Иностранный язык (английский язык)

Exercise 20.Complete the sentences. Use ...going to + one of these verbs:

eat give lierain study walk wash

1. My hair is dirty I am going to wash it.

2. I don't want to go home by bus. I

3.John's university course begins in October. Heengineering.

4.Take an umbrella with you. It

5. I'm hungry. Ithis sandwich.

6. It's Val's birthday next week. Weher a present.

7. I feel tired. I down for an hour.

Exercise 21. Use `will + Infinitive' or `to be going to':

1. Can you help me? The letter is in French. -- Certainly. I (to translate) it for you. 2.I like this story very much. I (to translate) it into Russian. 3. This iron doesn't work. I (to get) another one for you. 4. Our fridge is empty. I (to get) some food from our store tomorrow. 5.I (to join) your club with great pleasure. 6. You (to come) to my birthday party? 7. You (to take part) in the competition? 8. It (to rain) soon. 9. I'm sure she (to forget) about your remarks. 10. We (to spend) the weekend in Moscow.

Exercise 22. Translate into English using `to be going + Infinitive':

1. Мы опаздываем. 2. Нам еще долго ждать? 3. Вот- вот пойдет дождь. 4. Конкурс будет трудным. 5. Я испеку свой любимый пирог. 6. Вечеринка будет очень интересной. 7. Он потратит все свои сбережения. 8. Я буду в своем новом платье. 9. Она не выйдет за него замуж. 10. Они у нас недолго пробудут. 11. Скоро они переедут на дачу. 12. Моямамаскоростанетбабушкой.

UNIT VII

Exercise 1.

a) Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) The Fields of Scientific Research 2) Different Groups of Sciences 3) The Importance of Science 4) What is Science? 5) Methods of Scientific Research

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... In my opinion...

SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

The word "science" comes from the Latin word "scientia", which means "knowledge". Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unify facts. Scientific theories consist of general principles or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social, and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of modern technology -- the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.

Exercise 2. Read and give a summary of the text.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Technology means the use of people's inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes, and shelter. Through the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier.

Nowadays, when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people's lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The telephone revolutionized communication.

Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science attempts to explain how and why things happen. Technology makes things happen. But not all technology is based on science. For example, people had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.

Exercise 3. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) означает; 2) охватывает; 3) взаимосвязь; 4) широкое разнообразие; 5) ищут разгадки; 6) происхождение Вселенной; 7) структура клеток; 8) сложный; 9) собирать факты; 10) упорядочить и обобщить; 11) общие принципы; 12) пытаются объяснить; 13) как и почему; 14) что-то произошло; 15) соответствующий действительности; 16) основные группы; 17) общественные науки; 18) в то же самое время; 19) все менее и менее четкие; 20) многочисленный; 21) тесно взаимосвязаны; 22) оно обеспечивает; 23) открытия;24) изобретения; 25) формировать наши взгляды; 26) о себе; 27) удовлетворять собственные нужды; 28) они должны были; 29) кров; 30) на протяжении веков; 31) инструменты; 32) чтобы сделать; 33) в настоящее время; 34) тому назад; 35) паровой двигатель; 36) рост; 37) массовое производство товаров; 38) время досуга;39) произвел революцию; 40) сделала большой вклад; 41) например; 42) из железа; 43) в течение веков; 44) очень сильно; 45) зависит.

Exercise 3.

a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

wide, to research, to attempt, to believe, to examine, main, complex, difficult, to start, big, a motor, various, to study;

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

narrow, easy, practice, to try, artificial, old, more, to begin, small, little.

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

I. Science d... with a variety of subjects. 2. Scientists s... for the answers to the different questions. 3. The structure of the cells is e... by the scientists. 4. Different theories u... the facts. 5. The b... of some scientific fields are not clear. 6. The natural, social and technical sciences are closely i... 7. T... the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier. 8. Science c... much to modern technology. 9. Some modern technologies d... on science.

Exercise 5. Find in the texts, translate, and analyse:

a) grammar form with the ending -ing:

the cells of living plants

b) grammar forms with the ending -ed:

complicated problemshave invented

has happened it influenced

is considered people lived and worked

has been tested television changed

it proved the telephone revolutionized

can be dividedhas contributed

have appearedis based on

are closely interconnected

c) grammar forms with the ending -s:

comes from people's inventions

which meansthe structure of the cells

science coversthe cells of living plants

that deals with factsother researchers

among these facts systematic methods

scientists to make observations

a wide variety of subjectsto collect facts

search for cluestodevelop theories

major groupstheir needs

new fields clothes

the boundariesthe ages

numerous areas 200 years

one science ends factories

another science beginsproduction of goods

our lives different aspects

it provides the basispeople's lives

the tools and machinesscience attempts

discoveries things

inventions of scientistsdifferent objects

our views for centuries

technology means modern technologies

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1. The word "science" comes from the Latin word, which means ...

2. Science deals with facts and ...

3. Scientists study a wide variety of...

4. Some scientists search for clues to ...

5. Other researchers solve complicated ...

6. Scientific theories consist of general principles or ...

7. A theory becomes part of...

8. Scientific study can be divided into three major groups:...

9. The boundaries between scientific fields have become ...

10. Science provides the basis of...

11. Technology means the use of.. .

12. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with ...

