Иностранный язык (английский язык)

Данная дисциплина имеет логическую и содержательно-методическую взаимосвязь с дисциплинами: "История", "Философия", "Психология".

2. Форма контроля самостоятельной работы студента

Промежуточный контроль

В течение семестров имеет место промежуточный контроль, который осуществляется 2 раза в семестр в форме мидтермов, проводимых в конце каждого месяца и состоящих из:

· лексико-грамматический тест (60 пунктов, время выполнения - 80 мин.). Включает задания на проверку текущего лексического и грамматического материала.

· тест по чтению (15 пунктов, время выполнения - 60 мин.) Проверяет умение студента понять общее содержание, некоторые детали и структуру текста.

· коллоквиум (15 пунктов для обсуждения - 80 мин.). Включает темы и вопросы, пройденные за месяц.

· эссе в форме рассуждения. (Объем - 150 слов, время выполнения - 80 мин.) Определяет умение студента развернуто излагать свои мысли по предложенной теме на английском языке.

3. План-график выполнения самостоятельной работы студента

4. Задания для самостоятельной работы студента

Unit 1

LANGUAGES OF THE GLOBE

Exercise 1.Translate the following words into Russian.

Start, unknown, first, poor, common, useless, variant, simple, different, new, most known, leave, last, useful, long ago, foreign, finish, complex, nowadays, standard, native, similar, unofficial, far, various, old, official, close, rich, enter.

Exercise 2.Give Russian equivalents for these words and word combinations.

1) In the world, 2) various nations, 3) a lot of, 4) lexicon, 5) versatile, 6) most essential, 7) widely distributed, 8) at present, 9) for one's own use, 10) to comprise, 11) mother tongue, 12) further development, 13) great quantity, 14) major, 15) to occupy.

Exercise 3.Read and give a summary of the text.

Languages of the Globe

Part I

How many languages do the Globe people speak today? This is not the question with a simple answer. The figures differ.

If we turn to the UN statistics, the Earth nations speak now more than 5 000 various languages, some of them being spoken by millions or billions of people, others -- only by hundreds. Inside this great number of languages 13 ones are distinguished as the Great Languages according to the total number of speakers.

Over 1,5 billion people speak now Chinese, that belongs to the Chinese-Tibet language group. It is the official language of China. But it is also spoken in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore and some other states. There are 7 main dialects of Chinese today. They differ from each other in phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.

About 1 billion people in more than 50 countries of the world speak English as their mother tongue and second official or foreign language. English belongs to the German language group. Today it is one of the world's most important and universal languages.

One of the richest, most expressive and widespread languages in the world is Russian belonging to the East-Slavic languages. About400 million people in different countries know and speak this language now.

Being the official language of the Russian Federation, Russian also plays a very important role as a means of intercourse of the CIS (the Commonwealth of Independent States) nations. Many people from the East Europe countries know and speak Russian, to say nothing of all the Russian emigrants, who left our land and brought the Russian language to such states as: France, Germany, Norway, Finland, Mongolia, Israel, Afganistan, the USA, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Italy, several states of Africa and many other countries.

The ratio of the rest Great languages is as follows (in millions): Hindi and Urdu -- 350, Spanish -- 340, Indonesian -- 210, Arabian -- 200, Bengali -- 180, Portuguese -- 150, Japanese -- 120, German - 100, French - 95 and Italian - 75.

Part II

As to the language groups, the situation is this: Spanish is one of the Romanic languages. It occupies the first place in the geographical distribution. It is the official language of Spain. But it is also spoken on the Philippines, in Cuba, several states of Latin America and Africa.

People of India speak more than 800 different languages which belong to the Indo-European language group. The total number of speakers exceeds 1 billion.

Arabian is one of the Semite languages. And it is also one of the most widespread languages on the Globe today. Arabian is spoken in more than 25 states: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Laos, Libya, Sudan, Tunis, Yemen and many others.

Portuguese belongs to the Romanic language group. It is spoken in Portugal, Brazil, several states of Asia and Africa.

French and Italian belong to the Romanic language group. The first one is the official language in France and the second official one in Canada. It is also spoken in Belgium, several states of Africa and Asia. The second one is the official language of Italy. And it is also spoken by many people in some other countries.

German, that belongs to the German language group, is spoken in Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and some other states.

Indonesian belongs to the Malayan-Polynesian language group that includes over 800 languages. It is now spoken on the Philippines, in Taiwan, Indonesia, Madagascar and some other countries.

Japanese belongs to the Asian language group. It is the official language of Japan. But it is also spoken by many people in some other countries: the Philippines, Taiwan, Indo-China and Madagascar.

Two more languages are rather close to the Great Languages group. These are Korean and Turkish. The first one is spoken by more than 70 million people and the second one - by 60 million people.

Taking into consideration the distribution rate of several languages, including both the total number of speakers and the states using these languages, the UN chose six languages as its official and working ones. They include Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish, Arabian and French. English holds a special place among them.

