Иностранный язык (английский язык)

Exercise 5. Find in the texts, translate, and analyse:

a) grammar forms with the ending -ing:

kinds of learning experiences

to gain understanding about the world

a scheme for discussing

these ways of learning

involves people in learning

by hearing and by trying to speak themselves

in their learning

after leaving school

general education aims at producing

such as reading, writing, and arithmetic

in different subjects, including geography

b) grammar forms with the ending -ed:

they have progressed for gifted children

for physically and mentally handicapped children programmes are provided well-informed citizens it is designed

c) grammar forms with the ending -s:

education includes the school systems

different kindsall modern nations

to learn skillstheir citizens

these ways of learning general education aims at

two types trained specialists

informal education involves different subjects

with good mannerssecondary schools

to pass exams and tests vocational programmes

schools, colleges, universitiestechnical schools

in most countries technical subjects

learners studyfor careers

teachers in such fields

classmates

over the years

Exercise6. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1. Education includes different kinds of ...

2. People gain knowledge and understanding about ...?

3. There are two types of...

4. Informal education involves people in ...

5. Children learn their language simple by ...

6. People get information or learn skills on ...

7. Formal education is the instruction given at ...

8. People enter a system of formal education during ...

9. Teachers expect learners to come to school ...

10. Learners have to pass the exams to show ...

11. General education aims at producing intelligent ...

12. Primary school pupils are taught skills they will...

13. Almost all young people continue their general education in ...

14. Vocational education prepares the students for ...

15. Learners may earn a diploma, a certificate, or ...

Exercise 7. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. There are two types of education. 2. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide the ways of learning into two types. 3. Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. 4. Formal education is the instruction given at different kinds of colleges. 5. At the end of learning, learners do not earn a diploma or a certificate.

Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Read the following verbs in the Past Indefinite Tense.

А. looked, worked, helped, talked, liked, hoped, missed, developed, stopped, noticed, discussed, danced, passed, pronounced, practised, addressed, introduced, checked, watched, wished.

B. lived, trained, used, studied, listened, turned, showed, entered, answered, enjoyed, played, opened, loved, believed, borrowed, occupied, described, Continued, involved, ironed, copied, married, changed, engaged, organized, specialized, realized.

C. decided, included, attended, depended, sounded, founded, mended, offended, attracted, wanted, consisted, instructed, directed, translated, devoted, expected, conducted, graduated, waited, insisted.

Exercise 2.Give three forms of the verbs.

read, write, take, give, drive, have, be, go, come, get, put, understand, make, fall, feel, awake, bring, ring, run, sit, set, think, drink, find, throw, hit, hurt, buy, cost, send, say, tell, speak, seek, hear, see, win, ride, catch, hide, let, burst, broadcast.

Exercise 3. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. That afternoon Lily came home early from school. 2. In three days Mr. Ruggles received an answer. 3. Mr. Watkins; drove a lorry and took goods to Salthaven. 4. She found the key in its usual place. 5. Kate walked slowly home, wondering how to break the bad news. 6. Sunday passed peacefully. 7. Jim began to run. 8. Last August we found a blackbird's nest. 9. They accused him of spying. 10. On her knee Mrs. Lawrence held a bright red handbag. 11. There was a long silence. 12. The sea was only two miles away.

Exercise 4. Use the verbs in the Past Indefinite Tense.

1. He (to lose) his balance and (to fall). 2. Ann's grandfather (to found) his firm in 1901. 3. Clearing out the room I (to find) these old letters. 4. The lion (to jump) and (to spring) at her. 5. I suddenly (to see) a face in the window. 6. The train (to start off) with a jerk. 7. The police (to open) fire and (to wound) two criminals. 8. He (to lie) there for an hour till someone finally (to hear) his cries for help. 9. We (to meet) last summer. 10. I (to decide) to stay with my uncle until I (to find) a flat. 11. As it (to grow) darker, we (to find) it hard to walk. 12. The critic (to write) a very bad review of my play. 13. We (to go) for a walk every day before lunch. 14. It (to happen) a long time ago.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

1. I (to watch) television at seven o'clock every evening.

2. I (to watch) television yesterday.

3. She (to comb) her hair every morning.

4. Yesterday she (to comb) her hair.

5. They (not to rest) yesterday.

6. I usually (to walk) to my school but yesterday I (to take) a tram.

7. Yesterday he (to have) a holiday. He (not to go) to the office. He (to get) up at eleven o'clock, (to wash) his face, (to have) breakfast and (to go) for a walk.

8. As a rule my mother (to cook) dinner. But yesterday she (to decide) not to cook. She (to invite) us to the restaurant.

9. He (not to like) coffee. But yesterday he (to drink) a cup of coffee as he (to be) very tired.

10. You often (to take) your brother for a walk? -- Yes. -- Why you (not to take) him for a walk the day before yesterday? - He (to be) ill.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

1. They (to be) in London last month.

2. Who of your friends (to speak) English?

3. How many lessons you (to have) every day?

4. I (not to be) at home yesterday, I (to go) for a walk.

5. He usually (to sleep) well. But last night he (to sleep) bad.

6. Your sister (to be) a doctor? -- Yes, she (to become) a doctor two years ago.

7. He (not to shave) today because he (not to have) time.

8. You (to get) up early on Sunday? - Yes. But last Sunday I (to sleep) till ten o'clock.

9. When you (to leave) the meeting yesterday?

10. She (to enjoy) the film, which we (to see) last week?

11. Why your parents (to be) so angry last night? - Because my brother (to be) late.

Exercise 7. Write the text in Past Indefinite.