13. Technology influenced different aspects of...

14. Science attempts to explain how and why ...

15. Technology makes things ...?

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions about science and technology:

1. What is science?

2. What is technology?

3. Are they interconnected?

4. Is all technology based on science?

5. What modern technologies depend heavily on science?

6. When did industrial technology begin?

7. When was a steam engine invented?

8. Who invented the steam engine?

9. When was radio invented?

10. Who invented the radio?

11. When was television invented?

12. Who invented the television?

13. When was a telephone invented?

14. Who invented the telephone?

15. When was the first car invented?

16. When was the first digital computer invented?

17. Who invented the first digital computer?

18. What famous scientists do you know?

19. What famous inventors do you know?

20. What scientific field are you interested in? Why?

Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. 2. Scientific study can be divided into two major groups. 3. Many new fields of science have appeared. 4. Numerous areas of science overlap each other. 5. Science has great influence on our lives. английский язык перевод социолог

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Continuous.

1. Не (to read) a book now.

2. She (to do) her home work.

3. My mother (to sit) at the table now.

4. I still (to write) a letter.

5. They (to play) football.

6. It (to snow) now.

7. She (to explain) a grammar rule.

8. We (to have) dinner now.

9. Who (to speak) with you?

10. It still (to rain).

11. Why you (to talk)?

12. They (to eat) soup.

13. The girl (to draw) a picture.

14. My son (to swim) to the shore.

15. Her daughter (to play) chess at the moment.

Exercise 2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. She is watching television at the moment.

2. They are playing football now.

3. My sister is writing a letter.

4. We are listening to the stereo.

5. They are talking to my friend.

6. Mary is sleeping.

7. You are listening to the radio.

8. He is having breakfast at the moment.

9. They are working now.

10. I am studying.

Exercise 3. Translate into English using the Present Continuous Tense.

1. Твои родители спят? -- Нет, они смотрят телевизор.

2. Что она делает? -- Она спит.

3. Он обедает? -- Нет, он разговаривает по телефону.

4. Посмотри в окно! Идет дождь.

5. Моя сестра примеряет новое платье.

6. Что вы читаете?

7. Он работает над своим докладом.

8. Дедушка сидит в кресле и слушает новости.

9. Послушай! Как хорошо она играет на рояле!

10. Куда они идут? -- Они идут в школу.

11. Что она учит? -- Она учит стихотворение.

12. Во что играют дети? - Они играют в футбол.

13. Почему ты не несешь его сумку?

14. Моя семья сидит за столом.

15. На каком языке они сейчас говорят? -- На немецком.

16. Сейчас они едут в поезде.

17.Куда вы спешите? - Я спешу на работу.

18. Моя мама не готовит сейчас обед.

19. Что ты делаешь? - Я режу овощи.

20. С кем ты разговариваешь? -- Со своим братом.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Я все еще помню этого человека.

2. Она сейчас никому не верит.

3. Вы сейчас слушаете радио? -- Нет, я смотрю телевизор.

4. Ученики все еще пишут диктант.

5. Сейчас все зависит только от тебя.

6. Он очень напоминает своего отца.

7. Ты сейчас работаешь? - Да, работаю.

8. Мой старший сын обедает, а младший спит.

9. Мы все еще не согласны с тобой.

10. Куда ты идешь? - Я иду на работу.

11. Они все еще разговаривают о фильме.

12. Эта книга состоит из трех частей.

13. Твоя сестра все еще разговаривает по телефону? -- Нет, не разговаривает.

14. Сейчас он владеет чудесным домом на побережье.

15. Что он слушает? - Он все еще слушает радио.

Exercise 5.Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Present Continuous.

1. She (to read) at the moment.

2. You (to go) to work by car?

3. He (to drink) coffee in the morning.

4. They (to have) breakfast now.

5. I (not to watch) television every night,

6. Look! She (to dance).

7. He (to have) breakfast every morning.

8. You (to listen) to the radio now?

9. We (to look) for our things now.

10. He (not to watch) television at the moment.

11. I (not to get up) at seven o'clock every morning.

12. Don't (to make) so much noise: mother (to sleep).

13. She (not to drink) coffee in the morning.

14. Peter (to talk) to Susan at the moment.

15. Where (to be) your mother? - She (to cook) dinner now.

16. Listen! They (to discuss) an interesting problem.

17. She (to listen) to the radio in her room now?

18. He (not to ride) a bicycle every evening.

19. Jane (to work) in Paris at the moment?

20. They (to be) in the garden now?

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Indefinite or Present Continuous.

1. Her baby always (to sleep) after breakfast.

2. He can't talk to you now. He (to go) out.

3. The programme (to start) at nine o'clock every night.

4. I am sorry, but my friend (to wait) for me.

5. They (to go) to the beach now.

6. She never (to want) to go to the cinema.

7. Look at my daughter! She (to read).

8. Your grandmother (to sit) in the garden now?

9. She (to cook) dinner now?

10. They (to go) to the cinema very often.

11. It's nine o'clock. Jane still (to play) chess with her father.

12. Mary (to drive) to her office every day?

13. He (to be) in the library now?

14. I (not to study) at the moment.

15. Nick and Jane (to be) in their room. They (to speak).

16. He (to leave) the office every day at five.

17. What magazine you (to read) now?

18. Wait a minute! I (to put) my coat on.

19. Listen to Helen! She (to sing) a new song.

20. Where (to be) your husband? -- He (to fish) now?

Exercise 7. Continue in the negative.

Example: Mother is talking on the phone, (sleep)She isn't sleeping.