Nowadays it is necessary for the people of good will all over the world to know several or at least one foreign language. It is important not only for their personal use or benefit, but also for better understanding between various nations. Il is also necessary for learning more about each other's history and culture, their scientific, economic and technical achievements, as well as for establishing lasting friendly relations and thus for peace and further progress on the Earth.

Exercise 4. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations

1) Население земного шара/земли; 2) говорить на разных языках; 3) знатьнесколько иностранных языков; 4) выделять "великие" языки; 5) носитель языка; 6) самый важный/ распространенный язык на земле 7) занимать первое место; 8) очень выразительный и богатый язык; 9) играть важную роль; 10) средство общения; 11) не говоря о; 12) по географической распространенности; 13) принадлежать к группе славянских/романских/индоевропейских языков; 14) для личной пользы/выгоды; 15) страны СНГ; 16) люди доброй воли во всем мире; 17) для лучшего взаимопонимания/для мира на земле; 18) необходимо изучать и знать иностранные языки; 19) принимать во внимание; 20) технические/научные/культурные достижения; 21) установить дружественные отношения.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian.

Do you know?

1. Today every sixth person on the Globe speaks English.

2. English has the largest vocabulary: 500 000 words and 300 000 technical terms. It is a very flexible language:

3. The same word can function in different parts of speech.

4. Prepositions are very flexible.

5. The vocabulary openness: a lot of words come from many other languages.

6. Compounds and derivatives are easily created.

7. The oldest written language on the Globe is Egyptian. It is 5000 years old.

8. India is the sub-continent which has the largest number of languages -- over 800.

9. The largest number of letters in its alphabet has Cambodian -- 72 letters.

10. The largest world encyclopedia is printed in Spanish.

11. Latin is one of the ancient languages that belongs to the Italic language group. In XVIII-XIX centuries it was the language of science, commerce, medicine, diplomacy, etc. It has played an important role in the development of many European languages. The Latin vocabulary is one of the richest sources of creating many international words, especially scientific terms.

12. Esperanto has no irregular verbs. It is an artificial language that was invented in 1887 on the basis of the international vocabulary.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. Почти половина человечества говорит на 5 языках: китайском, английском, хинди, русском и испанском.

2. Самый сложный в мире язык -- китайский (более 20 миллионов иероглифов).

3. Русский язык считается очень сложным для иностранцев.

4. К трудным языкам также относятся: арабский язык (44 падежа) и язык североамериканских индейцев (70 приставок).

5. Самый легкий язык -- гавайский (6 согласных букв и 5 гласных букв).

6. Согласно исследованиям британских ученых, самым вежливым языком признан язык эскимосов из Гренландии. В нем нет ни одного ругательного или обидного слова.

7. По статистике ООН на изучение своего родного языка больше всех тратят англичане -- около 8 лет.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions.

1. How many languages do people of the Globe speak today?

2. And what about the number of the Great languages?

3. Why are these languages called the Great ones?

4. What languages does this group comprise?

5. What language holds the first place in this group?

6. And what can you say about English and Russian?

7. What are the UN's official and working languages? Why?

8. Is it important nowadays to know any foreign language or not?

9. Why do you think so? Give your arguments.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1.Replace with the pronouns:

My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher.

He is a teacher. She is a teacher.

My parents are teachers.

They are teachers.

1. Your sister is a journalist. 2. His brother is a driver. 3. His mother and father are doctors. 4. Her grandfather is a scientist5.Their grandparents are pensioners. 6. My mother is a dentist. 7. Our parents are artists. 8. Your cousin is a student. 9. Her grandmother is a pensioner. 10. Your brother is a manager.

Exercise 2.Open the brackets:

I (to be) a student. He (to be) a student.

I am a student. He is a student.

We (to be) students. You (to be) students.

We are students. You are students.

She (to be) a student.

She is a student.

They (to be) students.

They are students.

1. I (to be) a pupil. 2. He (to be) a worker. 3. He (to be) an employee. 4. They (to be) teachers. 5. We (to be) journalists.6. You (to be) fitters. 7. They (to be) engineers. 8. She (to be) an actress. 9. I (to be) a doctor. 10. We (to be) scientists.

Exercise 3.Transform into the plural:

He is a student. She is a student. I am student

They are students. They are students. We are students

1. I am a pupil. 2. She is a manager. 3. He is a businessman. 4. He is a fitter. 5. She is a physicist. 6. I am a musician. 7. She is an actress. 8. I am an artist. 9. He is a carpenter. 10. She is a teacher.

Exercise 4. Transform into the plural:

This is a book. That is a book.

These are books. Those are books.

1. This is a notebook. 2. This is a clip. 3. That is a pen. 4. This is an article. 5. That is a ruler. 6. This is a composition. 7. That is a pin. 8. This is a journal. 9. That is a disc. 10. This is a cassette.

Exercise 5.Write short forms (she's/we're, etc.).

1. heishe's 3. she is not 5. I am not

2. they are 4. it is not 6. you are not

Exercise 6. Write the full forms (she is/we are, etc.).

1. we aren't we are not 3. you're5. it isn't

2. I'm4. they aren't6. she's

Exercise 7. Put in am, is or are.