Не gets up at seven o'clock. He washes his face, cleans his teeth and combs. He goes to the kitchen and has his breakfast. For breakfast he has a cup of coffee and cheese. When the breakfast is over, he goes to the office. He takes a bus to get to his work.

At the office he works till two o'clock. At two o'clock he has dinner. He finishes his work at seven o'clock in. the evening. He decides to walk a little after his working day. He returns home at nine. He doesn't want to have supper, he only drinks tea. Suddenly he remembers that he has to phone his friend. He dials the numbers that he has to phone his friend. He dials the number but nobody answers. His friend is not at home. He goes to his room and decides to watch TV. When the TV programme is over, he sleeps.

Exercise 8. Write the text in the Past Indefinite Tense.

The weather is bad. There is no sun in the sky. Beth wakes up late in the morning. She doesn't want to leave the bed. She stays in her bed for some time. But Beth is hungry. She wants something to eat. She makes herself to get up, and goes to the bathroom. She washes and cleans her teeth. Beth goes to the kitchen and has her breakfast. After breakfast she thinks how to spend her day. Suddenly the telephone rings. Her friend Tom phones. Tom says he has two tickets to the theatre and he invites her to go and see the play. Beth thanks him and agrees to go to the theatre. The play begins at twelve. She has only two hours to dress and to get to the theatre. Beth doesn't know what to put on in such a bad weather. She thinks for some minutes and chooses her new beautiful dress! The weather is bad but she is in a good mood.

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

1. His mother (to be) a housewife.

2. They (to be) happy to see you now?

3. You (to write) the test yesterday.

4. She (not to go) to school. She (to be) ill.

5. His brother (to come) yesterday? -- No, he (not to come). He (to be) busy.

6. They (to have) a nice weekend last week.

7. Yesterday he (to get) home and (to take) his dog for a walk.

8. You often (to go) to the theatre? -- Not very often. Usually we (to go) there once a month.

9. Why Susan (not to notice) us last night? - We (to be) in the shadow and she (not to see) us.

10. What animals you (to like) better: cats or dogs?

11. She (to buy) a new dress two days ago? -- No, she (not to buy) it.

12. What your sister (to do) every Sunday? - She (to meet) with her friends.

13. He (not to understand) the teacher at the last lesson.

14. Last month we (to move) to other place.

15. She (to be) ill now. She (to eat) an ice-cream yesterday.

16. They (to sell) their house a week ago? - I (not to know).

17. My grandmother often (to forget) her spectacles in her room when she (to leave) the house.

18. Can you tell me what the weather (to be) like?

19. I (to be) in this town last year.

20. Her daughter (to draw) very well.

Exercise 10. Read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.

Example: Granny usually gets up at 6.30. Yesterday she got up at 6.30.

1. Granny usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning _____________________

2. Granny usually walks in the garden. Yesterday _________________________

3. Granny usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday_____________________

4. Granny usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening _______________

5. Granny usually sleeps very well. Yesterday ____________________________

Exercise 11. Put one of these verbs in each sentence:

hurt, teach, spend, sell, throw, fall, catch, buy, cost.

Example: I was thirsty, so I bought apple juice in the shop.

1. My fatherme how to drive when I was 17.

2. James _________ down the stairs and _________ his leg.

3. We needed some money so we ____________ our summer house.

4. They ______ a lot of money yesterday. They _______ a dishwasher which ___

10000 roubles.

5. The boy _____________the ball to the dog and the dog _______________ it.

Exercise 12. Write questions. A friend has just come back from Italy and you are asking him about it.

Examples: What place/go to? What place did you go to?

The weather/fine? Was the weather fine?

1. how long/stay there? ______________________________________

2. stay at a hotel? __________________________________________

3. go alone? _____________________

4. how/travel? _____________________________________________

5. the food/good? ___________________________________________

6. what/do in the evenings? __________________________________

7. make any friends there? _____________________________________

Exercise 13. Put the verb into the correct form. All the sentences are past.

Example: I didn't go (not/go) to the park yesterday because the weather wasn't (not/be) very good.

1. I ________ (not/have breakfast) this morning because I(not/

have) time.

2. We_______(not/buy) anything because we _________(not/have) any money.

3. I __________ (not/sleep) because I ______________(not/feel) sleepy.

4. She _____ (not/be) interested in the book because she _____(not/understand) it.

Exercise 14. Complete the sentence with used to.

Example: He doesn't play the piano any more but he used to play every day.

1. She doesn't eat sweets now but shethem every day.

2. Miranda _______ my colleague but we don't work together any longer.

3. We live in Sussex now but wein Scotland.

4. Now there is one cinema in our town but therefive.

5. When they were young theyour garden but they don't like it now.

6. Melly walks everywhere now. Shea horse.

Exercise 15. Translate into English using the Past Indefinite Tense.

1. Мы начали этот опыт на прошлой неделе. 2. Они вернулись домой в 7 часов вечера. 3. Мы решили послать это письмо вчера. 4. Кому вы отдали эти журналы? 5. Вчера я встретил Стива в библиотеке. 6. Когда вы его видели в последний раз? - В прошлый вторник. 7. В прошлом году мы не изучали французский. Мы изучали английский. 8. В котором часу вы начали работать вчера? - После обеда. У нас было мало работы. 9. Погода была хорошая, и мы с друзьями пошли в парк. 10. Где вы были час тому назад? 11. Я встретил ее позавчера, и она рассказала мне об этом.

