Иностранный язык (английский язык)

6. Я закончу школу к лету.

7. Надеюсь, что я найду работу к концу года.

8. Мы уверены, что узнаем новости к вечеру.

9. Если вы придете до девяти часов утра, то они еще не уйдут.

10. Она уже накроет на стол до того, как придут гости.

Exercise 7.Comment on the use of Past Perfect.

1. The builders had finished the work by the end of the day.

2. The train had left by the time we reached the station.

3. She had typed the text and was looking through the files.

4. When the postman came, I hadn't finished breakfast yet.

5. Mother had cooked supper and was watching television.

6. The policeman asked me if I had seen the accident.

7. The rain .had stopped and the sun was shining.

8. He explained that e couldn't pay as he had spent all his money.

9. Hardly had the man got out of his car, when he was arrested.

10. The teacher asked if we had understood everything.

11. My father had had dinner and was looking through the papers.

12. We learned that Nick had been ill since he returned from a business trip.

13. They were good friends. They had known each other for a long time.

14. The work was much more difficult than we had expected.

15. They left after we had discussed the programme.

Exercise 8.Complete the following sentences.

1. The plane not (land) yet, but a lot of people (wait) in the terminal.

2. When I (wake up) in the morning, the rain (stop) already, and the birds (sing).

3. My neighbor (be) back some two months before I (see) him.

4. We (walk) in silence. We already (exchange) the news and now (think) about it.

5. Hardly he (open) the file, when he (find) the information which he needed.

6. Rick (be in love) with Lora for a long time before he (propose) to her.

7. The old man used to tell his grandchildren about the war in which he ( take part).

8. The book turned out to be much more interesting than I (expect).

9. They (arrange) everything by evening, and (wait) for the guests.

10. Tanya (train) hard before she (become) a professional dancer.

11. We wondered if they (get) our message.

12. The young man thanked his parents for all they (do) for him.

13. When I first (see) her, I (think) she (be) the most intelligent woman I ever (meet).

14. Even though the house (be) empty for two years, it (be) in good condition.

15. The patient thanked the doctor for all the attention he (give) him for the past six months.

16. Ted said that his father's opinion always (be) important for him.

17. He was happy. His dream(come) true.

18. The room looked beautiful, as she (change) the furniture and the curtains.

Exercise 9. Change the sentences as in the example.

Example: Helen finished the work. Then she went out. - Helen went out after she had finished her work.

1. Mother did all the homework. Then she sat down.

2. The bell rang. Then the pupils entered the classroom.

3. Sally spent all the money in her purse. Then she left the shop.

4. The clock struck nine. Then Jack woke up.

5. Andrew saved some money. Then he got married.

6. He lost all his money. Then he stopped playing cards.

7. I asked him three times for the money. Then he paid me.

8. He read the newspaper from beginning to end. Then he went to bed.

9. The sun set. The farmers stopped working.

10. We answered all the questions. Then we left the examination room.

11. Little Mary said "Please". Then I gave her a bar of chocolate.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences.

1. Они обсуждали новости, которые только что получили.

2. Она приготовила все к пяти часам и ждала гостей.

3. Едва я дошел до угла, как услышал чьи-то шаги сзади.

4. Секретарь сообщил, что отправил факс в Нью-Йорк.

5. Я еще не заснула, когда услышала стук в дверь.

6. Он сожалел, что отказался от приглашения.

7. Когда мы пришли в театр, спектакль уже начался.

8. Я думала о том, что он мне рассказал.

9. Мальчики перестали играть в футбол и медленно шли домой.

10. Женщина объяснила, что сама вырастила эти чудесные цветы.

11. Мы были удивлены, когда узнали, что он прошел интервью и получил работу.

12. Едва мы сдали работы (to hand in), как зазвонил телефон.

13. Когда они ушли, мы вспомнили, что не показали им фотографии.

14. Он сказал, что только что вернулся из Китая.

15. Я очень удивилась, когда узнала, что он написал этот бестселлер.

16. Он болел уже неделю, когда родственники послали за врачом.

17. Едва мы пообедали, как пришли гости.

18. Дети потеряли собачку и искали ее в саду.

19. Директор спросил меня, как давно я в этом деле.

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences.

1. - You (get) to class on time yesterday morning? - No. By the time I (get) there, it (begin) already.

2. -You (see) Jack yesterday? - Yes, it (be) good to see him again. I not (see) him for a long time.

3. - You (enjoy) the concert on Saturday night? - Very much. I not (go) to a concert" in a long time.

4. When Paul walked into the kitchen after dinner last night, his wife (wash) the dishes, so he took a towel to help her.

5. By the time Nelly walked into the kitchen after dinner, her husband (wash) already the dishes and (put) them away.

6. - By the time I (get) home, my sister (make) already dinner for us. - What you (do) after dinner? - We wanted to go to a movie Galaxy Invaders, but my mother (see) it, so we (go) to Ghost Ship instead. It (be) pretty good.

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences.

A Modern Picture

A rich American (go) 1 to Paris and (buy) 2 there a very strange picture which was painted. by a fashionable modern artist. The American (think) 3 that the picture was fine because he (pay) 4 a lot of money for it. When he (come) 5 back to his hotel, he (try) 6 to hang it, but he(can't not) 7 (say) 8 which the top or which the bottom of the picture (be) 9. So he thought of a plan. He (hang) 10 the painting in the dining-room and invited the artist to dinner. When the artist came, they (sit) 11 down to dinner. While they (eat) 12, the artist looked at the picture several times but (say) 13 nothing. It seemed that he never (see) 14 it before. The American thought: "If he not (recognize) 15 his work, I (ask) 16 him about it myself. I (make) 17 him (speak) 18!" But at that very moment the artist (rise) 19 from his chair and came up to the painting. "Why, my friend," he said, "What you (do) 20 with my picture? You (put) 21 it upside down!" The American smiled. "Why you not (tell) 22 me about it at once? I was sure I (do) 23 it properly." "Well, you see, I wasn't sure myself at first," answered the artist, "but now, I must say that we both (make) 24 a mistake."