1. The sky is very blue today. 2. Inot tired. 3. This shelfvery heavy.4. These shelvesvery heavy. 5. The childasleep. 6. Look! This_____Ann. 7. I____cold. Can you shut the window, please? 8. The castle______one thousand years old. 9. My brother and I_______ good tennis players. 10. Amy____at home but her parents________in church. 11. Ia student. 12. My sisteran archeologist.

Exercise 8.Write full sentences. Use am/is/are each time.

1. (my grandparents very old) My grandparents are very old.

2. (my desk very comfortable)

3. (your spectacles in your bag)

4. (I not very clever today)

5. (this house very expensive)

6. (the shops not open today)

7. (Mr Wren's grandson six years old)

8. (the houses in this street very big)

9. (the examination not difficult)

10. (those flowers very beautiful)

Exercise 9. Write positive or negative sentences. Use am/am not/is/isn't/are/aren't.

1. (Brussels...the capital of Belgium) Brussels is the capital of Belgium.

2. (I...interested in hockey) / am not interested in hockey.

3. (I...angry)

4. (It…cold today)

5. (The Hague...in Switzerland)

6. (I...afraid of dogs)

7. (My hands...dirty)

8. (Russia...a very big country)

9. (The Amur...in Europe)

10. (Diamonds...cheap)

11. (Motor-racing...a dangerous sport)

12. (Squirrels...big animals)

Exercise 10. Write questions with What/Who/How/Where/Why…?Use am/is/are.

1. (What colour your house? What colour is vour house?

2. (Where my key?)_________________________________?

3. (Where my trousers?)_____________________________________?

4. (How old your grandmother?)_______________________________?

5. (What colour his hair?)__________________________________?

6. (How much these shoes?)______________________________________?

7. (Who your favourite actor?)________________________________?

8. (Why you always late?)_______________________________________?

Exercise 11. Ask questions. (Read the answers to the questions first.)

1. (his name?) What's his name? Robert.

2. (single or married?) Are you single or married? I'm single.

3. (British?)No, I'm not.

4. (where / from?)From Australia.

5. (how old?)I'm 18.

6. (a student?)No, I'm a secretary.

7. (your mother a teacher?)No, she's a lawyer.

8. (where / from?)She's Italian.

9. (her name?)Rachel.

10. (how old?)She's 40.

Exercise 12.Write positive and negative short answers (Yes, I am./No, he isn't, etc.)

1. Are you married? No, I'm not.6. Is it light now?_________

2. Is she tall? 7. Are your hands warm?______

3. Is it cold today? 8. Are you thirsty?_____________

4. Are you an engineer? 9. Is your father tall?____________

5. Are you hungry?______________ 10. Is it sunny?__________________

Exercise 13. Translate intoEnglish.

1. Твой брат дома? 2. Сколько стоят эти открытки? 3. Эта гостиница очень дорогая. 4. Я интересуюсь искусством. 5. Все магазины сегодня открыты. 6. Музей сегодня открыт? Мне жарко. 8. Моя сестра архитектор, 9. Я не устала. 10. Откуда родом ее муж? 11. Они не студенты, они врачи. 12. Тебе интересны иностранные языки?

Exercise 14. Translate into English.

Я не ученик. Я студент.

Его брат ученик. Он в школе.

Мои родители инженеры. Они на работе.

Вы доктор? -- Нет, я учитель.

Твоя сестра ученица? -- Нет, она инженер. Она на работе.

Ее сестра не секретарь. Она учитель.

Это врачи? -- Нет, они летчики.

Ваша сестра дома? -- Нет, она на работе.

Наш отец ученый.

10. Его тетя не доктор. Она актриса.

11. Это моя книга. Она на столе.

12.Мой двоюродный брат не ученый, он инженер.

13. Это картины. Они на стене. Картины очень красивые.

14. Моя бабушка пенсионерка. Она не на роботе. Она дома.

15. Ваши дети школьники? -- Да, они школьники.

Exercise 15. Put in am, is or are.

1. What ... your name? -- My name ... Shirley Frank. 2. What ... your address? -- My address ... 175 Grand Central Parkway. 3. What ... your phone number? -- My phone number ... 718-1930. 4. Where ... you from? -- I ... from New York. 5. I ... a pupil. 6. My father ... not a teacher, he ... a scientist. 7. ... your aunt a doctor? -- Yes, she ... . 8. ... they at home? -- No, they ... not at home, they ... at work. 9. My brother ... a worker. He ... at work. 10. ... you an engineer? -- Yes, I ... . 11. ... your sister a typist? -- No, she ... not a typist, she ... a student. 12. ... your brother at school? -- Yes, he ... . 13. ... your sister at school? -- No, she ... not at school. 14. My sister ... at home. 15. ... this your watch? -- Yes, it ... . 16. She ... an actress. 17. This ... my bag. 18. My uncle ... an office worker. 19. He ... at work. 20.Helen ... a painter. She has some fine pictures. They ... on the walls. She has much paper. It ... on the shelf. The shelf ... brown. It... on the wall. Helen has a brother. He ... a student. He has a family. His wife ... not from St Petersburg, she ... from Moscow.