Exercise 16. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

1. What your neighbours (to do) yesterday? 2. Mr Smith (to fix) his car yesterday morning. 3. His wife (to water) plants in the garden. 4. Their children (to clean) the yard and then they (to play) basketball. 5. In the evening their boys (to listen) to loud music and (to watch) TV. 6. Their little girl (to cry) a little and then (to smile). 7. Her brothers (to shout) at her. 8. Mrs Smith (to work) in the kitchen. 9. She (to bake) a delicious apple pie. 10. She (to cook) a good dinner. 11. She (to wash) the dishes and (to look) very tired. 12. The children (to brush) their teeth, (to yawn) a little and (to go) to bed. 13. Their mother (to change) her clothes and (to brush) her hair. Then she (to talk) on the phone. 14. Her husband (to smoke) a cigarette and (to talk) to his wife. 15. They (to wait) for the bus. The bus (to arrive) at 9 o'clock. 16. They (to visit) their friends. 17. They (to dance) a lot there. 18. Mr and Mrs Smith (to rest) very well last night. They really (to have) a wonderful time with their friends.

Exercise 17. Write the text in the Past Indefinite Tense.

On Monday we have five lessons. The first lesson is Russian. At this lesson we write a dictation and do some exercises. Nick goes to the blackboard. He answers well and gets a "five". Pete does not get a "five" because he does not know his lesson. After the second lesson I go to the canteen. I eat a sandwich and drink a cup of tea. I do not drink milk. After school I do not go home at once. I go to the library and change my books. Then I go home.

Exercise 18. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

1. His sister (to study) English every day. 2. She (to study) English two hours ago. 3. You (to come) home at six o'clock yesterday? -- No, I ... . Yesterday I (to come) home from school at half past eight. I (to be) very tired. I (to have) dinner with my family. After dinner I (to be) very thirsty. I (to drink) two cups of tea. Then I (to rest). 4. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 5. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 6. My brother (to wash) his face every morning. 7. Last night he (to wash) his face with soap and water. 8. I (not to have) history lessons every day. 9. We (not to rest) yesterday.10. My brother (not to drink) coffee yesterday.11.My mother always (to take) a bus to get to work, but yesterday she (not to take) a bus. Yesterday she (to walk) to her office. 12. You (to talk) to the members of your family every day? -- Yes, I ... . But yesterday I (not to talk) to them: I (to be) very busy yesterday. 13. Your sister (to go) to school every day? -- Yes, she ... . 14. Mary (to like) writing stories. 15. Last week she (to write) a funny story about her pet. 16. You (to tell) your mother the truth about the money? 17. You (to wear) your polka-dot dress to work? -- Yes, I .... I (to wear) it yesterday. 18. We (to like) to go to the beach. We (to enjoy) swimming in the ocean last weekend.

Exercise 19. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

1. Tom always (to eat) breakfast. 2. Yesterday he (not to eat) breakfast because he (to get) up late. 3. We (to like) to cook but we (not to like) to wash the dishes. 4. He never (to shout) at his students. He (to be) a wonderful teacher, I remember. 5. My friend (to know) Spanish very well. 6. Who (to ring) you up an hour ago? 7. He (to live) on the third floor. 8. It (to take) you long to find his house yesterday? 9. When your lessons (to be) over on Monday? 10. I (to have) dinner with my family yesterday. 11. Her friends (to be) ready at five o'clock. 12. One of her brothers (to make) a tour of Europe last summer. 13. Queen Elizabeth II (to be) born in 1926. She (to become) Queen of England in 1952. 14. You always (to get) up at seven o'clock? -- No, sometimes I (to get) up-at half past seven. 15. Antonio Stradivari (to make) wonderful violins. 16. Who (to paint) the world-known picture "Mona Lisa"? 17. She (to know) all the works of Chopin. She (to enjoy) listening to his waltz last night. 18. Steven's friends (to come) to his birthday party last night and (to give) him wonderful presents. His parents (to cook) a special dinner for him. His girlfriend (to promise) to come, but she (not to be) there. He (to try) to phone, but he couldn't get through. He (to be) really upset. Only she (not to wish) him a Happy Birthday.

Exercise 20. Complete the sentences with the prepositions of time.

1. I start work8 o'clock. 2. I'm going on holidayOctober. 3. Where will you be Christmas? 4. Are you busy the moment? 5. I always feel bred _____ the evening. 6. Goodbye! I'll see you _____a few days. 7. We are going to the country______the weekend. 8. I don't work _____ Saturdays. 9. I didn't sleep well last night, somebody calledmidnight. 10. I left school1994 and entered the Universitythe 1st of September 1995. 11. Are you doing anything __________ Saturday evening? 12. We metlunch ___________ Monday and haven't seen him since. 13. In Russia children go to school ___________ the age of seven. 14. The Christmas holidays start _________ the end of January. 15. ______ that daynobody worked at the office. 16. We met _______ the spring of 1945. 17. I'll be back I _________ a few minutes. 18. We livethe 21st century. 19. I'm meeting Jill ________ Monday morning.

Exercise 21. Put in prepositions of time if necessary.

1. I don't workMondays, but _______ last Monday I had to work, we're fullthe end of the month. 2. I'm leaving ________ Friday, I go to my country house _______ every other Friday. 3. Will you be at home ________ this evening? - I'm afraid not, let's meet __________ the afternoon. 4. We usually go to France ________ summer, but it has become so crowded there that we decided to go to Spain __________ this summer. 5.I don't often go out ________ night, but ________ this night is a special one, my son is gettingmarried. 6. I phone Robert _______ every Sunday, that's the first time I didn't manage it __________ Sunday.