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences.

1. Она была счастлива, что тяжелые времена прошли.

2. Когда мы вернулись, все хотели знать, где мы были.

3. Я надеялась, что он сделал правильный выбор.

4. Мы были коллегами. Мы проработали вместе десять лет.

5.Я была уверена, что никогда раньше не слышала этого выражения.

6. Судья объявил, что он изменил ,свое мнение об этом деле.

7. Они поняли, что жизнь* очень изменилась.

8. Оказалось, что эта женщина уже тринадцать лет была нашей соседкой.

9. Он пришел к нам за помощью, потому что всегда нам верил.

10. Адвокат был доволен - он получил хорошие новости.

11. Он был благодарен своим родителям. Они так много сделали для него.

12. Мартин ничего не ответил. Жизнь научила его быть осторожным.

13. Марина выглядела необычно - она изменила прическу (hairstyle).

14. Когда мы встретились, то мой одноклассник сказал, что я очень изменилась.

UNITXI

Exercise 1.

a) Read the text and try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) The National Symbols 2) The Territory of the Russian Federation 3) The Climate 4) The Natural Resources 5) The Population 6) The Head of the State 7) The Surface of the Country

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... In my opinion...

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The Russian Federation (Russia) is the world's largest country in area. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. It is located in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometers. Russia borders many countries, such as Finland, the Ukraine, the Baltic States, China, Mongolia, and others.

The surface of Russia is various. You can see lowlands and highlands, forests and wide grasslands on its territory. The Russian Federation is situated on two plains. The longest mountain chains are the Urals, which separate Europe and Asia, the Caucasus, the Altai. There are many rivers and lakes in our country. Major rivers include the Volga in Europe, the Yenisei, the Ob, the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal in Siberia is the world's deepest lake.

There are different climatic zones on the vast area of our country. In the north, it is very cold, even in summer. The central part of the country has a mild climate. In the south, it is warm, even in winter. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry and winters are very cold.

Russia has abundant natural resources, which, besides large areas of forests, vast fertile soils, and a great water supply, include large deposits of gas, coal, iron ore, etc. Three quarters of the minerals wealth are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

The population of Russia is over 150 million people. Most of Russia's people (over 80 per cent) are ethnic Russians, but more than 100 minority nationalities also live in our country. The European part of the country is densely populated. Most of the people (about 70 per cent) prefer to live in cities, towns, and their outskirts. The official language of the country is Russian.

The head of the state is the President, who is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President appoints the ministers, but they must be approved by the Federal Assembly. The head of the government is the Prime Minister.

The Russian flag was adopted in 1991. It has three horizontal stripes which symbolize: white -- the earth, blue -- the sky, red -- the freedom. Besides the Russian flag, there is another national symbol of Russia -- a two-headed eagle.

Exercise2.Read and give a summary of the text.

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia, our Motherland. It was founded in 1147 as a fortress on the Moskva river. The city was ruined during the Tartar invasion in the 13th century. The city was gradually restored and became stronger. The Napoleon army in 1812 destroyed Moscow by fire, but Moscow was soon rebuilt and developed again. Moscow is more than 850 years old. Much water has flowed under its bridges, and many historic events have left their traces on the city's face.

Modern Moscow is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities of the world. It is one of Russia's major industrial cities with the population of 9.5 million people. Its total area is about 900 thousand square kilometers. Moscow is a political centre, where the government of our country works.

Moscow is a cultural centre. It attracts tourists from all over the world. Moscow is known for its beautiful cathedrals, monuments, theatres, museums, etc. The Bolshoi Theatre, the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, the Kremlin are well-known even abroad. Red Square with its multi- domed St Basil's Cathedral is the heart of Moscow.

Moscow is the city of higher educational institutions. Moscow State University, which is named after the greatest Russian scientist M. Lomonosov, is famous all over the world.

All people of Russia are proud of their magnificent and beautiful capital.

Exercise 3. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) самая большая страна; 2) простирается; 3) общая площадь; 3) свыше; 4) около; 5) граничит с; 6) такие как; 7) низменности; 8) нагорье; 9) расположена на; 10) самые длинные горные цепи; 11) которые отделяют; 12) на севере; 13)на юге;14) даже летом; 15) большие залежи; 16) железная руда; 16) три четверти; 17) по происхождению; 18) густо заселена; 19) окраина; 20) глава государства; 21) главнокомандующий вооруженными силами; 22) должны быть одобрены; 23) глава правительства; 24) был принят; 25) которые символизируют; 26) двуглавый орел; 27) постепенно восстанавливался; 28) развивалась снова; 29) утекло; 30) оставили следы; 31) со всего мира; 32) соборы; 33) музей изобразительных искусств; 34) за границей; 35) многокупольный; 36) высшие учебные заведения; 37)назван в честь; 38) гордятся; 39) величественный.

Exercise 4.

a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

biggest, territory, whole, different, a lot of, plentiful, to contain, towns, liberty, to ruin, nice, famous, centre;

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

lowlands, narrow, in the south, hot, small, majority, vertical, black, to restore, weaker, above, agricultural.