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

1. Как тебя зовут? -- Меня зовут Аня. 2. Какой твой адрес? -- Мой адрес: Оксфорд Стрит, 45. 3. Откуда ты родом? (... приехала?) -- Я из Лондона. 4. Кто он (на фотографии)? -- Это мой отец. 5. Как его зовут? -- Его зовут Джон. 6. Где он? -- Он в Лондоне. 7. Я Лена, а это Коля. Он мойбрат. Ему 10 лет, а мне 12 лет. Мы из Петербурга. 8. Я ученик. Я в школе. 9. Мой брат -- художник. Он не инженер. 10. Моя сестра на работе. Она врач. 11. Он студент. 12. Вы студент? -- Нет, я врач. 13. Моя сестра дома. 14. Мы не в школе. Мы дома. 15. Мой брат -- ученик. Он в школе. 16. Ваша мама дома? -- Нет, она на работе. 17. Ваш двоюродный брат дома? -- Нет, он в школе. Он ученик. 18. Ваша сестра -- учительница? -- Нет, она студентка. 19. Твой папа на работе? -- Нет, он дома. 20. Твоя сестра -- машинистка? -- Да. -- Она дома? -- Нет, она на работе. 21. Мой дедушка -- ученый. 22. Моя мама -- не учительница. Она врач. Она очень хороший врач.

Exercise 17. Translate into English.

1. Меня зовут Катя. 2. Мне 14 лет. 3. Я русская. Я из Санкт-Петербурга. 4. Я ученица. 5. Мой любимый вид спорта -- теннис. 6. Я интересуюсь музыкой. 7. Мой любимый предмет -- английский язык. 8. Мой папа -- программист. Он не интересуется политикой. 9. Моя мама -- зубной врач. Она интересуется искусством. 10. Мы всегда заняты, но мы очень счастливы быть вместе. 11. Чья это ручка? -- Это моя ручка. 12. Чья это книга? -- Это ваша книга. 13. Чей это стол? -- Это стол моего брата. 14. Чья это сумка? -- Это сумка моей мамы. 15. Чей это карандаш? -- Это карандаш моей сестры. 16. Это твоя тетрадь? -- Да. 17. Это тетрадь твоего брата? -- Нет, это моя тетрадь. 18. Где ваш стол? -- Он посередине комнаты. 19. Где твоя ручка? -- Она в моем кармане. 20. Где твоя тетрадь? -- Она на столе. 21. Где твоя мама? -- Она на работе. 22. Где твой брат? -- Он в школе. 23.Где твоя сестра? -- Она дома. 24. Чей это карандаш? -- Это мой карандаш. -- А где мой карандаш? -- Он на столе. 25.Чьи это часы? -- Это мои часы. -- А где мои часы? -- Они на столе.

Exercise 18. Put in am, is or are.

1. Where ... you? -- I ... in the kitchen. 2. Where ... Fred? -- He ... in the garage. 3. Where ... Lisa and John? -- They … at college. 4. ... you busy? -- No, I ... not. Mike ... busy. He ... the busiest person I've ever met. 5. It ... ten o'clock. She ... late again. 6. How ... you? -- I ... not very well today. -- I ... sorry to hear that. 7. We ... interested in classical music. 8. Vera ... afraid of snakes. 9. My grandmother ... not nervous and she ... rarely upset. She ... the kindest person I've ever seen. My grandmother ... really wonderful. 10. I ... sorry. They ... not at the office at the moment. 11.Where ... the keys? -- In your jacket. 12.What ... the time, please? -- Two o'clock. 13.It ... the biggest meal I've ever had. 14.Which sport do you think ... the most dangerous? 15.Chess and aerobics ... not as exciting as skydiving and figure skating. 16.Debt ... the worst kind of poverty. 17.The game ... not worth the candle. 18.Do you have any idea where he ...?19. Used cars ... cheaper but less reliable than new cars.20. What ... the weather forecast for tomorrow? 21. Art ... long, life ... short. 22. You ... the best friend I've ever had.

Exercise 19. Express requests using the models:

A. Model: Ask (tell) John to shut the door, -- John, shut the door, please.

1. Ask Bob to give you a call after five. 2. Ask Mary to buy a birthday present. 3. Tell Nelly to take the book to the library. 4. Tell Olga to lay the table for three. 5. Tell the secretary to type these papers today. 6. Ask Peter to buy some bread on his way home.

B. Model: Ask (tell) John not to shut the door. -- John, don't shut the door, please.

1. Ask Nick not to speak so loudly. 2. Ask your mother not to get up early tomorrow, 3. Tell Ann not to read at lunch. 4. Tell Kate not to send him a telegram. 5. Tell Susie not to come home so late. 6. Ask Janet not to waste money on sweets.

Exercise 20. Make the following imperative sentences negative:

1. Give this letter to your boss. 2, Invite your boyfriend to the party. 3. Read the text aloud. 4. Smile when you are talking to me. 5. Take her to your parents' place.; 6. Wait for him for an hour. 7. See this film, 8. Take a taxi, 9, Get up! 10. Forget about it.