Exercise 22. Translate into Russian.

during the lecture, during the war, during the meeting, for five years, for a week, for ten minutes, for a year, before breakfast, after dinner, after classes, from 3 till 5, from Monday till Friday, from morning till night, by 9 o'clock, by tomorrow, by the end of the week, on Wednesday, on a warm summer day, on the first of September, at 11 o'clock, at night, in 15 minutes, in 10 days, in a year's time, in the morning, in winter, in March, in January.

Exercise23. Translate intoEnglish.

с утра до вечера, во время каникул (holidays), в это время, в течение многих лет, в 10 часов, с восьми до девяти, с десяти до одиннадцати, через 5 минут, в 2006 году, летом, осенью, в мае, утром, вечером, с понедельника до субботы, в воскресенье, в декабре, весной, через год, в течение 3 часов, днем, в декабре, весной, через год, в течение 3 недель, днем, через 10 дней, ночью, до занятий, после урока, во время урока, до обеда, после завтрака.

Exercise 24. Translate into English.

В четыре часа, в половине шестого, без четверти три, на закате, в четверть пятого, в полночь, в пять минут шестого, без десяти два, в полдень, на восходе солнца, в двадцать пять третьего.

Exercise 25. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.

1. I get up ... seven o'clock or ... a quarter past seven. 2. ... Sunday I usually get up ... nine o'clock or ... half past nine. But last Sunday I slept very long and got up only ... noon. 3. My birthday is ... the ninth of July. 4. The school year begins ... the first of September. 5. ... the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas. 6. ... Wednesday I usually have a lot of homework. 7. Lev Tolstoy liked to get up ... sunrise. 8. Our lessons are usually over ... twenty minutes to two. 9. They returned from the wood ... sunset. 10. I began writing my composition ... seven o'clock and finished only ... midnight.

UNIT VI

Exercise1. a) Read the text and try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) Specific Features of Different Cultures 2) What is Culture? 3) Common Features of Different Cultures

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... 7. In my opinion...

HUMAN CULTURE

Culture is a term, which is used by social scientists for a people's whole way of life. In its narrow meaning, culture is activities in such fields as art, literature, and music. Social scientists consider that a people's culture consists of all ideas, objects, and ways how people create things. Culture includes arts, beliefs, customs, inventions, language, technology, and traditions. The term "civilization" is similar, but it refers mostly to scientifically more advanced ways of life. A culture is any way of life, simple or complex.

All cultures have features that result from basic needs, which are shared by all people. Every culture has methods of obtaining food and shelter. There is also a way to keep order: a system of police, courts, and prisons. Every culture has ways to protect itself against invaders. It also has family relationships, religious beliefs. All societies have forms of artistic expression, such as painting, music, etc. In addition, each culture has some type of scientific knowledge.

Cultures differ in their details from one part of the world to another. For example, eating is a biological need. But what people eat, when and how they eat, and how food is prepared differ from culture to culture. People do not realize how greatly culture influences their behaviour until they come across other ways of doing things. People feel most comfortable within their own culture, and they prefer the company of others who share their culture. When people have to deal with persons of another culture, even small differences in behaviour may make them uneasy.

Exercise 2. Read and give a summary of the text

FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN CULTURE

The foundations for human culture developed in prehistoric times. Important steps in the growth of culture include the development of tools, the start of farming, the growth of cities, and the development of writing.

The development of tools began about 2 million years ago. The early human beings learned to make stone tools and kill animals for food. Prehistoric people probably made things of bone, hair, skin, and wood. The hunters also learned the habits of the animals. Such learning is a simple kind of scientific knowledge.

Unit 8

Then people had to plant crops and rear animals for food. They became the first farmers. It occurred about 9000 B.C., and it was one of the most important steps in the growth of human culture.

By 3500 B.C., cities had appeared. People became artists and builders, judges and priests. All their new knowledge and skills made up the growth of culture.

The development of writing is one of the most important steps. The first system of writing was developed about 3500 B.C. People could record their thoughts and aspects of their culture and could pass them in a written form from generation to generation.

Exercise 3.Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) ученые в области социологии; 2) образ жизни; 3) в узком значении; 4) деятельность в таких областях как; 5) ученые считают; 6) способы создания; 7) культура включает; 8) виды искусства; 9) главным образом; 10) более продвинутый образ жизни; 11) которые являются результатом; 12) основные нужды; 13) которые разделяются всеми людьми; 14) методы получения пищи и крыши над головой; 15) поддерживать порядок; 16) суды и тюрьмы; 17) защищать себя; 18) против захватчиков; 19) семейные отношения;20) религиозные вероисповедания; 21) художественное выражение; 22) живопись; 23) вдобавок; 24) научное знание; 25) различаются в деталях; 26), например; 27) принятие пищи; 28) различается от культуры к культуре; 29) как сильно культура влияет на поведение людей; 30)встречаются с другими способами;31) в пределах своей собственной культуры; 32)вынуждены иметь дело с; 33) даже маленькая разница;34) может заставить чувствовать себя некомфортно; 35)основы человеческой культуры; 35) в доисторические времена; 36) рост культуры; 37) создание орудий труда; 38) начало ведения сельского хозяйства; 39) создание письменности; 40)древние люди; 41) каменные орудия труда; 42) для приготовления пищи;43) вероятно, изучали привычки животных; 44) научное знание;45) вынуждены были;46) выращивать урожаи; 47) выращивать животных; 48) это случилось; 49) к 3500 году до нашей эры; 50) города появились; 51) художники и строители; 52) судьи и священники; 53) знания и навыки; 54) составляли; 55) была создана; 56) могли записывать; 57) передавать в письменной форме; 58) от поколения к поколению.

Exercise 4.

a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

applied, all, sense, progressive, main, getting, to defend, kind, to understand, to meet, uncomfortable, the beginning, perhaps;

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words

wide, less, complex, big, easy, the end, finished, to disappear, old.