1. John is standing. (lie down) __________________________________ 2. Father is shaving. (wash) ____________________________________ 3. The boys are playing. (fight) _________________________________4. We are dancing. (jump)______________________________________ 5. They are speaking. (shout) ___________________________________ 6. Mary is running. (walk) _____________________________________ 7. I am eating. (drink) _________________________________________ 8. The teacher is speaking. (read)________________________________

Exercise 8. Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: Are you drawing? (write a story)

- No. I'm not. I'm writing a story.

1. Is he writing a letter? (watch television)_______________________

2. Are you reading Byron's poems? (learn them by heart)

3. Is Dad smoking in his study? (read a newspaper)

4. Are they listening to the radio? (talk with a friend)

5. Are you hurrying to work? (go home)

6. Is Joan playing the piano? (listen to a concert)

7. Are you working at your essay? (write a film script)

8. Is she washing up? (cook)

Exercise 9. Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: Is Mother very busy just now? (type a report)

- Yes, she is. She is typing a report.

1. Is Jerry very busy just now? (study)

2. Are the students very busy just now? (read)

3. Is Susan very busy just now? (have breakfast)

4. Are the Greens very busy just now? (shop)

5. Is Miss Black very busy just now? (sew)

6. Is Jane very busy just now? (wash up)__________________________

7. Is Henry very busy just now? (skate)

8. Are the girls very busy just now? (rehearse)______________________

Exercise 10. Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: What are you doing? (daydream)

- I'm daydreaming.

1. Why is Father making such a terrible noise? (teach the dog to bark)___

2. What are you doing with the scissors? (cut out a dress)

3. Where are you hurrying to? (run to catch my bus)

4. What are you doing in this shop? (buy a minkcoat)________________

5. Why are you leaving so soon? (go to the University)

6. Why is she playing the violin so late? (rehearse for a concert)

7. Why are the children listening so attentively? (listen to a favourite fairy tale)_________________________________________________________

8. What is George doing in the kitchen? (bake an apple pie)_____________

Exercise 11. Answer the questions using the words in brackets.

Example: Are you busy tonight? (Yes/meet a friend)

- Yes. I am. I'm meeting a friend.

1. Is Ivy busy this afternoon? (Yes/go to the library)_________________

2. Are they busy this evening? (No/have a rest) __________________

3. Is Mary busy after tea? (No/have a nap)_____________________

4. Are you busy today? (Yes/have visitors)______________________

5. Is Kate busy after lunch? (No/stay at home) ____________________

6. Are the Browns busy today? (No/have a holiday)_________________

7. Is Fred busy tonight? (Yes/go to the concert)___________________

8. Are you busy this afternoon? (Yes/do up the flat)________________

Exercise 12. Put the verb into the correct form.

Examples: Please be silent for a while. I am listening (listen) to the news.

Don't speak so loud. The child isn't sleeping (not/sleep) yet. Listen to those girls. What language are they speaking (they/speak)?

1. Please be quiet. I (try) to sleep.

2. Look! It ________________________________________(rain).

3. Why__________(you/look) at me like that? Am I green or something?

4. You ___________ (make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter?

5. Excuse me, I ______________ (look) for a phone box. Where can I find one?

6. (in the theatre) It's a good play, isn't it?___________(you/enjoy) it?

7. Listen! Can you hear these children next door? They(cry) again.

8. Why ______________ (you/wear) your fur coat today? it's very warm.

9. I ________________ (not/go) to school this week. I'm on holiday.

10. I want to lose weight. I (not/eat) sweets now.

Exercise 13. Complete these sentences using some of these verbs: get, become, change, improve, fall, increase, rise.

Example: The water level is rising very fast.

1. The prices for food __________________________at the moment.

2. He is still weak but he ________________________ stronger slowly.

3. These days life ______________________ more and more expensive.

4. The weather _______________ every moment: now cold, now hot.

5. The cost of living __________. Every year things are more expensive.

6. Victor has gone to work in America. When he arrived, his English wasn't very good but now it _____________________________________.

7. The environment is already very bad and it___________worse.

Exercise 14. Translate into English.

1. На кого вы сейчас смотрите? - Я смотрю на эту старую даму. 2. С кем разговаривает Ваш друг? - Он разговаривает с нашим преподавателем. 3. О чем вы рассказываете своим друзьям? - Я рассказываю им о своем отпуске. 4. Вы сейчас пишете диктант? - Нет, мы делаем упражнение 9. 5. Куда вы идете вечером? - Мы идем в цирк. 6. Когда они приезжают в Москву? - Они приезжают утром. 7. Мы уезжаем в Минск. 8. Эти студенты делают упражнение или переписывают текст? 9. Кого встречают эти студенты? - Они встречают иностранных студентов. 10. Куда вы идете? -Я иду на фотовыставку.

Exercise 15. Translate into English using the Future Continuous Tense.

1. I (to watch) television all evening.

2. She (to work) at home the whole day tomorrow.

3. They (to stay) at a new hotel.

4. He (to live) in Kyiv for the next few weeks.

5. Beth (to write) a letter at that time.

6. You to do) your home task all these days?

7. Dan (to enjoy) the sunshine on the beach?

8. Peter (to read) the whole night?

9. We (to have) coffee?

10. Tom (to have) a bath at this time?

11. Where you (to wait) for me?

12. What Susan (to do) at nine o'clock tomorrow?

13. Where he (to pass) his exam?

14. When she (to type) letters?

15. We (not to speak) at ten o'clock.

Exercise 16. Translate into English using the Future Continuous Tense and the Future Simple Tense.

