. 8. There are ... new pictures in this room. 9. There are ... teachers at our school, and ... of them are women. 10. ... of these plays are quite new. 11. Thanks awfully for the books you sent me yesterday. -- Don't mention it, it wasn't ... bother. 12. ... of her advice was useful. 13. He had ... pairs of socks. 14. Please don't put ... pepper on the meat. 15. There were ... plates on the table. 16. I never eat ... bread with soup. 17. Why did you eat so ... ice cream? 18. She wrote us ... letters from the country. 19. ... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 20. ... in this work was too difficult for me. 21. ... of their answers were excellent. 22. ... of their conversation was about the university.

Exercise 23. Translate into English.

Мало домов, мало чая, мало чашек, мало яблок, мало окон, мало бумаги, мало кофе, мало статей, мало радости, мало супу, мало деревьев, мало травы, мало детей, мало игрушек, мало света, мало парт, мало колбасы, мало сока, мало книг, мало цветов, мало соли, мало друзей, мало дворцов.

Exercise 24. Use little or few.

1. He has got ... friends. 2. I drink ... coffee. I don't like it. 3. We must hurry. We've got very ... time. 4. There are very ... scholarships for students in this university. 5. The Smiths have ... money. They aren't rich. 6. The theatre was almost empty. There were very ... people there. 7. There was ... lemonade in the bottle. There were ... peaches in the basket. 8. I have ... time, so I can't go with you. 9. He has ... English books. 10. There is ... juice in my glass. Have you got any juice? 11. There are ... bears in the zoo. 14. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very ... mushrooms. 15.There was too ... light in the room, and I could not read. 16. There are very ... people who don't know that the Earth is round.

Exercise 25. Use much, many, little or few.

1. Robert wrote so ... letters that he's never going to write a letter again. 2. She ate so ... ice cream that she's going to have a sore throat. 3. His father earned ... money, but he enjoyed his job. He loved teaching English very .... 4. There are ... cookies in the box. I should have bought them last Monday. 5. Does your sister read ... ? -- Yes, she does. And your brother? -- Oh, he doesn't. He has so ... books, but he reads very .... 6. Have you ... work to do today? -- No, not very ... 7. Walk quicker, please.We have very ... time. 8. I am sorry to say, I have read very ... books by Walter Scott. 9. My brother is a young teacher. Every day he spends ... time preparing for his lessons. 10. I know very ... about this writer. It is the first book I am reading. 11. The pupils of our class ask ... questions at the lesson. They want to know everything. 12. You do not make ... mistakes in your spelling. Do you work hard at it? -- Oh, yes, I do, I work very ... .

Exercise 26. Translate into English.

Немного денег, мало денег, несколько стульев, мало стульев, несколько песен, мало песен, немного веселья, мало веселья, мало мальчиков, немного воды, несколько человек, мало воды, мало воздуха, мало столов, несколько минут, несколько кошек, мало травы, немного удачи, несколько дней, мало работы, немного соли, несколько ложек, мало света, мало окон, несколько машин, немного сахару, мало яиц, мало сыра.

Exercise 27. Put at, in, on in the correct position.

1. There is someone … the door.

2. I sat down … the sofa.

3. They live … Coronation street number 32.

4. My book is … the table … the sitting room.

5. When I was … Spain it was terribly hot.

6. I've applied for a job … the United Nation … Geneva.

7. There was a note … the table. It was from Elsie. She had signed her name … the bottom.

8. There is a good film ... the cinema.

9. It was very cold … the cinema.

10. When we were … the south we stayed … a small hotel …. the coast.

11. I had to return as I had forgotten to switch off the light … in the shop.

12. I had a seat … the front row.

Exercise 28. Translate the prepositions in brackets.

1.I'll meet you (в) airport.

2.They've sailed to the Pacific. They are probably (на) the Pacific now.

3.When I go to the cinema I prefer to sit (на) the front row.

4.Who is that woman (на) that photograph?

5.Who is man standing (y) the door?

6.Don't sit (нa) that armchair. It's broken. Sit (Ha) that chair.

7.Portsmouth is (нa) the south coast of England.

8.Our house is (в) the end of the street.

9.There's a report of the football match (нa) page 7 of the newspaper.

10.You'll find the sport results (нa) the back page of the newspaper.

11.Turn left (y) the traffic lights.

Exercise 29. Put in a preposition of direction.

1. A book fell … the shelf.

2. I can't see it, hold the picture up …the light.

3. The Moon travels … the Earth.

4. Fish can't live … water.

5. She fainted and fell …the floor.

6. How far is itherethe airport?

7. She was sitting with the back turned … the window.

8. I enjoy looking … the window and watch the people in the street.

9. The cat got … the house …the window.

Exercise30. Translate the words in brackets.