Exercise5.Fill in the blanks with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1. I don't like his w... of life. 2. The European cultures are s... . 3. But every culture has its specific f... . 4. I s... the room with my brother. 5. There are some forms of artistic e... in every culture. 6. They obtain f... and s... . 7. I have never c... a... such a word. 8. Culture influences the b... of the people. 9. We are studying English s... by s... . 10. The ancient people made things of b... and s... .

Exercise6. Find in the texts, translate, and analyse:

a) grammar forms with the ending -ed:

(грамматические формы с окончанием -ed)

is usedthe hunters learned

are sharedit occurred

is preparedcities had appeared

culture developedwas developed

human beings learned

b) grammar forms with the ending -s:

social scientiststhe foundations

a people's whole way of life in prehistoric times

activities important steps

in such fieldsthe development of tools

a people's culture consists the growth of cities

all ideas, objects 2 million years

culture includes the early human beings

arts, beliefs stone tools

it referskill animals

all cultures have features made things

has methods the hunters

has ways the habits of the animals

against invaders had to plant crops

family relationshipshad to rear animals

religious beliefsthe first farmers

societies have formsone of the important steps

in their detailscities, artists and builders

culture influences judges and priests

other ways skills

the company of others their thoughts and aspects

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1. Culture is...

2. In its narrow meaning, culture is...

3. Culture includes...

4. The term "civilization" is...

5. All cultures have features that result...

6. Every culture has...

7. Cultures differ...

8. Culture influences...

9. People feel most comfortable within...

10. They prefer...

11. The foundations of the human culture developed...

12. The development of tools began...

13. People had to...

14. People became...

15. People could record...

Exercise 8. Answer the questions about the culture:

1. What does the term "culture" mean?

2. What does the term "culture" mean in its narrow meaning?

3. What does culture include?

4. What does the term "civilization" mean?

5. What common features do all cultures have?

6. What forms of artistic expression do all societies have?

7. What different features do all cultures have?

8. When do people feel most comfortable?

9. When do people feel uneasy?

10. When did the foundations for human culture develop?

11. What important steps in the growth of culture include?

12. When did the development of tools begin?

13. What did prehistoric people make things of?

14. What did the hunters learn?

15. When did the first farmers appear?

16. When did the first cities appear?

17. When was the first system of writing developed?

18. What could people record then?

Exercise 9. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. Culture is a people's whole way of life. 2. Culture is activities in such fields as art, literature, and music. 3. Culture consists of arts and beliefs. 4. The terms "culture" and "civilization" are just the same. 5. Culture is a simple way of life. 6. All cultures are the same. 7. People feel most comfortable within their own culture. 8. People feel uneasy with persons of another culture. 9. The foundations for human culture developed in prehistoric times. 10. The development of writing is one of the important steps in the development of culture.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into Future Indefinite.

1. I (to see) them next Saturday.

2. They (to be) here tomorrow.

3. We (to have) the test in a week.

4. She (to spend) holidays in the country.

5. The journey (to take) three hours.

6. I (to open) the door for you.

7. I (to go) to school tomorrow?

8. They (to come) back next week?

9. We (to leave) Kyiv this evening?

10. You (to wait) for me?

11. Nick (to finish) school next year?

12. She (to agree) with you?

13. I (not to swim) tomorrow.

14. He (not to play) in the garden.

15. The weather (not to be) fine on Sunday.

16. We (not to be) busy in the evening.

17. Sheila (not to get) passport next year.

18. Why your father (to help) you?

19. When she (to study) English?

20. How we (to get) there?

21. How long the journey (to take)?

22. How many people (to arrive) today?

23. When you (to go) to the cinema?

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple, Present Continuous or Future Simple.

1. They (to play) football tomorrow.

2. I (not to play) croquet tomorrow.

3. We (not to stay) at home next day.

4. We (to stay) at home every Sunday.

5. He (to write) letters very often.

6. He (to write) a letter at the moment.

7. He (to write) a letter now.

8. Ann (to play) the piano.

9. Ann (to play) the piano next lesson.

10. Listen! Ann (to play) the piano.

11. You (to get) up early every day?

12. You (to get) up early next morning?

13. It's ten o'clock already! You (to get up)?

14. She (to pass) exams every year?

15. She (to pass) exams in a month?

16. She (to pass) her exam at the moment?

17. Where you (to go) every Saturday?

18. Where you (to go) now?

Exercise 3. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. When I (to see) him, I (to phone) you.

2. If he (to decide) not to do it, he (to be) right.

3. Tell me when she (to come) to visit you.

4. I (to give) it to him when he (to visit) us.

5. You (to pass) your exam if you (to work) hard.

6. We (to go) to the country next week if the weather (to be) fine.

7. As soon as we (to know) results, we (to inform) you.

8. Don't open the car door before it(to stop).

9. You (not like) this film when you (to see) it.

10. Wait for me till I (to return).

11. As soon as Beth (to phone) me, I (to contact) you.

12. If the weather (to be) fine, my family (to go) on a trip.

13. I (to give) a present if he (to invite) me to his birthday party.

14. Of course we (to help) you if we (not be) busy.

15. I (to see) my mother before I (to fly) to London.

16. If my daughter (not to come) in time, I (to go) without her.

17. They (to wait) until we (to come).

18. We (not to send) you the money before we (to leave).

19. If Jane (to come) to see me, we (to listen) to the music.

20. When they (to talk) to her, they (to give) her your news.

Exercise 4. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. If the weather (to be fine), the plane (to leave) in time.