1. You (to work) all tomorrow morning?

2. He (to see) them tomorrow. He (to tell) them what you said.

3. I (to visit) her office next day. I (to ask) her then.

4. My son (to stay) with my parents for the holidays.

5. You (to stay) here all weekend?

6. Don't disturb him, at the moment he (to have) breakfast.

7. I (to see) the manager at the meeting next week. And he (to give) me all the information he knows.

8. Next year he (to come) to Paris.

9. You (to come) to our party? - No, I (to work) on my report.

10. Don't leave your child alone! He (to cry).

11. She (to give) me this book? - No, she (to be) busy at that time.

12. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (to rain) the whole day.

13. What you (to do) at six o'clock tomorrow? --I(to play) the piano.

14. He (to leave) the hospital, as feels better.

15. We (to be busy) this evening. We (to pack) our things.

Exercise 17. Put the verb in brackets into the Future Continuous.

1. Don't ring her up at 12 o'clock. She (have) her music lesson.

2. At this time tomorrow the boys of our group (play) football.

3. When we arrive in St. Petersburg, it probably (rain).

4. It is late autumn, soon the leaves (fall).

5. Let's wait here; the Palace Bridge (open) in a minute to let that ship through.

Exercise 18. Answer the questions in the Future Continuous Tense, using the given suggestions.

Example: What will he be doing tomorrow afternoon ? (drive to the seaside) He will be driving to the seaside.

1. What will she be doing on Sunday? (make a dress)

2. What will you be doing at this time next week? (bathe in the Black Sea)

3. What will grandfather be doing when we arrive? (work in the garden)

4. What will he be doing at the University for five years? (studylaw)

5. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow? (fly to Kiev)

6. What will she be doing at the concert tonight? (sing Russian folk-songs)

7. What will he be doing at this time the day after tomorrow? (interview a foreign delegation)

8. What will she be doing next term? (lecture at the Institute of Foreign Languages)

Exercise 19. Extend the statements in the Future Continuous Tense, using the words in brackets.

Example: Don't call for me at six. (have a bath)

Don't call for me at six. I shall be having a bath.

1. Don't ring them up at seven in the morning. (sleep)

2. Don't send us any letters in June. (travel)

3. Don't call on us tonight. (pack)

4. Don't come to see her after lunch. (type)

5. Don't leave the child alone. (cry)

6. Don't tell Granny about it. (grumble)

7. Don't expect him to come next Saturday. (work)

8. Don't wait for Maggie tomorrow. (keep to her room)

Exercise 20.Put the verb in brackets into the Past Continuous.

1. I (to read) a book at two o'clock.

2. They (to write) the test at this time yesterday.

3. He (to work) in the garden from two till five o'clock.

4. We (to watch) television the whole evening.

5. You (to play) football at six o'clock?

6. You (to drink) tea at seven o'clock?

7. He (to draw) from three till four o'clock?

8. Who (to listen) to the radio at this time?

9. It (to rain) the whole day yesterday?

10. They (to skate) at three o'clock?

11. You (not to sleep) at nine o'clock last night.

12. I (not to write) a letter to my granny at eight o'clock.

13. She (not to help) mother about the house from two till six.

14. George (to do) his lessons the whole evening?

15. He (to speak) in a low voice.

Exercise 21. Put the verb in brackets into Present Continuous or Past Continuous

1. Не (to write) a letter now.

2. He (to write) a letter at two o'clock yesterday.

3. She (to do) her lessons now.

4. She (to do) her lessons at this time yesterday.

5. My friend (not to sleep) now. He (to watch) television.

6. My friend (not to sleep) at eight o'clock yesterday. He (to watch) television.

7. She (to listen) to the music at the moment?

8. She (to listen) to the music at this time yesterday?

9. They (to play) chess when I saw them yesterday.

10. They (to play) chess now.

11. Listen! My son (to sing).

12. Не (to sing) when I (to enter) his room yesterday.

13. Why-they (to work) in the garden? - They (to plant) flowers now.

14. Beth (to wear) a new dress now.

15. She (to play) the piano when I came in.

Exercise 22. Put the verb in brackets into Present Continuous or Past Continuous.

1. Не (to write) a letter now.

2. He (to write) a letter at two o'clock yesterday.

3. She (to do) her lessons now.

4. She (to do) her lessons at this time yesterday.

5. My friend (not to sleep) now. He (to watch) television.

6. My friend (not to sleep) at eight o'clock yesterday. He (to watch) television.

7. She (to listen) to the music at the moment?

8. She (to listen) to the music at this time yesterday?

9. They (to play) chess when I saw them yesterday.

10. They (to play) chess now.

11. Listen! My son (to sing).

12. Не (to sing) when I (to enter) his room yesterday.

13. Why-they (to work) in the garden? - They (to plant) flowers now.

14. Beth (to wear) a new dress now.

15. She (to play) the piano when I came in.

Exercise 23. Put the verb in brackets into Present Continuous or Past Continuous.

1. What you (to do) from seven till nine yesterday?

2. What she (to drink) now? -- She (to drink) juice.

3. Nick (to draw) a picture when I saw him.

4. Who (to stand) near the door now?

5. When I looked through the window, the sun (to shine) but the wind (to blow).

6. What they (to discuss) at the moment?

7. It (to snow) when I left my house yesterday.

8. Robert (to have) dinner now? -- No, he (to read) a book.

9. Our children (to make) noise the whole evening yesterday.

10. What they (to speak) about when I (to enter) the room?

11. He (to look) for his keys at the moment.

12. Look! Somebody (to swim) across the river.

13. He (to go) to the office when I met him in the street.

14. She (to read) a book while I was watching television.

15. My friend (to wait) for a bus when I saw him at the bus stop.

Exercise 24. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. She (to cook) yesterday.