Exercise 21. Express polite requests instead of commands: Model: Come here! -- Will (would) you come here, please?

1. Make me a call at three! 2. Go shopping after classes! 3. Meet me at the station! 4. Wash up the dishes! 5. Speak to your teacher at school! 6. Turn on the light! 7. Explain it to me! 8. Stay at home on Saturday! 9. Tell me the truth! 10. Move out of the way! 11. Remember to post the letter! 12. Go to bed at once!

Exercise 22. Read the following:

How to be fit

Don't stay in bed in the morning too long.

Don't forget to do morning exercises,

Don't eat your breakfast.

Don't be late for classes.

Don't take lunch to school.

Don't eat sandwiches in class.

Don't sit in one place during the breaks.

Don't drink too much water and other drinks.

Don't say you are hungry when you are.

Don't eat chocolates or cakes.

Don't take a bus when you can walk.

Don't go to parties where they serve good food.

Don't smoke or drink alcohol.

Don't use drugs.

Don't visit doctors unnecessarily.

Don't lie on the sofa when you watch TV or listen to music.

Don't go to bed during the day.

Exercise 23. Your mother is away on a business trip. When you come home from school you find a note with her instructions which are as follows:

Don't miss classes.

Come straight home after classes.

Wash up after every meal.

On Monday go to the dry cleaners' to fetch our things.

Go to the greengrocer's and buy some vegetables.

Invite your grandparents to stay with you for the weekend. I

Don't waste money on candies and ice cream.

Don't bring home too many friends.

Don't disturb neighbours by loud music.

Stay home in the evenings, I may call.

Imagine that you are in your mother's place. What recommendations would you like to write to a teenage daughter?

Exercise 24. Translate into English.

1. Перестаньте разговаривать, 2. Снимай пальто и проходи в комнату. 3. Положи сахар и молоко в кофе.4. Не ешь столько мороженого. 5. Не выходи на улицу без шапки. 6. Останься посмотреть телепрограмму с нами. 7. Попроси Ника принести словарь. 8. Пригласи Их и гости. 9. Переходите улицу только на перекрестке. 10. Проводи меня домой. 11. Не ссорься с родителями. 12. Не перебивай меня. 13. Вели ей подать кофе. 14. Попроси ее перевести письмо. 15. Спроси полицейского, где почта. 16. Подумайте, прежде чем отвечать. 17. Не ешьте много на ночь. 18. Не откладывай на завтра то, что можно сделать сегодня.

Exercise 25. Write the plurals of these nouns in the columns below to show their pronunciation

Shop, glass, friend, bottle, cinema, clock, guitar, hotel, island, lake, light, month, office, park, piece, smile, space, tape, village, box, match, beach, address.

[s] [z] [iz] shops friends glasses

Exercise 26. Give the plural of the following nouns.

A. Toe, city, hero, piano, calf, cliff, proof, chief, stitch, bath, belief, life, shelf, berry, valley, roof, pen, window, wall, week, clock, ship, library, watch, dress, country, glass, day, part play, bus, leaf, colony, fox, half, mass, eye, language, place, key, thief, ray, bush, journey;

B. foot, boot, ox, fox, man, woman, month, mouse, child, ship, goose, deer, cheese, sheep;

C. crisis, phenomenon, datum, nucleus, basis, apparatus, criterion, series, analysis, formula;

D. room-mate, fellow-worker, court-martial, man-of-war, boy-messenger, onlooker, passer-b sister-in-law, postman, son-in-law, fisherman, schoolgirl, text-book, pocket-knife, statesman, editor-in-chief.

Exercise 27. Translate into English.

Это мои друзья.

Это газеты, а то журналы.

Эти газеты свежие, а те газеты старые.

Это ваши книга? - Да.

Это не ее письма.

Это шляпа Анны?

Это не моя сумка.

Это чай, а то кофе.

9.Это не мои книги. 10.Это наши учителя.

Exercise 28. Give the plural form.

this envelope this manthis report this baby

this factory this deerthis mouse this city

this hotel this game this child this leaf

this rule this bus this candle

this club this tooth this lady

Exercise 29. Give the plural form.

This is a baby.10. This is a student.

This is a port.11. This is a disco.

This is a pilot.12. That is a roof.

This is a factory.13. This is an apple.

This is a camera.14. This is a wolf.

This is a car.15. This is an ox.

This is a sandwich.16. This is a woman.

This is a piano.17. This is an orange.

This is a half.18. That is a patch.

Exercise 30. Give the plural form.

This is a child.9. Is that a teacher?

This isn't a baby.10. That isn't a lamb.

This is a sheep.11. This is a fish.

That isn't a path.12. That isn't an atlas.

This is a stranger.13. That is a leaf.

6. This isn't a mouse. 14. This isn't a camera.

7. Is this a man?15. This is a half.

8. That is a doctor

UNIT II

English Today

Exercise 1. Read and give a summary of the text.

It is only during the last hundred years that English has become one of the world's most important languages. In Shakespeare's days English as well as Russian was "a provincial language", a language of secondary importance. People spoke mostly French, Italian, German and some other languages.