2. They (to visit) their parents next month if they (to get) letter from them.

3. Jack (to miss) the train if he (not to hurry).

4. When he (to feel) better, he (to invite) us.

5. She (to finish) her work when she (to be) at the office. G. What she (to do) when she (to return) home?

7. I (to take) my child to the Zoo if I (to have) time.

8. Nick (to send) us a postcard when he (to get) to Kyiv.

9. They (not to swim) if the water (to be) cold.

10. I (not to go) for a walk before my parents (to come) home.

11. We (to phone) our son when we (to come) home.

12. Tell me when they (to arrive).

13. I (to go) to the country if it (not to snow).

14. She usually (to go) for a walk if it (not to rain).

15. He (not to do) anything if you (not to tell) him to.

16. I (to do) my homework if I (not to be) tired.

17. They (to be) very surprised, when they (to meet) him here.

18. We usually (to have) dinner at two o'clock if mother (to come) in time.

19. When my mother (to hear) it, she (to be) glad.

20. We often (to watch) TV if the weather (to be) bad.

Exercise 5. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. If it (to rain), we (not to leave) home.

2. Usually I (to ski) if it (to be) enough snow.

3. I (to write) him about this event if you (to tell) me his address.

4. You (to read) English books if you (to study) English.

5. She (to see) her brother when he (to return) from England.

6. If he (to go) to the airport by car, he (to catch) a plane.

7. It's raining. As soon as we (to go) out we (to get) wet.

8. When mother (to go) shopping, she (to buy) some bread.

9. You (to worry) if your children (to be) late tonight?

10. Before she (to go) out, she (to switch) off the light.

11. She (to recognize) him when she (to see) him again?

12. Give Beth this book as soon as she (to come).

13. You (to phone) me after you (to come)?

14. If there (not to be) coffee, I (to get) some from the shop.

Exercise 6. Use the verbs in the story in the Future Indefinite Tense where possible:

It is Saturday. I don't have classes, so I stay in bed later than usual. I get up at 10 and understand that it is too late to do morning exercises. At this time my Mum and Dad are not at home. I look out of the window and see them in the garden, they take away the old leaves and prepare the garden for the winter. So I go to the kitchen and make my breakfast myself. I eat my breakfast and look through the ads in the newspaper. It takes me about an hour. As usual I forget to wash up after breakfast. I go back to my room and listen to my favourite music. Then I hear the telephone ring and ran to the drawing room. My groupmate calls. He invites me to his place, but I don't want to go out. I am too lazy. At about 1 o'clock the Old Man and the Old Lady come in. They are both exhausted and angry, because my dirty dishes are still on the table. Г try to make up for it and offer to cook lunch, but my mother doesn't allow me. She says I spoil everything. I feel ashamed and promise to myself that I'll start a new life tomorrow... Tomorrow is Sunday...

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. Will you take your exams in June? 2. Will you come to our party? 3. Will you join us for lunch? 4. Will you help them with their English? 5. Will they be happy to see us? 6. When will he know the time of our arrival? 7. What will you tell them? 8. Where will she wait for you? 9. Shall we start the discussion? 10. Shall I help you? 11. Shall we open the window? 12. Shall I translate the text? 13. What shall we do tomorrow morning? 14. What shall we have for dinner? 15. Where shall we go this evening? 16. What shall I do? 17. What time shall I wake you up? 18. Where shall we meet?

Exercise 8. Use Present or Future Indefinite:

1. I (to hope) he (to be) at the office tomorrow. 2. When you (to give) me back my textbook? 3. I (to be) sure you (to like) the music. 4. At this time tomorrow we (to be) far from here. 5. Don't wait for me, I probably (to be) late. 6. I (to be) afraid they (to miss) you very much. 7. Where we (to meet)? 8. You (to find) a lot of interesting things in this journal. 9. How long it (to take) us to get to the airport? 10. There (to be) a lot of traffic and care (to move) very slowly, I (to suppose) we (to take) a taxi.

Exercise 9. Complete the dialogue using "shall," "will,""'II," "won't," "shan't" with the verbs in brackets:

Masha: Where ... you (to go) for your holidays, Olga? Olga: Britain, I... (to spend) a week there.

Masha: Oh, that... (to be) fine,... it? When ... you (to leave)?

Olga: The plane to London ... (to leave) on Sunday morning

so I... (to have) much time to pack, I'm afraid.

Masha: What cities besides London ... you (to see)?

Olga: We ... (to visit) Oxford, Stratford-on-Avon and Bath.

Masha: What about Cambridge?

Olga: It's a pity I... (to see) Cambridge this time.

Masha: What... you (to see) in London first thing?

Olga: The centre of London, of course, with all its sights.

Masha: How long ... you (to stay) in London?

Olga: Only two days.

Masha: Oh, you ... (to see) much of London in two days, ...you?

Olga: No, of course not. But there ... (to be) a very interesting excursion by coach to Oxford.

Masha: How long ... it (to take) you to travel to Oxford by coach?

Olga: I don't know but they say it... (to take) us long.

Masha: I hope you... (to enjoy) your trip to Britain and when you return you... (to show) me the pictures you... (to take).

Exercise 10. Put the verb in brackets into the Future Indefinite.

1. He (be) here soon. 2. The dress (be) ready tomorrow. 3. They (be) at the station in time for the 10.30 train. 4. I (know) the result in a day. 5. I (be) twenty years old next year.6. They (remember) you well. 7. When he (come) back? 8. When he comes, I (apologize) to him. 9. I (not see) this beautiful city again. 10. I (recognize) his pictures anywhere.

Exercise 11.Put the verb in brackets in to the Present Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.