Exercise 5. Fill in the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1. Russia b... many different countries. 2. On the vast Russian area, you can see wide g... 3. The Urals mountain c... separate Europe and Asia. 4. Some parts of Russia have a m... climate. 5. There are large d... of natural resources on the territory of Russia. 6. Most of m... wealth is in Siberia and Far East. 7. They live on the o... of the city. 8. Moscow was founded in 1147 as a f... 9. Moscow is one of the m... industrial cities. 10. The g... of the country works in Moscow.

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1. The Russian Federation is ...

2. It extends ...

3. Russia borders ...

4. Its total area is ...

5. The Urals mountain chains separate ...

6. There are...

7. It is ...

8. The central part has ...

9. Russia has ...

10. The population of Russia is ...

11. The capital of the country is ...

12. The head of the state is ...

13. The Russian flag was adopted ...

14. It has ...

15. We are proud of ...

Exercise 7. Answer the questions about Russia:

1) What territory does the country occupy?

2) What is its total area?

3) What countries does Russia border?

4) What are the specific features of the surface of Russia?

5) What are the longest mountain chains?

6) What are the major rivers of Russia?

7) Where is the world's deepest lake situated?

8) What climatic zones are there in Russia?

9) Where are winters very cold in Russia?

10) What natural resources is Russia rich in?

11) Where is the most of the mineral wealth?

12) How many million people is the population of Russia?

13) What part of the country is densely populated?

14) How many minority nationalities live in the Russian Federation??

15) Who is the head of the state?

16) Who is the head of the government?

17) When was the Russian flag adopted?

18) What do three stripes on the Russian flag symbolize?

19) What is the capital of our Motherland?

20) Why does Moscow attract tourists from all over the world?

Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. Russia borders many countries. 2. The area of the Russian Federation is not large. 3. The surface is the same on the vast territory of Russia. 4. Russia has abundant natural resources. 5. More than 150 million people live in Russia.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1.Write a or an.

1. .... oldbook

2. …window

3. …horse

4. …airport

5. …newairport

6. …organisation

7. …university

8. …hour

9. …economicproblem

Exercise 2.What are these things? Choose from the list.

bird, flower, river, tool, fruit, game, mountain, planet, musical instrument vegetable.

1. A duck is ... .

2. A carrot is ….

3. Tennis is ….

4. A hammer is….

5. Everest is… .

6. Jupiter is… .

7. A pear is … .

8. The Amazon is … .

9. A rose is … .

10. A trumpet is… .

Exercise 3.Write a or an.

1. ... officer, 2. .... young officer, 3. .... year, 4. .... incident, 5. ... funny incident 6. ... artist, 7. ... great artist, 8. .... hour, 9. .... happy hour, 10. .... event, 11. .... great event, 12. .... engineer, 13. ...plane, 14. ... airport, 15 .... new airport, 16 .... idea, 17 …bright idea, 18 ....opera, 19. ... famous opera, 20. …elephant, 21. …baby elephant, 22. ...angel, 23. ... kind angel, 24. …auto, 25 .... fast auto, 26 .... ass, 27 .... stubborn ass, 28. university, 29 .... open university, 30 .... ant.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences as in the example.

Example: ... has to be patient, friendly and flexible. - A teacher has to be patient, friendly and flexible.

l. ... has to be reliable, efficient and well-organized.

2. .... has to be creative, intelligent and experienced in life.

3. .... has to be beautiful, tall and hard-working.

4. ...has to be kind, competent and professional.

5. …has to be polite, creative and friendly.

6. ... has to have a good reputation and talent for speaking in public.

7. …must have a good memory and a quick mind.

8. …must be sweet, elegant and have good manners.

9. …must be hard-working, studying for knowledge, enjoy his life.

10. ... must be careful, brave and clever.

a lady, a writer, a politician, a secretary, a student, a model, an interpreter, a hairdresser, a doctor, a detective

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences. Choose from the list.

a vegetarian, an architect, a manager, an accountant, a mirror, a dictionary, a busker, a burglar, a customer, a friend.

1. ... is someone who designs buildings.

2. .... is someone who breaks into houses and steals things.

3. .... is someone who doesn't eat meat.

4. .... is someone who sings in the streets and gets money for it.

5. .... is a person who buys things in a shop.

6. …is a person who controls business of a company.

7. ...is a book which gives you a reliable language information.

8. .... is a surface which reflects images.

9. ... is a person who keeps and counts business money.

10. ... is someone who understands you and someone you can rely on.

Exercise 6. Write a or an if necessary and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. What about having ... snack?

2. We all had … jolly good laugh.

3. I asked Sue when we could meet for ... chat.

4. Would you like to have … dinner with me?

5. Take ... seat. We are going to have ... long talk.

6. Have you ever had ... lunch at this restaurant?

7. We'll have to make ... fire to get warm.

8. Did you have ... good time at the graduation party?

9. Steve goes out every hour to have …smoke.

10. The secretary would like to make …appointment for Thursday.

11. Linda has …splitting headache today.

12. Every morning before breakfast he has …swim.

13. Just have … look at that funny boy over there.

14. He called a lawyer as he wished to make …will.

15. Are you going to make …speech at the ceremony?

16. Whether you want it or not, I am going to give you … piece of my mind.

17. There are people who are always ready to give you …hand when you are in trouble.

18. The sponsor offers them to give …support with advice and money.

19. Any woman would make ... fuss in such a situation.

20. - Would you like to have … rest after dinner? - Just for half an hour.