2. She (to cook) at three o'clock yesterday.

3. She (to cook) from two till four yesterday.

4. I (to read) a lot last month.

5. I (not to read) at five o'clock.

6. I (not to read) when you came in.

7. Susan (to pass) her exam two days ago.

8. Susan (to pass) her exam at this time yesterday.

9. What he (to do) when I came?

10. What he (to do) the whole day yesterday?

11. Pete (to work) in the garden yesterday.

12. Pete (to work) in the garden at five o'clock yesterday.

13. Where Pete (to work) when I came to see him?

14. My sister (to wash) the dishes after dinner yesterday.

15. My sister (to wash) the dishes at eight o'clock yesterday.

16. What your sister (to wash) when I entered the kitchen?

17. Why your child (not to sleep) at ten o'clock yesterday?

18. They (to play) tennis two days ago.

19. They (to play) tennis from two till three yesterday.

20. They (not to discuss) this question last evening.

Exercise 25. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. The pupils (to discuss) this problem yesterday.

2. The pupils (to discuss) this problem the whole evening yesterday.

3. They (discuss) this problem from three till five o'clock.

4. They (discuss) this problem at four o'clock yesterday.

5. They (discuss) this problem when I came in.

6. She (to learn) a poem yesterday.

7. She (to learn) a poem at five o'clock yesterday.

8. She (to learn) a poem from five till six o'clock yesterday.

9. She (to learn) a poem when mother opened the door.

10. She (to learn) a poem the whole day yesterday.

11. I (not to see) him yesterday. I (to see) him two days ago.

12. She (not to write) a letter at seven o'clock yesterday. She (to write) it two days ago.

13. Jane (to read) the magazine from five till six o'clock last evening.

14. He (to study) a rule in the morning last Monday.

15. Last month our team (to lose) the game.

16. What she (to do) when the telephone rang?

17. Whom they (to speak) to when I met them at the station?

18. They (to have) lunch when the telephone rang.

19. Nick (to make) a report at three o'clock yesterday.

20. Mike (to write) on the blackboard when I came into the classroom.

21. She (not to sleep) the whole night yesterday.

22. Who entered the room when you (to watch) television?

23. What you (to think) about when I asked you a question?

Exercise 26. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. When my father (to come) home, I (to have) dinner.

2. When Alice (to return), I (to listen) to the radio.

3. When mother (to enter) his room, he (to draw) a picture.

4. When my sister (to come) in, I (to do) my lessons.

5. When her aunt (to air) the room, she (to catch) cold.

6. The telephone (to ring) when I (to leave) the house.

7. When I (to meet) her, she (to go) to the office.

8. He (to wash) his face when somebody (to knock) at the door.

9. The young people (to dance) when I (to come) to the party.

10. When he (to wash) the dishes, he (to break) a plate.

11. When I (to ring) him, he (to learn) a rule.

12. When she (to play) in the yard, she (to see) her mother.

13. Her son (to fall) when he (to climb) up the tree.

14. When they (to see) their children, they (to play).

15. When I (to enter) the bar, I (to see) that they (to drink) coffee.

16. When he (to do) his homework, he (to make) a lot of mistakes.

17. When the teacher (to come) into the classroom, all the pupils (to sit) at their desks.

18. When I (to watch) television, the phone rang.

19. When she (to drive) her car, she (to feel) a headache.

20. We (to make) the beds when Jane (to open) the door.

Exercise 27. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. We (to leave) the party when he (to arrive).

2. What they (to do) when you (to see) them?

3. When he (to come) to see me, I (to have) a bath.

4. I (to read) a book when I (to hear) the noise.

5. They (to have) supper when he (to visit) them.

6. We (to sit) here yesterday when he (to pass).

7. She (to cross) the road when she (to see) the accident.

8. I (to choose) the present when my friend (to enter) the shop.

9. When my aunt (to go) home, she (to lose) her purse.

10. His brother (to sleep) when he (to leave).

11. They (to wait) for me at five o'clock yesterday.

12. What he (to do), when you (to arrive)?

13. It (to snow) when I (to go) out.

14. Who (to come) in when you (to translate) an article?

15. When they (to play) in my room, they (to find) my notebook.

Exercise 28. Translate into English using Past Indefinite or Present Continuous

1. Что ты делал, когда пришли твои родители? Я делал уроки.

2. Когда он смотрел телевизор, зазвонил телефон.

3. Он спал, когда к нему пришли друзья.

4. Ты нашел грибы, когда гулял в лесу?

5. Когда она шла на работу, она встретила свою подругу.

6. Кто помогал тебе убирать в комнате?

7. Он рассказал тебе эту историю? -- Да, он рассказал ее мне в три часа.

8. Когда мы вышли из дома, шел сильный дождь.

9. Я думал над очень трудным вопросом, когда вдруг зазвонил телефон.

10. Когда я встретил ее, она спешила на работу.

11. Что он делал вчера в семь? -- Он работал над докладом.

12. Мы видели белку, когда гуляли в лесу.

13. Она была больна и лежала в кровати, когда мы пришли навестить ее.

14. Он управлял автомобилем, когда почувствовал боль в сердце.

15. Дети переходили дорогу в неположенном месте, когда милиционер остановил их.

16. Я чистил зубы, когда зазвонил телефон.