I

a. 1. When he (call) I (give) him a piece of my mind. 2. I (be) at home if you (need) anything. 3. They (be) in the gallery if you (decide) to speak to them. 4. If they (want) your advice, they (get) in touch with you. 5. If you (have) anything to report, put it in writing and send it to me.

b. 1. I (write) you about it when I (have) time. 2. He (wait) until they (send) for him. 3. He (be) all right when this (be) over. 4. I'd like to ask you a few more questions before you (go).

c. 1. I (not know) when they (come) to see us. 2. Ask him if he (stay) for dinner. 3. I (wonder) if we ever (see) each other again. 4. I (be) not sure if they (be) in time. 5. He can't tell us when the motor (start).

II

1. When the weather (get) warmer, I (start) practising again. 2. "Come in," she said. "I (see) if he (be) at home." 3. Come and see me when you (come) up to town and we (talk) everything over. 4. If my friends (come) in, please ask them to wait in the picture gallery. 5. He (want) to know if you (be) free tomorrow morning at 10.00. 6. I (wonder) when they (write) to us. 7. I (be) down at your office at 12 tomorrow. 8. When things (get) a little more settled, we (come) to see you. 9. They can't tell me when they (be) free. 10. Go straight on till you (come) to a fountain at the corner of the street; then turn left and you (find) this shop on your right. 11. When you (come) to the main road remember to stop and look both ways before you (cross). 12. Ask them when they (move) to a new flat. 13. "I want to get to the bottom of the valley." - "You must be careful when you (go) down because the slope of the hill (be) very slippery." 14. "I (be) glad when I (get) to the top!" 15. He doesn't say when he (come) back. 16. "Give this message to your teachers as soon as you (come) to school," said his mother. - "All right," said the boy running out. - "I (be) sure it (be) still in his pocket when he (get) home tonight," said his father. 17. If the patient (continue) to improve we (transfer) him to another ward. 18. "I (buy) some pot plants." - "When you (buy) them?" - "The florist (bring) them. Perhaps he (bring) them in the afternoon." 19. If you (look) at them, don't smile. 20. Before we (talk) about it, I'd like to show you something.

Exercise 12. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs into the correct form: will /won't or the Present Simple.

Example: As soon as I see (see) him, I'll tell (tell) him everything.

1. If they(get) here on time, we can make it.

2. There is a surprise waiting for him when he(get) home.

3. Before you_ (leave), sir, I (give) you your present back.

4. If you(feel) better this afternoon, we(drive) to the coast.

5. Give him this message when you (see) him.

6. If we(come) in time, we(find) them there.

7. If I(be) lucky, I(get in) without a ticket.

8. (you/be) lonely without me, while I ______ (be) away?

Exercise 13. Make one sentence from two sentences.

Example: They are off soon. You must visit them before that. You must visit them before they are off.

1. I'm going to finish my work. Then I'll go to the cinema.

when

2. He'll spend a week in Brussels. Then he'll go to England.

before

3. He'll come to London in April. He can stay with us.

when_____________________________

4. It's going to be dark soon. Let's leave before

_____________________ before __________________________________

Exercise 14. Put in when or if.

Example: If it rains in the morning, we won't go swimming.

1. I'm going to England next week. _____I'm there, 1 hope to visit a few museums.

2. Frank might return this evening. ______ he does, can you cook him some meal?

3. I think he'll pass his exam. I'll be very surprised___________he doesn't pass it. 4. I hope to be on time. ButI don't make it, go without me. 5. I'm going shopping. you want anything, I can get it for you. 6.I don't feel well tonight. I think I'll go straight to bed

I get home. 7. I'm leaving for Canada tomorrow. I'll write to youI get there. 8.Iwant you to come to the party but ________ you don't want to come, you needn't.

Exercise 15. Translate into English.

1. В следующем году мне будет 20 лет. 2. Возможно, он придет сегодня. 3. Когда вы начнете изучать иностранный язык? 4. Он думает, вам не понравится новый балет. 5. Она будет дома в 6 часов? - Нет. 6. Я надеюсь, вы хорошо напишете контрольную работу. 7. У вас завтра будет много работы? - Да. 8. Экзамены начнутся 1 июня. 9. Фильм будет очень интересным. 10. Мы увидимся с ним на следующей неделе.

Exercise 16. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. Before you (to cross) the park, you will come to a supermarket. 2. When you (to cross) the park, you will see the hospital. 3. If you (to translate) this article into Russian, I shall use it in my report. 4. If she (to be) in St Petersburg now, she will meet you at the railway station. 5. If you (not to hurry), you will miss the train. 6. If it (to rain), we shan't go to the country. 7. When my friend (to come) to St. Petersburg, we shall go to the Russian Museum. 8. What will you be doing when he (to come) to your place? 9. Don't forget to pay for your dinner before you (to leave) the canteen. 10. I shall be able to translate this article if you (to give) me a dictionary. 11. You will have to work hard at home if you (to miss) the lesson. 12. Where will you go when you (to come) to London? 13. The child won't be healthy if you (not to give) him much fruit. 14. I shan't have dinner before mother (to come) home. 15. What will you do if you (not to finish) your homework tonight? 16. She will wait for him till he (to come) back.