Exercise 7. Write a or an if necessary.

1. There is …new shopping centre in the city.

2. There were ... files in the boxes.

3. There was …lift in the house.

4. There is ... marmalade in the jar.

5. There is ... island in the ocean.

6. There was …anger in her voice.

7. There were … tears in her eyes.

8. There was ... fantastic dress in the window-shop.

9. There are … nice little cottages in the village.

10. There is …money in the purse, but not much.

Exercise 8. Write a or an if necessary.

1. Arthur lived … interesting life.

2. She was …non-stop talker.

3. It was …quick and clever decision.

4. - Are they …colleagues or …friends? - They are …neighbours.

5. Are you …optimist or …pessimist?

6. It is … very urgent information. Read it!

7. - What is it? - It is …tomato soup. - Oh no, I hate it!

8. A piano is not …furniture. Its …musical instrument.

9. Pizza is …very popular dish which came from Italy.

10. My cousin is …modern dress-designer.

11. It's … lie again, isn't it? You always tell me …lies.

12. This is …great news. I am happy about it.

13. It is …brown bread, but I usually have …white bread.

14. It is not …easy situation, it's … very difficult one.

15. It is …good start. You are …very energetic man.

Exercise 9. Write a or an if necessary.

1. My Granny has sent me ... present for Christmas.

2. The detective got ... important information.

3. He had ... dream that seemed real.

4. She heard ... voice calling her.

5. I am going to start ... business of my own.

6. He made …good progress in his Chinese.

7. My new computer makes … strange noises.

8. In the morning Mary saw … young servant girl.

9. Sing him ... song, tell him ... story and he will fall asleep.

10. We gave ...long interview to the press.

11. - Could you keep …secret? - Of course, I like ... secrets.

12. We got ... great news about this film star.

13. I've decided to bake ... chocolate cake.

14. My parents always give me ... useful advice.

15. I managed to get ... very interesting work.

Exercise 10. Write a or an if necessary.

1. What ... strong coffee!

2. What ... risky situation!

3. What ... timely advice!

4. What …shocking idea!

5. What ... smart dresses!

6. What …cold champagne!

7. What …miserable day!

8. What ... tough people!

9. What …killing news!

10. What ... great man!

11. What ... heavy weather!

12. What ... deep knowledge!

Exercise 11. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ... ). Sentences 1-7 are present.

1. (the office / clean / every day)

2. (these rooms / clean / every day?)

3. (glass / make / from sand)

4. (stamps / sell / in a post office)

5. (this room / not / use / very often)

6. (we / allow / to park here?

7. (how / this word / pronounce?)

Sentences 8-15 are past.

(the office / clean / yesterday).

(the house / paint / last month).

10. (three people / injure / in the accident).

11. (my bicycle / steal / a few days ago).

12. (when / this bridge / build?).

13. (you / invite / to the party last week?).

14. (how / these windows / break?).

15. (1/ not / wake up / by the noise).

Exercise 12. Correct these sentences.

1. (This house built) 100 years ago.

2. Football plays in most countries of the world.

3. Why did the letter send to the wrong address?

4. A garage is a place where cars repair.

5 Where are you born?

6 How many languages are speaking in Switzerland?

7 Somebody broke into our house but nothing stolen.

8 When was invented the bicycle?

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs:

clean, damage, find, give, invite, make, make, show, steal, take.

1. The room …every day.

2. I saw an accident yesterday. Two people … to hospital.

3. Paper …from wood.

4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms ….

5. 'Where did you get this picture?' 'It…to me by a friend of mine.'

6. Many American programmes …on British television.

7. 'Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?' 'No. They …but they didn't go.'

8. 'How old is this film?' 'It …in 1965.'

9. My car …last week but the next day it …by the police.

Exercise 14. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative forms.

1. Marmalade is made from oranges.

2. This town was built a century ago.

3. They were invited to a birthday party.

4. The fax has just been sent.

5. America was discovered long ago.

6. The book is still being published.

7. My neighbour's car was stolen last night.

8. His winter boots were made in Germany.

9. The building was ruined by the earthquake.

10. Italian is spoken in Italy and on Malta.

11. I am sure some way out will be found.

12. When he came home, dinner was being cooked.

Exercise 15. Change the sentences as in the example.

Example: A telephone call woke me up. - I was woken up by a telephone call.

1. My father built this cottage.

2. Beginners use that computer.

3. Somebody is opening the window now.

4. We sold the last French text-book.

5. People all over Russia watch the news.

6. The moonlight lit everything in the room.

7. Don't worry, we shall settle your problems.

8. We have just sent for the doctor.

9. The Semenovs don't use this room very often.

10. Thomas Coryate brought forks from Italy to England.

11. He has just repaired his car.

12. Somebody addressed the letter to the wrong person.

Exercise 16. Answer the questions as in the example. Choose from the list.

Example: - Was radium discovered by Mary Poppins?

- No, it wasn't. It was discovered by Marie Curie.

Leonardo da Vinci, Marie Curie, the ancient Egyptians, James Cameron, the ancient Greeks, Walt Disney, John Lennon. Shakespeare, Alexander Bell, Popov, Christopher Columbus, Lewis Carrol

1. Was "Mona Liza" painted by Picasso?

2. Was Micky Mouse created by the Warners?

3. Was the song "Imagine" written by Elvis Presley?

4. Was the film "Titanic" directed by Alfred Hitchcock?

5. Was "Romeo and Juliet" written by Agatha Christie?

6. Was the Parthenon built by the ancient Romans?

7. Was the telephone invented by Siemens?

8. Was America discovered by Marco Polo?

9. Was "The Moonlight Sonata" composed by Tchaikovsky?

10. Were the Pyramids built in China?

11. Was "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" written by Shakespeare?

UNIT XII

THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Exercise1.Read and give a summary of the text.