Today English has become one of the most important and universal languages in the world. И is used in politics, economy, science, medicine, technology, business and trade, tourism and cultural relations.

A lot of various articles about important scientific discoveries and achievements arc published in English. Great deal of information for computers (over 80%) is written in English. It is also the major working language of most international congresses and seminars, conferences and symposiums.

In the total number of speakers, English holds the second place only to Chinese. It is the native language (or mother tongue) for many people from various countries. It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, Australia and Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and some other states. It is also spoken as the second official language by many people in India, Pakistan, numerous countries of Africa, to say nothing of (he people all over the world, who know English as a foreign language.

English holds the first place in the world among the foreign languages taught at schools, colleges, lyceums and higher educational establishments. To know English is now necessary to get a good job in many countries. Today English is the main means for various business and social contacts with numerous foreign partners.

All English-speaking nations have one common language, English, but it is not the same with all of them. Languages are constantly changing and English is no exception. National features, historic and cultural changes in different countries brought changes into the language too. In some countries old English words got new meanings, while in others new terms were needed because there appeared new and un-English things.

In addition, a lot of new words were borrowed from other languages: Indian, Eskimo, Gaelic and others, to say nothing of such languages as: Danish, French, German, Spanish, Greek, Italian and Latin. In fact, English has become a mixture of numerous languages.

Nowadays there exist several variants of English on the Globe: British, American, Canadian, Australian, Irish, etc. There are numerous differences between them in intonation, pronunciation and grammatical constructions. However, the most noticeable difference is in the vocabulary.

Among all these variants of English two ones occupy special places: the British English (as the standard literary language) and the American English (due to the USA great influence in the world).

Exercise 3. Find the sentences in the text:

1. подтверждающие тот факт, что английский язык является одним из самых распространенных и важных языков в мире сегодня;

2. объясняющие причины изменений, происшедших в языке многих англоязычных стран;

3. содержащие информацию о существовании нескольких вариантов английского языка и различиях между ними.

Exercise 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information.

1. People of the Globe speak today many languages.

2. French and German are among the world Great languages.

3. Hundred years ago English was one of the world's most important languages.

4. Russian is one of the most expressive and richest languages in the world.

5. According to the geographical distribution Turkish holds the first place on the Globe.

6. More than 50% of the Earth population speak Italian.

7. Taking into consideration the volume of printed editions, English, Russian and Spanish are the most widespread and fashionable languages on the Earth today.

8. Nowadays English is the world's most important language in politics, science, commerce and cultural relations.

9. The official language of Australia and Canada is English.

10. All English speaking countries have one common language -- English.

11. Many languages have changed but English is an exception.

12. The American English is considered to be the standard literary language.

13. Italian, Russian, German and Spanish belong to the Romanic language group.

14. Today there exist several variants of English on the Earth but there is no difference between them.

15. It is essential for people of good will all over the world to know foreign languages.

Exercise 5. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations

1) официальный язык страны; 2) язык науки/политики/коммерции; 3) не исключение; 4) говорить на общем языке; 5) по географической распространенности; 6) вносить изменения в язык; 7) заимствовать новые слова из других языков; 8) многочисленные/заметные различия; 9) необходимы новые термины; 10) значение слова; 11) исторические и культурные перемены; 12) англоязычные страны; 13) изучать восточные языки; 14) необходимо знать язык для получения работы/образования; 15) рабочий/иностранный/официальный/родной язык; 16) язык конференций и семинаров; 17) не говоря о; 18) средство контактов; 19) зарубежные партнеры; 20) преподавать иностранный язык; 21) занимать первое место; 22) люди доброй воли во всем мире; 23) стандартный литературный язык; 24) получать новое значение; 25) национальные особенности; 26) кроме того; 27) постоянно меняться; 28) смесь различных языков; 29) иметь очень большое влияние в мире; 30) выдающиеся достижения/открытия.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions.

1. Was English always one of the world's most important and universal languages or not?

2. What languages were popular in Shakespeare's time?

3. What place does English hold now?

4. How many people speak this language today?

5. Can you prove that English is now one of the world's most important and universal languages?

6. Where is it applied?

7. What do all English speaking countries have in common?

8. What variants of English are there on the Globe nowadays?

9. What do these variants differ in?

10. Which of the variants hold special places today and why?

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

Михаил Ломоносов:

"Карл V, римский император, говаривал, что испанским (языком) говорить прилично с Богом, французским -- с друзьями, немецким -- с неприятелем, итальянским -- с женским полом.

Но если бы он русскому языку был искусен, то, конечно, он добавил бы, что им со всеми говорить пристойно, ибо он нашел бы в русском языке великолепие испанского, живость французского, нежность итальянского, крепость немецкого, а сверх того богатство греческого и краткость латинского".

Notes:

God -- Бог; emperor -- император; decently -- прилично, пристойно; enemy -- неприятель; to add -- добавить; thefair -- прекрасный пол; clever -- искусный; tofind -- находить; splendour -- великолепие; vivacity -- живость; strength -- крепость; delicacy -- нежность; moreover -- сверх того; richness -- богатство; brevity -- краткость.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Use to have or have got in the Present Indefinite Tense.