17. Вчера в шесть часов я делал уроки, а' мама читала газеты.

18. Когда он пришел домой, его семья обедала.

19. Бабушка выглянула в окно и увидела, что внук играет во дворе.

20. Вчера в семь мы обсуждали этот вопрос.

Exercise 29. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. Не (not to open) the window before classes yesterday.

2. You (to do) your homework at ten o'clock yesterday?

3. I (to hurry) to the library when I (to meet) him.

4. She (to translate) a lot of articles at the office last week.

5. We (to smoke) in the room when he (to see) us.

6. Her sister (to stay) at her friend's over the last week- end.

7. We (to pack) our things when our taxi (to come).

8. The day before yesterday he (to finish) his work at seven o'clock.

9. They (to have) their English lesson at nine o'clock yesterday.

10. It (to be) morning when I (to have) breakfast at six o'clock.

11. What he (to do) ten years ago? - He (to study) at school.

12. Yesterday I (to ask) my friend not to ring me.

13. Last week I (to be) cross with my friend.

14. You (to play) volley-ball last Sunday? - No, we (to play) football.

15. My father (to write) a very interesting article last month.

16. She (to come) home at eleven o'clock that's why she (not to call) you.

17. What the weather (to be) like yesterday? - It (to be) fine.

18. We (to talk) loudly but he (not to wake) up.

19. When you last (to be) in this city? - I (to be) here five years ago.

20. I (to be) angry when he (to ring) me so late yesterday.

Exercise 30. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. Why you (to be) angry with me yesterday? - I (not to be).

2. Where you (to be) last night? - We (to be) at the theatre.,

3. When I (to come) to the bus stop, I (to see) a boy who (to play) with a dog.

4. It (to be) eleven o'clock, when I (to decide) to go to bed.

5. What time they (to have) supper yesterday? - They (to have) supper from seven till eight.

6. When she (to see) him a year ago she (not to recognize) him.

7. You (to prepare) for your lessons last night?

8. He (to like) the last show he (to see).

9. I (to be) very busy yesterday. I (to prepare) for my exam the whole day.

10. My brother (to wash) the dishes while I (to sweep) the floor.

11. When Beth (to hurry) to the institute, she (to see) her friend.

12. Why you (not to see) a doctor yesterday?

13. Why he (not to pass) his exam yesterday? -- He (to feel) ill.

14. I (to give) him a good advice when he (to meet) me in' the street.

15. You (to make) your report yesterday? -- No, I (to be) ill. I (to have) a temperature.

16. It (to rain) heavily when he (to go) out.

17. My mother (to cook) dinner while we (to watch) TV yesterday.

18. You (to go) to see your friend, When she (to be) ill?

19. I (to close) the window because it (to start) raining.

20. My brother (to open) the door and (to take) a book yesterday.

Exercise 31. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. It (to be) a rainy afternoon. Nick (to sit) at the table and (to write) to his friend. He (to write) about his last summer holidays. His mother (to cook) dinner when he (to write) the letter. As soon as his dinner (to be) ready, mother (to invite) him to have dinner. Nick (to stop) writing and (to go) to the kitchen.

2. Lost summer we (to spend) in the country. We (to live) ill a small house. Every day we (to go) to the river. Suddenly a big grey cloud (to cover) the sun and it (to begin) raining heavily. We (to run) home. It (to rain) the whole evening and night.

3. Yesterday I (to ring) up to my friend but nobody (to answer). I (to ring) him from 2 till 7 o'clock. At last he (to answer) at eight o'clock in the evening. He (to tell) me that he (to pass) his exam at 3 o'clock.

4. It (to be) early morning when she (to get) up. She (to open) the window and (to see) that the weather (to be) fine. The sun (to shine) brightly, the birds (to sing) in the trees, the warm wind (to blow). She (not to close) the window and (to decide) to invite her friend for a walk.

Exercise 32. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. When we (to meet) him, he (to go) to the shop. He (to want) to buy some food.

2. What you (to look) for when I (to open) the door?

3. Your daughter (to skate) on the pond from five till six?

4. What they (to laugh) at when he (to come) in? - They (to laugh) at a funny story.

5. Where he (to go) when rain (to begin)? - He (to go) to the office.

6. What she (to play) when I (to ring) her up? - She (to play) the violin.

7. Who (to quarrel) at that time? His friend (to quarrel).

8. Beth and Tom (to watch) a TV programme when the mother (to ask) them to help her.

9. You (to help) your mother while she (to wash) up?

10. The scientist (to work) in the laboratory when somebody (to switch) off the light.

11. Whom you (to talk) on the phone to, when I came into the room?

12. Jane (to have) a walk in the park when it (to begin) t snow.

13. Why you (not to have) classes at nine o'clock? -- Our teacher (to be) ill.

14. Yesterday the whole lesson we (to revise) grammar.

15. While Helen (to take) a shower mother (to wash) the dishes.

16. I (to lay) the table when I (to break) a plate.

17. When I (to meet) them in the yard, they (to laugh).

18. She (not to get) up at six o'clock yesterday. She (to get up at eight.

19. They just (to leave) the house when we (to arrive).

20. When he (to come) to the station, his friend already (to wait) for him.

Exercise 33. Answer the questions using when and the verb of the subordinate clause in the Past Continuous Tense.

Example: When did she meet Helen? (walk along the street)

She met Helen when she was walking along the street.