Urgent problems

In recent years the world has witnessed considerable economic development. But the process of generating wealth and prosperity has been very uneven, to such a degree, that economic imbalances are now seen to aggravate the social problems and political instability almost in every region of the Globe.

Undoubtedly, all contemporary global problems find their roots in the consequences of rapid scientific and technological progress. However, despite all our constant efforts and attempts to solve these problems, the best we have now are just modest results. Mankind seems to stand, as it were, at some civilization crossroad.

The tangle of the most pressing problems keeps on growing like a snowball. Humanity today faces many challenges:

--Violent conflicts within and among various nations.

--Population growth.

--Organized crimes and drugs.

--New epidemic diseases.

--Global warming.

--Environmental pollution and ecological decay.

--Poverty of the masses, especially in the so-called Third World which constitutes about 2/3 of the Earth population.

--Threat of the global nuclear war.

--Terrorism and possible demographic disaster.

All these "end-products" of the current age of the industrialization and militarism are taking the world to the global catastrophe. Today's civilization state may be featured as "a disease" that, if it keeps on progressing, will lead us to self-destruction.

Exercise 2. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) политическая нестабильность; 2) быть свидетелем быстрого экономического развития; 3) расти как снежный ком; 4) усугубить социальные проблемы; 5) попытки и усилия решить неотложные проблемы; 6) последствия научно-технического прогресса; 7) рост населения; 8) организованная преступность; 9) бедность народных масс в странах третьего мира; 10) столкнуться с вызовом; II) век индустриализации/глобализации; 12) глобальное потепление; 13) экологический кризис; 14) угроза ядерной войны; 15) загрязнение окружающей среды; 16) распространение наркотиков; 17) привести к глобальной катастрофе и саморазрушению; 18) демографическое бедствие; 19) вооружение/разоружение; 20) составлять большинство населения планеты.

Exercise 3. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. In recent years mankind has made great success in the economic development.

2. However, there appeared many serious global problems.

3. These problems are supposed to be caused by the rapid scientific and technological progress.

4. Today humanity is facing several challenges.

5. The worst of them are poverty of masses, hunger, diseases, crimes, drugs and terrorism.

6. Of course, there are some other urgent problems.

7. All of them are taking us to the global catastrophe.

8. We, people of the Globe, should join our efforts and do our best not to ruin our common home.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions:

1. What has the world witnessed recently?

2. What are the consequences of considerable economic development?

3. What are the global contemporary problems connected with?

4. Name the most pressing problems.

5. Has mankind managed to solve them?

6. Where may modern civilization lead the Earth population?

7. What are the Globe nations to do to save our planet and survive?

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian:

Transform, conduct, provide, sphere, resident, despite, aim, seek, force, change, modern, advancement, contribute, make, outdated, behavior, retarded, main, field, in spite of, ensure, look for, progress, backward, inhabitant, goal, primary, promote.

Exercise 6. Read and give a summary of the text.

The key to solving the global problems

Under the pressure of modern science and technology our world began transforming, altering many aspects of our life. All these transformations force people to become more interdependent.

However, despite this fact, the world still remains divided into the advanced and underdeveloped or backward countries, with the gap between them ever widening.

Only one sixth of our planet inhabitants currently enjoys high standard of living. Most people live in poverty and see no prospects for themselves.

Many global problems will become more aggravated if the world continues to be divided by the policies carried out exclusively on the basis of their own interests.

Such an approach is unacceptable when maintaining the social and environmental balance becomes now the most important condition for the advancement and survival of humanity.

Today's situation leaves us no choice, but to seek and achieve any coordination of our actions and unity of our aims. There are only two ways for regulating the social relations in a civilized manner: by morality and law.

The primary efforts of the Globe nations should be directed away from destroying the environment and each other, towards creating moral, just, sustainable and peaceful social and environmental relations. To achieve this goal we need to re-evaluate our world, as well as to alter our behavior and value orientations.

All the main human values must reflect the idea that all of us live as one large family on one small planet called the Earth. We have nowhere else to go. That's why all of us must promote a global oriented morality and implement all the international laws. In this case the human rights legislation becomes of the utmost importance.

All nations of the Globe, despite their traditions, beliefs and values, should give priorities to the common interests of mankind in order to ensure peace and human survival. We are to save our planet both for ourselves and for the generations to come.

Exercise 7. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) Преображаться под давлением чего-либо; 2) жить в бедности; 3) становиться взаимозависимыми; 4) делить мир на развитые/слаборазвитые/отсталые страны; 5) менять что-либо; 6) человеческие ценности, нравственность; 7) вынуждать к чему-то; 8) произвести переоценку ценностей; 9) высокий уровень жизни; 10) важнейшее условие; 11) жители планеты; 12) не видеть каких либо перспектив; 13) обострять многие глобальные проблемы; 14) цивилизованным образом; 15) проводить политику на основе своих интересов; 16) не уничтожать друг друга; 17) неприемлемый подход; 18) не оставлять выбора; 19) сохранить существующий баланс; 20) отражать мысль; 21) дальнейшее развитие и выживание человечества; 22) добиваться согласования действий; 23) единство целей; 24) предпочитать что-либо; 25) регулировать социальные отношения; 26) права человека; 27) посредством морали и закона; 28) направлять основные усилия на формирование мирных, стабильных отношений; 29) обеспечить стабильность; 30) соблюдать международные законы; 31) изменить поведение; 32) содействовать общим интересам; 33) становиться крайне важным; 34) сохранить планету для грядущих поколений.