... you got any paper? - I am sorry. I... no paper.

They... no French magazines.

Miss Cabston... no family of her own.

Mike and Jane ...a new flat.

Miss Evance... a new coat.

My friend ... no telephone.

... your children got many toys?

... you got any questions?

Exercise 2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

1. Danny has a new computer.

2. Fie has a headache.

3. This woman has a black cat.

4. I have ninety stamps.

5. My parents have a big house.

6. This man has fifty English books.1

7. My brother has a wife and two children.

Exercise 3. Translate into English.

1. У вас много книг по истории - Да.

2. У вашего друга есть гараж - Нет.

3. У него большая семья? - Нет. Их трое.

4. У Мэри есть дети? - Да, у нее двое детей.

5. У них есть свой сад? - Да.

6. У этого преподавателя много групп? - Да, у него 5 групп.

7. У вас есть какие-нибудь журналы? - Да.

8. У него есть виды Лондона?

9. У нас нет фермы.

10. У него нет жены.

11. У нас нет свободного времени.

12. У моей жены нет летней шляпы.

13. У них нет занятий по немецкому языку сегодня.

14. У его сестры нет детей.

15. У их сына нет велосипеда.

16. У нас нет лекций сегодня

Exercise 3. Write the short form (we've got/he hasn't got, etc.).

we have got we've got 3. they have got5. it has got__________

he has got 4. she has not got 6.1 have not got_______

Exercise 4. Write questions.

(you/a bicycle?) Have you got a bicycle?

(you/a VCR?) _____________________________________________?

(your father/a car?)_________________________________________?

(Carol/many friends?)___________________?

(Mr and Mrs Lewis/any children?)___________________?

(how much money/you?)_____________________________________?

(what kind of car/John?)______________________________________?

Exercise 5. Put in have got ('ve got), has got ('s got), haven't got or hasn't got.

They like flowers. They've got a lot of roses in their garden.

Jane hasn't got a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.

Everybody likes Tom.. Hea lot of friends.

Mr and Mrs Eastwoodtwo children, a boy and a girl.

This insectsix legs.

I can't open the door. Ia key.

Quick! Hurry! Wemuch time.

"What'swrong?" - "Isomething in my eye".

Ben doesn't read much. Hemany books.

It's a nice town. Ita very nice shopping centre.

Mother is going to the dentist. Shea toothache.

"Where's my newspaper?" - "I don't know. Iit."

Julia wants to go on holiday but sheany money.

I'm not going to work today. Ia bad cold.

Exercise 6. Extend the sentences according to the pattern.

Pattern: I always have sandals in the summer, (this summer)

I haven't got any sandals this summer.

They have seminars every month, (this month)

They have a lot of flowers in their garden every summer, (this summer)

We have a letter from home every week, (this week)

He often has a sore throat, (today)

I usually have warm shoes in the winter, (this winter)

She has a new dress every summer, (this summer)

They always have a light supper, (tonight)

I often have a headache in the evening, (tonight)

I often have fish for dinner, (today)

Exercise 7. Use personal pronouns

The children are playing. Teachers are looking at....

The table is not clean. Clean ....

Look at this computer. ... is very expensive.

His homework is difficult. Help....

My students are nice. I like....

These books are not good. I don't like....

This car is good. I like ....

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

our photo, their phone number, her piano, his class, their music, our dentist, your mother, their wives, your computer, its screen, his father, our teacher, their sportsmen.

Exercise 9.Say it in English.

их друзья, наш брат, ваш номер, твой спорт, его домашняя работа, моя книга, ее фото, наши студенты, их учитель, ее отец, ваши книги, их врачи, ваша жена, твой телефон.

Exercise 10. Translate the pronouns.

This book is (их)

This camera is (моя).

This passport is (ваш).

This room is (наша).

This vase is (ee).

This photo is (их).

This car is (наша).

This bag is (твой).

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

Model: Мы в своей комнате. - We are in our room.

Он в своей машине.6. Мы в своем доме.

Они в своем саду (garden). 7.Ты в своем дворе(уаrd).

Вы в своем парке (park). 8. Они в своем классе.

Я в своей квартире (flat). 9. Мы в своем саду.

Она в своем классе. 10. Я в своей комнате (гооm).

Exercise 12. Translate into English.

Моя книга, ее ручка, наша комната, его собака, ваш портфель, их комната, твоя машина.

Exercise 13. Use the right pronoun:

A. 1. Kate and (I, me) work together. 2. We spent our holiday together with (them, they). 3. My sister and (I, me) are good friends. 4. It's (he, him). 5. (She, her) writes to (he, him) every day. 6. (We, us) enjoy playing tennis. 7. Will you give (her, she) and (I, me) some help? 8. Helen and (they, them) are next-door neighbours.

B. 1. (My, me) aunt Susan is (my, me) mother's sister. 2. (Our, us) relatives are coming to see (our, us) today. 3. Tell (them, their) about it. 4. Is this (you, your) dog? There is something wrong with (it, its) ear. 5. Ask (him, his) if it's (him, .his) car. 6. George and Carol are having (them, their) lunch. 7. He gave (me, my) (him, his) photograph in which I couldn't recognize (him, his). 8. We were surprised to see (them, their) on the platform, they also came to meet (our, us).