1. When did you catch that cold? (skate on a frosty day)

2. When did he write those nice poems? (have a holiday)

3. When did she learn the language? (live in England)

4. When did she hear that song? (listen to a concert on the radio)

5. When did you buy that book? (read up for my exams)

6. When did the boy hurt himself? (ride the bicycle) '

7. When did Philip lose his camera? (walk about the city)

8. When did he ring you up? (have supper)

Exercise 34. Put the verbs into the correct form, the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

Example: While Sean was finishing (finish) the letter, his friend came (come).

1. Dan _________ (fall) off the tree while he _________ (rescue) the cat.

2. Last night I __________ (read) in the bed when suddenly I ________(hear) a voice

downstairs.

3. ______________________(you/have) a bath when I phoned you?

4. They _______________ (wait) for a taxi when I __________ (arrive).

5. I __________ (not/drive) very fast when I ______________ (see) her.

6. I ________________ (break) a plate last night. I ____________ (do) the washing-up when it _________________________(slip) out of my hand.

7. Bob ____________(take) a nap while I _________ (paint) the ceiling.

8. We ____________(not/go) out because it _____________ (get) dark.

9. What ___________________ (you/do) at this time yesterday?

10. We _________ (see) Amanda in the gallery. She ___________ (wear) her new necklace.

UNIT VIII

Exercise 1.

a) Read the text and try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) Islam 2) Different Religious Denominations 3) Buddhism 4) Christianity 5) Hinduism 6) Judaism

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... In my opinion...

RELIGIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD

The history of mankind has shown the influence of religion on man. The study of religion has become increasingly important in modern times. There are a lot of religious denominations all over the world. Religions are divided into several major branches, which are subdivided into numerous smaller schools and sects.

Christianity is a worldwide religion; about 1.2 billion people are Christians. Most of us are Christians too. Christians believe in one God with three aspects: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. The main Christian denominations are the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Churches. The Protestant Church includes Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and others.

Islam is based on the teaching of Koran. In Islam five obligations should be observed: to believe in Allah (God) and Muhammad (the prophet); to pray five times a day; to give money to charity; to fast between sunrise and sunset during Ramadan; and to visit Mecca, the holiest city of Islam in Saudi Arabia, at least once. Muslims pray in mosques, most mosques have one or more minarets, from which the Muslims are called to pray.

Judaism is the religion of the ancient Hebrews and their descendants, the Jews. The sacred writing of Judaism is the Hebrew Bible, which includes the Torah, historical and prophetic books. Jews pray in synagogues. There are three main synagogue associations: the Orthodox, the Conservative, and the Reform.

Buddhists try to follow the life of Buddha. The Buddha is the title given to Gautama Siddhartha, a wealthy man from India who gave up all his possessions and family to teach the ideas on which the religion of Buddhism is based. Buddhism is a religion of eastern, southern and central Asia, the main idea of which that one must become free of human desires in order to escape from suffering. The followers of this religion believe in reincarnation, which means that people are born again after they die. And their next life depends on how well they behaved in their previous life. All Buddhists are meditating to reach nirvana.

Hindus also believe in reincarnation. Hinduism is the main religion of India, which has no founder and no sacred writing. According to Hinduism there are three main gods: Brahma, Siva, Vishnu, and many other god-like beings. There are about 400 million followers of this religion all over the world.

Exercise 2. Read and give a summary of the text.

RELIGIONS IN THE UK

The national church of England is Anglican Church, which is a branch of the Christian religion. It was King Henry VIII who broke away from the Church of Rome and declared himself Head of the Church of England, Anglican Church.

Nowadays, the Queen is the Head of Anglican Church. She appoints two archbishops and all the bishops. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the priest who is the leader of the Church of England. Canterbury is a small city in southeastern England, which is famous for its impressive 11th century Cathedral, the main church of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Yoke, an important priest, who has the next highest rank to Archbishop of Canterbury. There are twenty-four senior bishops in the House of Lords, then come the eighteen remaining bishops. Each bishop is responsible for a district called a diocese. Each diocese is divided into parishes with a vicar at the head. Many vicars combine the tasks of a priest, social worker, and psychologist.

There are other religious denominations on the territory of the UK. The Presbyterian Church, a Protestant Christian Church, is the national church of Scotland, most of Protestants in Northern Ireland are Presbyterians too. John Knox, a Scottish Protestant, established the Presbyterian Church in Scotland in the 16th century. Presbyterians are typically thought to be rather strict and serious people.

Exercise 3. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) история человечества; 2) влияние религии; 3) изучение религии; 4) религиозные вероисповедания; 5) по всему миру; 6) делятся; 7) подразделяются; 8) большинство из нас; 9) христиане; 10) православный; 11) римский; 12) католический; 13) протестантский; 14) Англиканская церковь; 15) Пресвитерианская церковь; 16) основан; 17) пять обязательств;18) пять раз в день; 19) на благотворительность; 20) поститься между восходом и закатом; 21) самый святой город; 22) по крайней мере; 23) в мечетях; 24) один или больше; 25) древние иудеи; 26) их потомки; 27) священное писание; 28) стараются следовать; 29)оставил свою семью; 30) человеческие желания; 31) чтобы избежать страдания; 32) верят в перевоплощение; 33) предыдущая жизнь; 34) национальная церковь; 35) разорвал отношения с; 36) объявил себя; 37) в наши дни; 38) производящий глубокое впечатление;39)следующее самое высокое звание по отношению к; 40) ответственный за; 41) во главе; 42) совмещать задачи; 43) социальный работник; 44) строгие и серьезные люди; 45) чтобы достигнуть нирваны; 46) в соответствии с; 47) богоподобные существа.