Exercise 8. Translate into Russian:

1. Our world began transforming due to the rapid progress of science and technology.

2. These transformations led to various changes in many spheres of our life.

3. They also aggravated a lot of global problems.

4. The world shouldn't be divided into the well-off countries and those ones living in poverty.

5. The Earth nations are to agree with each other about their actions and aims.

6. They must contribute to the global oriented morals and observe all international laws.

7. The advancement and survival of humanity is of the paramount importance.

8. To obtain this goal the Globe inhabitants are to alter their conduct and value orientations.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions:

1. Why did our world begin transforming?

2. What were the consequences of these transformations?

3. Do all inhabitants of our planet enjoy now high standard of living or not?

4. Can you give any explanations to this situation?

5. What approach can be acceptable for the advancement and survival of humanity?

6. How should the Globe nations act to achieve this goal?

7. What must their primary efforts be directed to?

8. What main idea should the Earth nations understand?

9. What must they promote?

10. What should the Earth nations give priorities to and why?

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. - What's the weather like today? - Just fine.

2. - What's the trouble? - No trouble at all.

3. - What's the hurry? - There's no hurry.

4. - What's the panic? - There's no panic.

5. - What's. the rush? - There'sno rush.

6. - What's the date? - The first of April.

7. - What's the delay? - There's no delay.

8. -What's he matter? - There's nothing the matter.

9. - Where. is the key? - In the box.

10. - Where are the kids? - In bed already.

11. - Look at the sky! - But there is nothing in the sky.

12. - Look at the picture! Do you see me in the picture?

Exercise 2. Change the sentences as in the example.

Example: I have a new watch. - I have new watches.

The watch is very good. - The watches are very good.

1. A child has a special love for animals.

2. The child looks like his father.

3. A hammock is perfect for relaxing in the garden in summer.

4. The woman is an expert on computer programmes.

5. A pet can have a positive effect on both your mental and physical health.

6. The man is definitely trying to do his best.

7. A powerful, efficient shower is a real pleasure in summer.

8. The shower is out of order again.

9. A provision market is held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays.

10. The provision market is closed today.

11. Everyone likes a good barbecue on a sunny day.

12. The party was a success.

13. A strict vegetarian an make a meal out of greens and vegetables.

14. The vegetarian refused to have the meat course.

15. The flower is so beautiful.

Exercise 3. Use the article if necessary.

1. What's …matter? Have you lost …keys again?

2. What's …date today? Where's ….calendar?

3.What's …time? I've left ... watch at home.

4. Describe … situation to us, will you?

5. Put ...dictionary in its place.

6. Are уоu going to lay ... table? - Yes, but where is ... table-cloth?

7. I think we must put ... fridge in the corner.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the right article.

1. I have… family . ... family is not big, but friendly.

2. This is ... wonderful car … car is my brother's.

3. Jane bought ... dictionary. She paid much for ... book.

4. The policeman saw …strange man near the bank. He recognized … man.

5. It's ... beautiful flower. I am sure, Mary left … flower here.

6. They arrived at … very old house .... house looked dark and unfriendly.

7. What ... funny little dog. Is …dog yours?

8. Once upon a time there lived … greedy king ... . king was not popular.

9. They found … cottage in the forest. Not ... sound came from …house.

10. They entered ... old-fashioned room and in …room there sat a strange figure.

Exercise 5. Use the article if necessary.

Ben's mother sent him to ... shop to buy …rice, ...fish and …bread. She also told him to get …salt …sugar and …vegetables. When he got back home with... purchases, his mother was dissatisfied. Look at ... products, Ben, she said, …fish isn't fresh, ... rice is old and full of weevils and …bread is stale. There are …lumps in ... salt, ... vegetables are not fresh and ... sugar is dirty .... food is expensive and now I'll have to throw away some of ... things you've bought. Next time be more careful, Ben!

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with an appropriate article.

1. Who was ... first teacher you had at school?

2. This is ... suit John bought in Paris.

3. It was ... moment I'll never forget.

4. Here is …present you have been dreaming of.

5. Meet Mike. He is … man I told you about.

6. The Hermitage is ... richest museum in Russia.

7. Young people like to walk in …centre of Moscow.

8. …whole group passed the exam successfully.

9. You are …whole world to me.

10. This is ... thing you must do now.

11. If you take …left turn you'll get to ... right place.

12. Detroit is …sixth largest city in the USA.

13. My mother is ... main person in my life.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with an appropriate article.

1. She has papers everywhere: on ... table, on ... floor, in ... kitchen and even in ... bathroom.

2. Let's take the children to ... circus on Sunday morning.

3. He was born in ... small Siberian village.

4. I got into ... plane for my first flight.

5. If you look at ... sky, you'll see a lot of stars.

6. Shall we meet at ... library?

7. She 'lay on ... sofa listening to pop music.

8. She works in ... bank, in …centre of ... city.

9. In summer she likes to have tea in…garden.

10. Susan rents ... top half of the house.

11. He lives in ... small town in Alaska.

Exercise 8. Comment on the use of the articles in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. Asia Minor is a great peninsula in Western Asia. It i's washed by the Black Sea in the north, the Mediterranean in the south, and the Aegean Sea in the west. It is occupied today by Turkey.