1. He took his handkerchief (из) his pocket. 2. He threw the letter (в) the fire. 3. I have return the book (в) the library tomorrow. 4. At 6 o'clock the taxi stopped (y) the door, we got (из) it and went (нa) the station. 5. I looked (в) the window and saw a little boy running (пo) the street. 6. He has just returned (из) his flight (нa) the North. 7. He jumped (в) the river and swam about. 8. On my way home I walk (мимо) your office every day. 9. He opened the door and went out (нa) the street. 10. Italy has to import coal and oil (из) other countries. 11. I've received a letter (от) my friend, he writes that he'll soon return (нa) the South.

UNIT V

Exercise 1. a) Read the text, try focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) What is Education? 2) Formal Education 3) Informal Education 4) Different Kinds of Formal Education

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. in conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... 7.In my opinion...

INFORMAL AND FORMAL EDUCATION

Education includes different kinds of learning experiences. In its broadest sense, we consider education to be/the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide these ways of learning into two types: informal and formal.

Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. For example, children learn their language simply by hearing and by trying to speak themselves. In the same informal manner, they learn to dress themselves, to eat with good manners, to ride a bicycle, or to make a telephone call. Education is also informal when people try to get information or to learn skills on their own initiative without a teacher. To do so, they may visit a book shop, library or museum. They may watch a television show, see a videotape, or listen to a radio programme. They do not have to pass tests or exams.

We consider formal education to be the instruction given at different kinds of schools, colleges, universities. In most countries, people enter a system of formal education during their early childhood. In this type of education, the people, who are in charge of education, decide what to teach. Then learners

study those things with the teachers at the head. Teachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time, to work at about the same speed as their classmates, and to pass tests and exams. Learners have to pass the exams to show how well they have progressed in their learning. At the end of their learning, learners may earn a diploma, a certificate, or a degree as a mark of their success over the years.

The school systems of all modern nations provide both general and vocational education. Most countries also offer special education programmes for gifted or for physically or mentally handicapped children. Adult education programmes are provided for people who wish to take up their education after leaving school. Most countries spend a large amount of time and money for formal education of their citizens

Exercise2. Read and give a summary of the text.

GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

General education aims at producing intelligent, responsible, well-informed citizens. It is designed to transmit a common cultural heritage rather than to develop trained specialists.

Almost all elementary education is general education. In every country, primary school pupils are taught skills they will use throughout their life, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. They also receive instruction in different subjects, including geography, history, etc. In most countries almost all young people continue their general education in secondary schools.

The aim of vocational education is primarily to prepare the students for a job. Some secondary schools specialize in vocational programmes. Technical schools are vocational secondary schools, where students are taught more technical subjects, such as carpentry, metalwork, and electronics. Technical school students are required to take some general education courses and vocational training. Universities and separate professional schools prepare students for careers in such fields as agriculture, architecture, business, engineering, law, medicine, music, teaching, etc.

Exercise 3. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) в широком смысле; 2) обучаются навыкам; 3) получают знания; 4) о себе; 5) полезная схема;6) официальный; 7) неофициальный; 8) повседневная жизнь; 9) например; 10) слушая; 11) стараясь; 12) с хорошими манерами; 13) ездить на велосипеде; 14) звонить по телефону; 15) по их собственной инициативе; 16) книжный магазин; 17) сдавать экзамены; 18) в большинстве стран; 19) раннее детство; 20) кто отвечает (в ответственности); 21)во главе; 22) во время; 23) приблизительно одинаковой скоростью; 24) одноклассники; 25)должны сдавать экзамены; 26) степень; 27) оценка их успеха; 28) одаренные дети; 29) дети с физическими или умственными недостатками; 30) обучение для взрослых; 31) продолжить после окончания школы; 32) большое количество денег; 33) граждане; 34) общее образование; 35) профессиональное образование; 36) ставит целью; 38) умный; 39) ответственный; 40) хорошо информированный; 41) передавать общее культурное наследство; 42) больше чем; 43) подготовленные специалисты;44) начальное образование;45) на протяжении всей жизни; 46) средние школы; 47) профессиональные программы; 48) плотничное дело; 49) слесарное дело; 50) профессиональная подготовка; 51) отдельный; 52)техника; 53) юриспруденция.

Exercise 4. a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

to contain, to believe, the means, to study, to get, a kind, to talk, data, various, to be responsible for, a diploma, to want, to continue;

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

informal, narrow, bad, different, the beginning, old, to give up, small, before.

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1. T... their life people are learning different kinds of skills. 2. They g... knowledge about the world. 3. We'll discuss the education using one useful s... 4. Children learn to r... a bicycle. 5. On their own i..., people may visit a museum. 6. The students have to p... exams. 7. They are in c... of education. 8. The students are working at about the same s... 9. Learners may e... a degree. 10. His certificate is a m... of his success over the years.