Exercise 17. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. If I (to stay) some more days in your town, I (to call) on you and we (to have) a good talk. 2. He (to go) to the Public Library very often when he (to be) a student. 3. As soon as I (to return) from school, I (to ring) you up. 4. You (to pass) many towns and villages on your way before you (to arrive) in Moscow. 5. I (to stay) at home till she (to come). Then we (to go) to the theatre if she (to bring) tickets. 6. I (to go) to university when I (to leave) school.7. When he (to return) to St Petersburg, he (to call) on us. 8. If I (to see) him, I (to tell) him about their letter. 9. We (to gather) at our place when my brother (to come) back from Africa. 10. I (to sing) this song with you if you (to tell) me the words. 11. I hope you(to join) us when we (to gather) in our country house the next time. 12. What you (to do) when you (to come) home? 13. When they (to cross) the road, they (to see) the hotel. 14. Before she (to get) to the theatre, she (to go) past the shopping centre. 15. What we (to do) if it (to rain) tonight? 16. What she (to do) if she (to see) her best friend again? 17. If the bus (to be) very crowded, you (to be) exhausted by the time you (to get) to work. 18. If it (to be) very cold tonight, our car (not to start) in the morning.

Exercise 18. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. If the weather (to be) nice, we probably (to go) to the beach. 2. If he still (to have) a cold and (not to feel) better, he (not to go) to a disco. 3. If you (to decide) to forget about your diet, you (to eat) wedding cake tomorrow. 4. If I (to drink) too much champagne at my friend's wedding, I (to get) a bad headache. 5. If they (to go) to California next year, they (to visit) his friend in San Francisco. 6. If she (not to work) properly, her boss (to fire) her and (to hire) my sister. 7. I (to see) you before you (to start)? 8. What he (to do) when he (to come) home? 9. Where they (to go) if the weather (to be) fine? 10. He (to ring) me up when he (to return) home. 11. If it (to rain), we (to stay) at home. 12. She (to walk) home if it (not to be) too cold. 13. I am sure he (to come) to say goodbye to us before he (to leave) St Petersburg. 14. Please turn off the light when you (to leave) the room. 15. If we (to be) tired, we (to stop) at a small village halfway to Moscow and (to have) a short rest and a meal there. 16. If you (to miss) the 10.30 train, there is another at 10.35. 17. She (to make) all the arrangements about it before she (to fly) there. 18. Before he (to start) for London, he (to spend) a week or two at a health resort not far from here.

Exercise 19. All the sentences are future. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. My grandmother is superstitious. She always says to me, "If you (to spill) salt, you should throw a little salt over your left shoulder. If you (not to do) this, you (to have) bad luck. If you (to break) a mirror, you (to have) bad luck for seven years." 2. I (not to speak) to him until he (to apologize).3. Peter (to introduce) us to his friends as soon as we (to meet) them. 4. We (to go) to the station to meet Sergei when he (to come) to St Petersburg. 5. Don't go away until mother (to come) back. Give her the note as soon as she (to come). 6. You (to go) to the library with us? -- No, I .... I (to stay) here and (to help) Jane with her grammar. I (to come) to the library after I (to finish). 7. Ring me up before you (to come). 8. I (to speak) to Mary if I (to see) her today. 9. If you (to ask) me a difficult question, I (to be) nervous. If I (to be) nervous, I (to make) a mistake. If I (to make) a mistake, the other students (to laugh) at me. If the other students (to laugh) at me, I (to be) embarrassed. And if I (to be) embarrassed, I (to cry). So please don't ask me a difficult question!

Exercise 19. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple, Present Continuous or Future Simple.

1. It (to be) cold in autumn. It often (to rain). A cold wind often (to blow). 2. The weather (to be)fine today. It (to be) warm, the sun (to shine) brightly. A soft wind (to blow). Small white clouds (to sail) in the sky. 3. Don't go out: it (to rain) heavily. 4. Take your raincoat with you. I am afraid it (to rain) in the evening and you (to get) wet through if you (not to put) it on. 5. Every spring birds (to come) to our garden and (to sing) in the trees. 6. Listen! Somebody (to sing) in the next room. 7. It usually (not to snow) at this time of the year. 8. What the weather (to be) like now? It (to snow)? -- No, it... . 9. We (to go) out of town to ski on Sunday? -- Yes, we ... if it (to snow) this week and if there (to be) a lot of snow everywhere. 10. What you (to do) tomorrow? -- We (to go) out of town if the Weather (not to change) for the worse. You (to come) with us? -- With pleasure, if only I (not to have) too much work to do at home. 11.If we (to have) televisions at our supermarket, they (to inform) customers about things in the store.12.If we (to play) music, it (to produce) the right atmosphere. 13. If we (to put) in cameras, they (to stop) people stealing things. 14. If we (to employ) more assistants, they (to help) our customers.

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1. Он сделает упражнения по английскому языку, если у него не будет других дел. 2. Если я не помогу ему, он завтра не напишет контрольную работу. 3. Он не пойдет в библиотеку сегодня вечером. 4. Если он не пойдет в библиотеку, он будет дома. 5. Мы будем дома завтра. 6. Если мы будем дома завтра, мы посмотрим эту программу по телевизору. 7. Ее не будет завтра дома. 8. Если ее не будет завтра дома, оставь ей записку. 9. Завтpa погода будет хорошая. 10. Если завтра погода будет хорошая, мы поедем за город. 11. Когда она приходит в школу, она снимает пальто. 12. Когда она придет в школу, она снимет пальто. 13. Как только он вспоминает эту забавную сцену, он начинает смеяться. 14. Как только он вспомнит эту забавную сцену, он начнет смеяться. 15. Я приду домой в шесть часов. 16. Когда я приду домой, я позвоню вам. 17. Она позвонит нам вечером. 18. Если она позвонит вам, попросите ее принести мне книгу. 19. Я увижу Тома завтра. 20. Как только я увижу Тома, я расскажу ему об этом. 21. Я поеду в Париж на будущей неделе. 22. Перед тем, как я поеду в Париж, я позвоню вам.