2. If you want to visit a city within the Arctic Circle go to Murmansk, which is on the Barents Sea.

3. San-Marino, which lies in the Apennine Mountains near the Adriatic Sea, in northern Italy, is Europe's oldest existing state. It has a population 6f less than 20,000 people, most of whom speak Italian.

4. The Virgin Islands (the Caribbean Islands) were bought by the United States from Denmark in 1917 and are now popular tourist centres.

5. Mount Ararat in the eastern Turkey is mentioned in the Bible as the place where Noah's Ark came to rest.

6. The Blue Nile, and the White Nile meet in the Sudan to form the Nile.

7. The Monterey Peninsula juts out into the Pacific Ocean halfway up the California coast.

8. New York City is situated at the mouth of the Hudson River on the East coast of the USA. The heart of New York is the island of Manhattan.

9. The Gulf Stream originates in the Gulf of Mexico, swings around Florida, mixes with the North Atlantic Drift and heads towards Europe.

10. Lake Titicaca which is between Bolivia and Peru is the world's highest large lake.

11. The Bermuda Triangle in the Atlantic Ocean is famous as an area where ships and aircraft disappear under mysterious circumstances.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences with an appropriate article.

1 .... Antarctic is the home for penguins, dolphins and whales.

She was sent to ... Persian Gulf as a war correspondent.

.... Europe extends from ... British Isles in the west towards ... Urals in the east.

The highest peak in ... North America is ... Mount McKinley.

We had an unforgettable experience in ... Austrian Alps.

…Iceland is a volcanic island.

7. If you want to see …Lake Victoria and ... Mount Kilimanjaro, go to … Kenya. 8. It hasn't rained for several hundred years in ... Atakama in South America.

9. The hunters got lost in …Rocky Mountains.

10. Many centuries ago … Vesuvius destroyed ... Pompeii.

Exercise 10. Comment on the use of the articles in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. Although Australia is the smallest continent, it is the largest island in the world. 2. Luxembourg is a small country in Europe between France, Belgium and Germany.

3. The population of the Russian Federation is about 150 million people.

4. The Empire State Building in Fifth Avenue is a symbol of New York.

5. The Low Countries include the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. They were so named because they are flat and near sea level.

6. The six island countries of the West Indies are the Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica.

7. Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea. Seoul is the capital of South Korea.

8. Turkey is situated on two continents, Asia and Europe. The dividing line is the Bosporus, a strait that connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea.

9. Vatican is the Pope's Palace on the Vatican Hill in Rome. The Vatican City is the only surviving Papal state.

10. Monaco is an independent country on the Mediterranean coast of France near Italy.

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with an appropriate article.

1. ... White Tower in London was built between 1078 and 1098.

2. They always stay at ... Coral Sands Hotel when they come to ... Sidney.

3. Excuse me, how can I get to ... Natural 'story Museum?

4. Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in ... USA.

5. Freer Gallery of Art has a rich collection of… Asian and American Art.

6. Does this bus go to ... Sheremetyevo Airport? - Yes, it does.

7. You can say whatever you like in ... Hyde Park.

8. You can get ticket to Moscow International Festival at the kiosk next to …GUM.

9. Who built ... St. Basil's Cathedral?

10. Most news comes from ... BBC and …CNN.

11 .... Buckingham Palace, ... Trafalgar Square, ... Houses of Parliament, ... Tower of London, ... Tower Bridge, ... National Gallery are the usual sights in ... English capital.

Exercise 12. Use an appropriate article if necessary.

A. 1. Kilimanjaro 2. Jenisei 3. Bermuda 4. Elbrus 5. Hudson Bay 6. Laptev Sea 7. Urals 8. Kalahari 9. Volga 10. Carpathians 11. Indian Ocean 12. Madeira 13. Etna 14. English Channel 15. Palm Beach 16. Arctic Circle 17. Olympus 18. New Forest 19. South Pole 20. Bridge of Sighs 21. Jutland Peninsula 22. Suez Canal 23. Swallow Falls 24. Sicily 25. London Bridge 26. Kara-Kum 27. Lake Chad 28. Amur 29. Malay Archipelago 30. Aleutian Islands

B. 1. United Arab Emirates 2. Sudan 3. Far East 4. Brussels 5. Netherlands 6. Booker Prize 7. Hague 8. Art Theatre 9. Riviera 10. Northern Europe 11. St. James's Park 12. Peacock Inn 13. Baker Street 14. Russian Museum 15. Salisbury Cathedral 16. Wailing Wall 17. Middle East 18. Southern Africa 19. Roman Empire 20. Miami Airport 21. Nobel Prize 22. Republic of Ireland 23. Athens 24. Winter Palace 25. Republican Party 26. Eiffel Tower 27. National Association of Teachers 28. Alaska 29. Village of Sosnovka 30. Central Asia

Exercise 13. Use the words in brackets ( ... ) to complete the sentences.

1. The washing machine was broken but it's OK now. It…(repair).

2. The washing machine …(repair) yesterday afternoon.

3. A factory is a place where things …(make).

4. How old are these houses? When… (they/build)?

5. A:…(the computer / use) at the moment? B: Yes, Jim is using it.

6. I've never seen these flowers before. What…(they/call)?

7. Some trees …(blow) down in the storm last night.

8. The bridge is closed at the moment. It. … (damage) last week …and it …(not/repair) yet.

Exercise 14. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. You (advise) to wear sensible shoes in winter.

2.The time before bed (spend) very pleasantly.