Exercise 4.

a) Find in the text the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

more, many, some, main, to found, old, rich, to leave, wish, well-known, usually;

b) Find in the text the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

less, ancient, big, night, forefathers, poor, to live, international, big, low, junior.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1. There are a lot of religious d... all over the world. 2. Muslims must observe five o... . 3. Muslims must p... five times a day. 4. They must regularly give money to c... . 5. From the m... the Muslims are usually called to pray. 6. The Jews are the d... of the ancient Hebrews. 7. Buddhists and Hindus believe in r... . 8. They want to e... from the suffering. 9. There are some s... bishops in the House of Lords. 10. The bishop is responsible of the d... .

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1. Religious denominations are divided into...

2. Christianity is...

3. Christians believe in...

4. Islam is based on...

5. Muslims must...

6. Judaism is...

7. Jews pray in...

8. Buddhism is...

9. Buddhists try to follow...

10. The followers of Buddhism and Hinduism believe in...

11. The national church of England is...

12. The Queen is...

13. She appoints...

14. The Archbishop of Canterbury is...

15. The national church of Scotland is...

Exercise 7. Answer the questions about religion:

1. How many religious denominations are there all over the world?

2. How many Christians are there all over the world?

3. Christians believe in one God with three aspects, don't they?

4. What are the main Christian denominations?

5. What branches does the Protestant Church consist of?

6. What is Islam based on?

7. What are the five obligations in Islam?

8. How are the followers of Islam called?

9. What must Muslims do?

10. Where do Muslims pray?

11. What are the minarets for?

12. What is the religion of Jews?

13. Where do Jews pray?

14. What are the main synagogue associations?

15. Whose life do Buddhists try to follow?

16. What is the main idea of Buddhism?

17. The followers of Buddhism believe in reincarnation, don't they?

18. What does reincarnation mean?

19. What are Buddhists meditating for?

20. What is the main religion in India?

21. How is the national church of England called?

22. Who was the first Head of the Church of England?

23. Who is the Head of the Church of England now?

24. Who is the leader of the Church of England?

25. What is Canterbury famous for?

26. Who is at the head of each diocese?

27. What is a diocese divided into?

28. How is the national church of Scotland called?

29. Who established the Presbyterian Church in Scotland?

30. Most of Protestants in Northern Ireland are Presbyterians, aren't they?

Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. There aren't many religious denominations all over the world. 2. Muslims do not pray much. 3. Muslims pray in synagogues. 4. A lot of people all over the world are Christians. 5. Judaism is the religion of the Jews. 6. Gautama Siddhartha was a poor man. 7. Buddhists and Hindus believe in reincarnation. 8. The national church of England is Christian Church. 9. The Queen appoints all the bishops. 10. A vicar is responsible of his diocese.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

Have you washed the cups? Yes, _

Has Steve passed the exam? No,

Have you heard the news? No,

Have they gone out? Yes, _

Has Rose made coffee? Yes, _

Have you spoken to her? Yes, _

Have they lived here long? No,

Has the post come? No,

Has she bought a new hat? Yes, _

Have they had lunch? Yes, __ . _

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect.

1. Frank (buy) two English books.

2. They (go) out together.

3. She (be) to Oxford before.

4. Daisy (change) very much.

5. The boys (eat) all the cakes.

6. I (not meet) Sharon for a long time.

7. The secretary (type) the letter.

8. She (not see) Frank since last winter.

9. Bruce (post) the letter.

10. I (live) in this flat for a few weeks already.

11. We (be) to several good concerts lately.

12. Mary (buy) some new dresses.

13. She (not come) yet.

14. They (have) their supper already.

15. You (not change) at all.

Exercise 3. Ask as in the example.

He has already read this book. -> ->Has he read this book yet?

1. He has already seen this film.

2. You have already bought a present for Rose.

3. Nora has already gone to bed.

4. Joy has already finished her work.

5. Ronald has already found a new job.

6. Frank has already sold his car.

7. You have already written to Ben.

8. Steve has already paid his debts.

9. He has already come.

10. You have already had lunch.

Exercise 4. Change as in the example.

He is still washing the cups. - He hasn't washed the cups yet.

1. He is still making the bed.

2. He is still sweeping the floor.

3. He is still feeding the baby.

4. She is still reading the paper.

5. She is still drinking her tea.

6. We are still having our breakfast.

7. Bill is still watering the tomatoes.

8. Sally is still painting the walls.

9. The teacher is still cleaning the blackboard.

10. I am still finishing my composition.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.

1. I (know) her for years.

2. Yesterday Bob (play) football in the park.

3. He (like) to play football since he was a child.

4. Mr Taylor (drive) me to the airport last night.

5. Peter (fall) from the tree yesterday.

6. John (paint) this portrait two years ago.

7. Sarah (come) to see us last Monday.

8. I like this book very much. I (read) it twice.

9. We (go) to a concert last night.

10. I (not meet) him since he left England.

11. Yesterday I (go) to bed at midnight.

12. His family (live) in this small village for ten years.

13. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.

14. Bob (not finish) his letter yet.

Exercise 6. Comment on the use of the Present Perfect.

He has passed the interview and he's happy.

Have you ever tasted Mrican food?

We have known each other since 1990.

I've been here for an hour already.

The manager hasn't come yet.

They have known it all the time.

Thank you for everything that you've done for me.

I've studied the last few telexes from Paris and I've come to a decision.