Exercise 14. Use "me," "you," "him,""her," "it," "us," "them":

1. She gave…. the book and asked to return … to... next week. 2. Are you going to invite…to your party? She is such a bore! 3. My parents are coming to see….on Saturday. I like to spend my weekend with…4. I didn't like the film. I don't want to speak about…5. We'll be very happy if you go on a trip with..... 6. Don't ask... this question. I don't know how to -answer.... 7. If she doesn't arrive tomorrow send... a telegram. 8. I'm sorry to trouble ... but I want…to do... a favour. 9. Let's not wait for… they are always late. 10. Do you want'… to do it for…? I don't mind…

Exercise 15. Use personal or possessive pronouns in the right form:

A. 1. The girls, are here, ... came early. 2. When Roger saw Ann... spoke to… .3. The boss left an hour ago. I didn't see.... 4. Sam met Ann at the entrance, showed ... the pictures. 4. The Browns have moved into a new flat. … gave … …new address, so I can visit…. 6.Jane is, sister.... is older than…am. 7. Thank... for the book ... gave ... , ... is very interesting.8.... flat is on the third floor…windows face the sea. 9.I invite... to a party at... place.... hope ... will bring ... husband with....10. … like to visit ... friends who live not far from … house. 11. Mary and … cousin are spending ...holidays in Brighton…. have both visited before. 12. Bill takes ... guitar lesson on Monday. … is the only day … is free after college. 13. I am happy that ...cat found…kitten.

В. 1. Has anyone had … coffee? 2. No one had ... watch on. 3. Has anyone left … raincoat behind? 4. Everybody took... turn. 5. Anybody can take book home. 6. Something alive just poked ….nose out of that hole. 7. Each of the girls was in... place.

Exercise 16. Complete the sentences using nouns in the possessive case:

1. My aunt is my ... sister. 2. My cousin Jane is my …daughter. 3. My mother has a sister, her son is my… nephew. 4. My…father is my father-in-law. 5. My father has a brother, his daughter is my...niece. 6. My ... parents are my grandparents. 7. My ... children are my grand children.

Exercise 17. Use nouns in the possessive case.

Model: The friends of my parents.-- My parents' friends.

1. The children of John Turner. 2. The questions of my son. 3. The wife of my brother. 4. The name of this man. 5. The voice of this girl. 6. The car of my parents. 7. The room of my friend. 8. The handbags of these women. 9. The flat of my sister is large. 10. The children of my brother are at home. 11. The room of the boys is large. 12. The poems of Lermontov.

Exercise 18. Translate into Russian.

the pupils' meeting, сhildren's shoes, the friend's mother, the Browns' house, the cat's tail, the dog's eyes, dogs' eyes, the manager's office, managers offices, an hour's drive, the boys' ball, the women's hats, the men's cars, teachers books, friends mother, the man's brother.

Exercise 19. Rewrite these sentences using 's, s', or just an apostrophe ('),

The books for children. These are children's books,

This bag belongs to my friend.

He described the career of the actress.

This is the signature of Mr Brown.

The mistakes which students make.

This is a club for women.

It's a school for girls.

The room is for the guests.

This umbrella belongs to James.

I liked the dinner we had yesterday at the cafe belonging to Mike.

Exercise 20. Only where possible, use 's or(') to show possession in these sentences.

The book of this author. The author's book.

I can't see the bottom of the box. __

The crew of the ship was small. _

It's the fault of no one.

Do you like the poetry of Eliot?

That's the leg of the table.

Where's the key of the car?

UNIT III

MASS MEDIA

Exercise 1.Read and give a summary of the text.

Our world today is increasingly driven by the information and entertainment values, and these are provided by various means of communication. The age of mass communication has made it possible to gain access to far more information than ever before.

Mass media have now become the major part of our lives. They are basically divided into two categories: print (magazines, newspapers, books) and electronic (radio, television and the Internet).

Day by day they inform us of what is going on in the world. They give us wonderful possibilities for education and entertainment. They also have great effect on the way, we see the world, and shape our views.

The main source of news for millions of people is nowadays television. It is especially important for those who do not read any newspapers. Most of us like TV because we can not only listen to some breaking news, but also see different events with our own eyes. And it is very important: seeing believes.

However, there are many people all over the world who prefer listening to the radio. In their opinion, it is especially good when driving a car or travelling, while doing some work about the house or in the open air.

A lot of people can't live a day without reading some newspapers or magazines. Of course, both newspapers and magazines don't respond to various current events as quickly as the television or radio, but they also have their own advantages. They provide us with extra details and comments and background information.

The Internet has recently become another important source of information. It is the newest kind of mass media, combining computers, newspapers, radio and television. Its main advantage is that fresh news can appear on the screen as soon as any things happen in the real life. And we don't have to wait for the news time on TV. In addition, all the world's main newspapers and large broadcasting companies have their own sites in the Internet. And it is very convenient because we can look through the current news any time we like.