3. Sniffer dogs (use) by police to detect drugs and explosives.

4. Huge pine trees (uproot) by the storm.

5. You (allow, not) to buy cigarettes if you are under sixteen.

6. Toyotas (manufacture) in Japan.

7. This road never (clean).

8. Gold (discover) in Eastern Canada.

9. When I saw him, he (chase) by a large dog.

10. Several towns (destroy) by the eruption of Vesuvius.

11. This coffee just (make), help yourself!

12. You ever (cheat)? You ever (make a fool of)?

13. The mirror (break) while it (move) into the hall.

14. How the word "magazine" (pronounce)?

15. The table (lay) now. You (serve) in a few minutes.

16. For months, the' baby kangaroo (protect), (feed) and (teach) to survive by its mother.

17. I feel that I (watch) now by somebody.

18. These shirts (iron, not) yet.

19. Love stories always (sell) well.

20. Oranges and tangerines are very useful, besides, they (peel) perfectly.

UNIT XIII

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Exercise 1. Read and give a summary of the text.

International Cooperation

International cooperation is a continuous multilateral process. Day by day it keeps on working at various levels: between different states, regions, municipalities and even individual enterprises.

Being one of the most important means for establishing friendly and diplomatic relations, such cooperation contributes to overcoming stereotypes and better understanding. Moreover, it is the real way of integrating with the world community.

The basis of such cooperation is the growing interest of the Globe nations to various spheres of life in different countries. People of various races and nationalities arc eager to learn their partners' language. They are also interested in their culture and history, as well as in their scientific, economic and technological achievements. They learn to be tolerant, open-hearted and wise, thus promoting peace and further progress on the Earth.

The all-round international cooperation should be based on the principles of mutual benefit and subsidy. Sound investments into the social and economic development arc the key elements of international efforts to secure peace and stability. Only fruitful cooperation of the Globe nations can help many countries' economies to become more competitive.

Today's priorities in this field are to be given to the most significant aspects. One of them is increasing the importance of the international technological component and its weight in the entire structure of the scientific and technological cooperation. The other one is creating the most reliable market mechanisms and infrastructure of this international cooperation that will meet the world standards.

At present, it is of the utmost importance to use all the opportunities of various influential world organizations, e.g. the UN and others. It is necessary for forming the global system of the most extensive international technological, scientific and innovative cooperation, satisfying the geopolitical and economic interests of various nations.

Exercise 2. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) Непрерывный, многосторонний процесс; 2) продолжать работать; 3) вносить большой вклад; 4) преодолеть стереотипы; 5) на разных уровнях; 6) установить дипломатические, дружеские отношения; 7) для лучшего взаимопонимания, 8) реальный способ интеграции в мировое сообщество; 9) растущий интерес; 10) обеспечить прочный мир и стабильность; II) солидные инвестиции в социальную сферу; 12) всестороннее и плодотворное сотрудничество; 13) на принципах субсидирования и взаимной выгоды; 14) интересоваться историей и культурой разных народов; 15) учиться быть терпимыми, мудрыми и открытыми; 16) значение технической компоненты; 17) отвечать интересам международного сотрудничества и мировым стандартам; 18) геополитические и экономические интересы; 19) использовать любые возможности; 20) создать надежный рыночный механизм; 21) становиться высококонкурентоспособным; 22) инфраструктура международного сотрудничества; 23) способствовать делу мира и прогресса; 24) ключевой элемент; 25) влиятельные всемирные/международные организации.

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences:

1. The all-round international cooperation is a ... process.

2. It goes on working at ... .

3. It is the real way of ... .

4. The basis of this cooperation is the growing interest of ... .

5. The Globe nations must learn to be ... .

6. The key elements to ensure peace and stability are ... .

7. The fruitful international cooperation can help ... to become more competitive.

8. It is necessary today to ... reliable market mechanisms and infrastructure of the international cooperation that will meet… .

Задание 4. Give synonyms for:

1) Different expositions, 2) nowadays, 3) to contribute to something, 4) various nations, 5) to ensure possibilities, 6) on the Earth, 7) to run an exhibition, 8) to take part, 9) to subsidize a lot of expositions, 10) sphere, 11) overseas, 12) commerce, 13) multilateral, 14) technical progress.

Exercise 5. Read and give a summary of the text.

Different international fairs and exhibitions arc one of the most interesting forms of international cooperation. They are held all over the world, providing practically unlimited opportunities for establishing profitable contacts, contributing to mutual understanding between the Globe nations. But, perhaps, a few of us know that everything has started with the very first exhibition.

The world's first exhibition was held in London in 1851. Being an event of extraordinary importance, the exhibition was a great success. It displayed the exhibits of almost 40 nations participating in it. The number of visitors exceeded 6 million.

Since then all industrial expositions in the world have had a colorful history. They have changed not only in their size and scope but also in their character and purpose.

These important events provided a lot of opportunities for exchanging various scientific, technological `and cultural achievements of different nations from Europe, Asia, both Americas, Australia and Africa.

In the early 60-s the international expositions took new forms trying to emphasize not only the technological progress of the Globe nations, but also many other aspects of their life. They became real festivals of industry and culture.

Our country has also been the hostess to a great number of various international exhibitions that were sponsored by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of our state and numerous foreign firms and companies.

The first International Exhibition in Russia was held in Moscow in 1964. It was a significant event in the history of our country and it was a great success. Since then a great deal of different international exhibitions and fairs have been held in many other cities of our land.

They greatly contributed to our learning the overseas experience in various industries. They also gave us a chance to widen our business and commercial contacts with foreign partners, to introduce our own achievements and promote our goods to the world markets.